Tsarin cyanidation mai girma-zazzabi don dawo da karafa masu daraja daga masu kara kuzari na mota

Gabatarwa

Platinum - karafa na rukuni (PGMs), gami da platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), da rhodium (Rh), suna da matukar muhimmanci a masana'antu daban-daban. A cikin masana'antar kera motoci, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin masu canzawa, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don rage hayaki mai cutarwa daga sharar abin hawa. Duk da haka, PGMs ba su da yawa kuma ba su da daidaituwa a cikin yanayi, kuma hakar su daga ma'adinan farko yana da wuyar gaske kuma mai tsada. A sakamakon haka, dawo da PGMs daga tushe na biyu, kamar amfani da su Motoci masu kara kuzari, ya sami ƙarin kulawa. Babban zafin jiki cyanide leaching yana fitowa a matsayin fasaha mai yuwuwa don wannan dalili.

Matsayin PGMs a cikin Masu Kayatar Motoci

An ƙera na'urorin canza sinadarai na motoci don canza gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba a cikin iskar gas mai guba, kamar su Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), da nitrogen oxides (NOx), zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani kamar carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen (N₂), da ruwa (H₂O). PGMs sune manyan abubuwan da ke aiki a cikin waɗannan masu canzawa. Misali, Pt da Pd suna da tasiri wajen samar da iskar oxygen ga CO da HC, yayin da Rh galibi ana amfani da shi don rage NOx. Bukatar PGMs a masana'antar kera motoci yana da yawa. A cikin 1990, an yi amfani da oza miliyan 1.3 na platinum, oza 230.000 na palladium, da oza 330.000 na rhodium wajen kera masu haɓaka motoci. Idan aka yi la'akari da ci gaba da ci gaban masana'antar kera motoci tsawon shekaru, yawan PGMs a cikin masu haɓaka motoci da aka yi amfani da su yana da girma sosai, wanda hakan ya sa su zama albarkatu na biyu mai mahimmanci.

Ka'idodin Babban - Zazzabi Cyanide Leaching

Cyanide Complexation

An yi amfