Hanyoyi da Tsarin Cire Cyanide akan Fannin Sulfide Ores

1. Gabatarwa

A fannin aikin ƙarfe, musamman a fannin haƙar zinare da sarrafa ma'adinan sulfide, kasancewar Cyanide a saman ma'adinan Sulfide yana haifar da ƙalubale masu yawa. Ana amfani da Cyanide sosai a tsarin haƙar zinare don haƙar zinare saboda ikonsa na samar da hadaddun abubuwa da zinare, wanda ke sauƙaƙa narkewarsa. Duk da haka, bayan aikin haƙar zinare, sauran cyanide a saman ma'adinan sulfide a cikin wutsiya ba wai kawai yana haifar da gurɓataccen muhalli ba, har ma yana hana amfani da ma'adinan sulfide daga baya, yana rage yawan dawo da ƙarfe masu daraja gaba ɗaya. Saboda haka, haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin cire cyanide a saman ma'adinan sulfide yana da mahimmanci don dorewar sarrafa ma'adinai da kare muhalli.

2. Matsalolin da suka wanzu tare da Cyanide akan Filayen Sulfide Ore

2.1 Tasirin Muhalli

Cyanide abu ne mai guba sosai. Lokacin da ma'adinan sulfide tare da saman - cyanide adsorbed aka saki zuwa cikin muhalli, cyanide na iya fitar da hankali a hankali kuma ya gurɓata ƙasa, tushen ruwa, da iska. Ko da a cikin ƙananan ƙira, cyanide na iya zama mai cutarwa sosai ga halittun ruwa, tsirrai, da lafiyar ɗan adam. Misali, a wasu wuraren da ake hakar ma'adinai inda aka yi watsi da sinadarin cyanide da bai dace ba - mai dauke da wutsiya, ruwan da ke kusa da su ya nuna raguwar narkar da iskar oxygen da ke haifar da mutuwar kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa.

2.2 Hana Amfanin Ma'adinan Sulfide

Cyanide adsorbed a kan saman sulfide ores, irin su pyrite, chalcopyrite, da sphalerite, na iya samar da fim din wucewa akan farfajiyar ma'adinai. Wannan fim yana rage reactivity na sulfide ma'adanai a lokacin m flotation ko sauran fa'ida tafiyar matakai. Misali, a cikin yawo na tagulla - masu ɗauke da sulfide ores, kasancewar cyanide a saman chalcopyrite na iya raunana mu'amalarsa da masu tarawa, yana da wahala a ware ma'adinan tagulla daga ma'adinan gangue yadda ya kamata, wanda hakan zai rage daraja da kuma dawo da hankalin jan ƙarfe.

3. Hanyoyin Cire Cyanide akan Fannin Sulfide Ores

3.1 Hanyar kunna Acid

3.1.1 Ka'ida

Hanyar kunna acid galibi tana amfani da acid kamar sulfuric acid ko oxalic acid don amsawa tare da cyanide - mai ƙunshe da mahadi a saman ƙoshin sulfide. Lokacin da aka ƙara acid, yana haifar da bazuwar cyanide - rukunin ƙarfe. A sakamakon haka, ana samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide. Amma a cikin tsari mai kyau, ana iya dawo da wannan sinadari na hydrogen cyanide mai canzawa kuma a sake yin amfani da shi ta hanyar tsarin da ya dace.

3.1.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri na Ma'adinai : Da farko, a haɗa wutsiyoyin ma'adinan sulfide da ruwa - cyanide da aka shafa da ruwa don ƙirƙirar ɓangaren ma'adinan iri ɗaya. Yawanci ana daidaita rabon ruwa mai ƙarfi na ɓangaren ma'adinan bisa ga halayen ma'adinan da takamaiman buƙatun tsari, yawanci a cikin kewayon 1:2 - 1:5.

2. Ƙarin Acid : A hankali a zuba sinadarin sulfuric acid ko oxalic acid a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan yayin da ake juyawa akai-akai. Dole ne a kula da adadin sinadarin acid da aka ƙara a hankali bisa ga yawan sinadarin cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan. Yawanci, ana daidaita ƙimar pH na ɓangaren ma'adinan zuwa 2 - 4. kuma ya kamata a sa ido kan pH a ainihin lokacin ta amfani da na'urar auna pH yayin aikin ƙarawa.

3. Maganin Rage Radadi da Iskar Gas : Bayan ƙara sinadarin acid, a bar shi ya ci gaba na tsawon awanni 1-3. A wannan lokacin, ana samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide. Don hana wannan iskar gas gurɓata muhalli, ana kafa tsarin tattarawa da kuma magance iskar gas. Ana tura iskar hydrogen cyanide da aka samar zuwa hasumiyar sha da aka cika da maganin alkaline, kamar maganin sodium hydroxide. A nan, hydrogen cyanide yana amsawa da sodium hydroxide, kuma za a iya sake amfani da maganin Sodium Cyanide da aka dawo da shi zuwa tsarin cyanidation idan ingancinsa ya cika buƙatun.

3.1.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Ribobi : Wannan hanyar tana da sauƙi a duka ƙa'ida da aiki. Tana iya wargaza cyanide yadda ya kamata - wanda ke ɗauke da sinadarai a saman ma'adanai na sulfide kuma tana da damar sake amfani da cyanide, wanda ke rage farashin amfani da cyanide a cikin aikin haƙar ma'adinai.

• Rashin Amfani : Akwai manyan haɗarin tsaro da ke tattare da hakan. Iskar hydrogen cyanide tana da guba sosai, kuma duk wani ɓullar iska yayin amsawar na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga masu aiki da muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, acid ɗin da ake amfani da su a wannan hanyar suna da lahani, wanda zai iya lalata kayan aiki da bututun mai, yana ƙara farashin gyarawa da kuma rage tsawon rayuwar kayan aikin.

3.2 Hanyar Kunna Oxidant

3.2.1 Ka'ida

Ana amfani da sinadarai masu hana iskar oxygen kamar hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, da ozone don lalata cyanide a saman ma'adanai na sulfide. Waɗannan sinadarai masu hana iskar oxygen suna karya alaƙar sinadarai na mahaɗan cyanide, suna canza cyanide zuwa abubuwa marasa guba kamar iskar nitrogen da carbon ates.

3.2.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri na Ma'adinai : Kamar yadda ake amfani da hanyar kunna acid, shirya wutsiyoyin ma'adinan sulfide zuwa ɓangaren ma'adinan tare da rabo mai ƙarfi da ruwa mai dacewa.

2. Ƙarin Maganin Oxidant : Ƙara sinadarin oxidant da aka zaɓa a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan. Adadin sinadarin oxidant da aka ƙara ya dogara da yawan sinadarin cyanide da ke cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan da kuma ƙarfin sinadarin oxidant. Misali, lokacin amfani da hydrogen peroxide, yawanci ana ƙara kilogiram 1 - 5 a kowace tan na ɓangaren ma'adinan, yayin da ake ƙara potassium permanganate a kilogiram 0.5 - 2 a kowace tan na ɓangaren ma'adinan. Ya kamata a ƙara a hankali tare da ci gaba da juyawa don tabbatar da daidaiton gauraya.

3. Amsawa da Kulawa : Bari mai hana iskar shaka ya yi aiki da cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai na tsawon awanni 2 - 4. A lokacin amsawar, a lura da yuwuwar rage iskar shaka da kuma yawan cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai. Ƙimar yuwuwar rage iskar shaka na iya nuna ci gaban amsawar iskar shaka. Lokacin da ƙimar ta daidaita kuma yawan cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai ya cika ƙa'idar da ake buƙata (yawanci ƙasa da 0.5 mg/L), ana ɗaukar martanin ya cika.

3.2.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Ribobi : Wannan hanyar ba ta samar da iskar gas mai guba da iskar gas mai canzawa kamar hanyar kunna acid, wanda hakan ke sa ta zama mafi aminci ga yanayin aiki. Tana iya lalata cyanide yadda ya kamata, ta hanyar cimma burin cire cyanide daga saman ma'adanai na sulfide. Bugu da ƙari, samfuran amsawa suna da kyau ga muhalli.

• Rashin Amfani : Farashin sinadarin oxidants yana da tsada sosai, musamman ga masu ƙarfi kamar ozone, wanda ke ƙara farashin sarrafa ma'adinan sulfide. Bugu da ƙari, amsawar oxidation yana da sauƙin tasiri ta hanyar abubuwa kamar ƙimar pH na ɓangaren ma'adinan, zafin jiki, da kuma kasancewar wasu ƙazanta, wanda ke buƙatar kulawa sosai kan yanayin amsawa.

3.3 Hanyar Gishiri na Copper

3.3.1 Ka'ida

Gishiri na jan ƙarfe, irin su sulfate na jan karfe, ana ƙara su zuwa ɓangaren litattafan almara na sulfide tare da ƙasa - cyanide adsorbed. Ions na jan ƙarfe suna amsawa tare da cyanide don samar da jan ƙarfe mara narkewa - rukunin cyanide. Ana iya raba waɗannan rukunin gidaje daga ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai ta hanyar tsayayyen hanyoyin rabuwa na ruwa, don haka a sami nasarar kawar da cyanide.

3.3.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri na Ma'adinai : Shirya wutsiyoyin ma'adinan sulfide zuwa ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai tare da rabo mai ƙarfi da ruwa mai dacewa.

2. Ƙarin Gishirin Tagulla : Ƙara adadin jan ƙarfe sulfate mai dacewa a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan. Adadin jan ƙarfe sulfate da aka ƙara yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar yawan cyanide da ke cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan, gabaɗaya tare da rabon molar na ions na jan ƙarfe zuwa ions na cyanide na 1 - 2: 1. Yawanci ana ƙara jan ƙarfe sulfate a matsayin ruwan sha, kuma tsarin ƙarawa ya kamata ya kasance tare da juyawa akai-akai don tabbatar da daidaiton rarraba ions na jan ƙarfe a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan.

3. Rabawa da Tauri - Rabawa da Ruwa : Bayan ƙara gishirin jan ƙarfe, a bar shi ya ci gaba na tsawon awanni 1-2. Sannan, a yi raba ruwa mai tauri a kan ɓangaren ma'adinan ta amfani da hanyoyi kamar tacewa ko lalata shi. Tauri mai rabuwa ya ƙunshi tagulla - cyanide da ma'adanai na sulfide, yayin da za a iya ƙara yin maganin ruwan da aka raba don cika ƙa'idar fitarwa ko sake yin amfani da shi don wasu dalilai.

3.3.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Ribobi : Wannan hanyar za ta iya cire cyanide daga saman ma'adinan sulfide ta hanyar samar da abubuwan da ba sa narkewa. Tsarin aiki yana da sauƙi, kuma jan ƙarfe sulfate wani sinadari ne da aka saba amfani da shi kuma mai araha, yana ba da wasu fa'idodi na tattalin arziki.

• Rashin Amfani : Ƙara gishirin jan ƙarfe na iya shigar da ƙazanta na jan ƙarfe cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan, wanda zai iya shafar fa'idodin ma'adanai na sulfide daga baya. Misali, a cikin shawagi na ma'adanai na gubar - zinc sulfide, ions na jan ƙarfe da yawa na iya kunna sphalerite, wanda ke kawo cikas ga rabuwar ma'adanai na gubar da zinc. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar a zubar da kwararar tagulla da cyanide da aka raba yadda ya kamata don hana gurɓatawa ta biyu.

3.4 Sabuwar Hanyar Reagent Composite

3.4.1 Ka'ida

Ana amfani da wasu sabbin abubuwan haɗakarwa, kamar haɗin polysulfides da sodium metabisulfite. Polysulfides suna amsawa tare da sulfur - wanda ke dauke da abubuwan da ke cikin cyanide - dauke da mahadi a kan farfajiyar sulfide ores, yayin da sodium metabisulfite ya daidaita yiwuwar redox na tsarin kuma yana inganta bazuwar cyanide, don haka yana sauƙaƙe cire shi.

3.4.2 Matakan Tsari

1. Shiri na Ma'adinai : Shirya wutsiyoyin ma'adinan sulfide zuwa ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai.

2. Ƙarin Maganin Haɗaka : Ƙara sinadarin haɗin kai wanda ya ƙunshi polysulfides da sodium metabisulfite zuwa ɓangaren ma'adinan. Matsakaicin nauyin polysulfides zuwa sodium metabisulfite yawanci shine 1:1. kuma ana ƙayyade adadin sinadarin haɗin kai da aka ƙara bisa ga abun da ke cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan da yanayin ma'adinan sulfide, gabaɗaya yana farawa daga kilogiram 0.5 - 2 a kowace tan na ɓangaren ma'adinan.

3. Amsawa da Kulawa : Bayan ƙara sinadarin hadawa, a bar shi ya ci gaba na tsawon awanni 1-3. A lokacin amsawar, a lura da abubuwan da ke cikin cyanide da kuma ma'aunin sinadarai masu dacewa, kamar ƙarfin redox da ƙimar pH, a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinan. A daidaita yanayin amsawar da sauri bisa ga sakamakon sa ido don tabbatar da cire cyanide gaba ɗaya.

3.4.3 Fa'idodi da rashin amfani

• Fa'idodi : Wannan hanyar tana nuna kyakkyawan daidaitawa ga nau'ikan ma'adanai daban-daban na sulfide. Maganin haɗin yana aiki tare don cire cyanide yadda ya kamata daga saman ma'adanai na sulfide. Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin reagent guda ɗaya, yana iya bayar da ingantaccen aikin cirewa kuma yana da ƙarancin tasiri akan amfani da ma'adanai na sulfide daga baya.

• Rashin Amfani : Haɓakawa da samar da sinadaran haɗin gwiwa suna da sarkakiya, kuma farashin na iya zama mafi girma fiye da wasu hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa na gargajiya guda ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, ba a fahimci takamaiman tsarin amsawar sinadaran haɗin gwiwa ba tukuna, wanda zai iya haifar da rashin tabbas a aikace-aikacen masana'antu na gaske.

4. Tsarin Ingantawa da La'akari

4.1 Maganin Ores

Kafin amfani da kowane ɗayan hanyoyin da ke sama don cire cyanide a saman ma'aunin sulfide, gyaran tama mai dacewa sau da yawa ya zama dole. Misali, idan wutsiyar taman sulfide ta ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na tarar - ma'adinan gangu mai hatsi, pre - tantancewa ko ayyukan rarrabawa za a iya aiwatar da su don cire mai wuya - don - kula da ɓangarorin da ba su da kyau. Wannan na iya haɓaka ingancin hulɗar tsakanin reagent da ma'adanai na sulfide tare da farfajiya - cyanide adsorbed da rage tsangwama na ma'adanai na gangue akan tsarin amsawa.

4.2 Sarrafa Yanayin Amsa

• Darajar pH : Darajar pH na ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai yana da tasiri sosai kan tsarin amsawar. Hanyar kunna acid tana buƙatar ƙarancin pH don haɓaka rugujewar mahaɗan da ke ɗauke da cyanide, yayin da hanyar kunna oxidant da hanyar gishirin jan ƙarfe ke buƙatar kiyaye madaidaicin kewayon pH. Misali, lokacin amfani da hydrogen peroxide azaman oxidant, mafi kyawun ƙimar pH na ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai yawanci shine 8 - 10. kuma lokacin amfani da jan ƙarfe sulfate, ƙimar pH na ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai gabaɗaya ana sarrafa shi a 6 - 8.

• Zafin Jiki : Zafin jiki na amsawar yana shafar saurin amsawar da inganci. Gabaɗaya, ƙara zafin jiki na iya hanzarta saurin amsawar. Duk da haka, ga wasu halayen, kamar iskar shaka ta cyanide ta hydrogen peroxide, yawan zafin jiki mai yawa na iya sa oxidant ya ruɓe, wanda ke rage ingancin oxidation. Saboda haka, ana buƙatar inganta zafin jiki na amsawar bisa ga takamaiman tsarin amsawar, yawanci a cikin kewayon 20 - 40 °C.

• Ƙarfin Juyawa : Isasshen juyawa yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da rarrabawar sinadaran a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai daidai gwargwado da kuma ƙara yiwuwar hulɗa tsakanin sinadaran da ke ɗauke da cyanide a saman ma'adanai masu sulfide. Duk da haka, juyawa da yawa na iya haifar da amfani da makamashi mara amfani da kayan aiki na inji. Ya kamata a tantance ƙarfin juyawa da ya dace ta hanyar binciken gwaji da ƙwarewar samarwa.

4.3 M - Rabewar Ruwa da Maganin Ruwa

Bayan amsawa don cire cyanide akan saman sulfide ores, ingantaccen m - rabuwar ruwa ana buƙatar raba ma'adanai sulfide da aka bi da su daga maganin amsawa. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su mai ƙarfi - hanyoyin rabuwar ruwa sun haɗa da tacewa, lalatawa, da centrifugation. Ruwan sharar da aka keɓe yawanci har yanzu yana ƙunshe da wasu ragowar cyanide da sauran ƙazanta, waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin magani don cika ma'aunin fitarwa. Hanyoyin jiyya na sharar gida na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin kamar ƙarin oxidation, adsorption, da maganin ilimin halitta.

5. Nazarin Al'amura

5.1 Aikace-aikacen Hanyar Kunna Acid a cikin Ma'adinan Zinare

A cikin wani ma'adanin zinari, bayan aikin leaching na cyanidation, wutsiyar sulfide tama tana da wani adadi mai ƙima - cyanide adsorbed. Ma'adinan sun yi amfani da hanyar kunna acid don magani. Da farko, an sanya wutsiyoyi a cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara tare da m - ruwa rabo na 1: 3. Sa'an nan kuma, an ƙara sulfuric acid don daidaita darajar ɓangaren litattafan almara zuwa 3. Bayan amsawa na tsawon sa'o'i 2, an tattara iskar hydrogen cyanide da aka samar kuma an shafe shi ta hanyar maganin sodium hydroxide. Bayan jiyya, abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren litattafan ma'adinai ya ragu daga 5 MG / L zuwa ƙasa da 0.5 MG / L, kuma adadin dawo da ruwa na ma'adanai sulfide na gaba ya karu da kusan 10%. Koyaya, yayin aikin, ɗigon iskar iskar hydrogen cyanide ya haifar da haɗarin aminci a wurin aikin, kuma bututun kayan aikin sun sami lalata sosai.

5.2 Hanyar Kunna Oxidant a cikin Polymetallic Sulfide Ore Mine

A polymetallic sulfide ore mine amfani hydrogen peroxide a matsayin oxidant don cire cyanide a saman sulfide ores. An fara daidaita ƙimar pH ɗin ma'adinan zuwa 9. sannan kuma an ƙara hydrogen peroxide a adadin kilogiram 3 a kowace ton na ɓangaren litattafan almara. Bayan amsawa na sa'o'i 3, abun ciki na cyanide a cikin ɓangaren ma'adinai an rage shi zuwa ƙananan matakin. Ribar da ta biyo baya na jan karfe, gubar, da ma'adinan sulfide na zinc sulfide ragowar cyanide bai shafe su ba, kuma adadin dawo da karfe gaba daya ya inganta. Koyaya, tsadar hydrogen peroxide ya haifar da haɓakar farashin sarrafa tama da kusan dala 5 akan kowace ton.

6. Kammalawa

Cire cyanide a saman ma'adinan sulfide aiki ne mai mahimmanci a fagen sarrafa ma'adinai. Hanyar kunna acid, hanyar kunna oxidant, hanyar gishiri tagulla, da sabuwar hanyar reagent mai haɗawa kowanne yana da nasa fa'ida da rashin amfani. A cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu na ainihi, ya zama dole a yi la'akari da mahimmancin abubuwa kamar yanayin sulfide ores, bukatun kare muhalli, da farashin tattalin arziki don zaɓar hanya mafi dacewa. A halin yanzu, ta hanyar inganta yanayin tsari, pretreating ores, da kuma yadda ya kamata sarrafa m - ruwa rabuwa da sharar gida magani, da yadda ya dace na cire cyanide a saman sulfide ores za a iya kara inganta, cimma burin da albarkatun dawo da muhalli kariya.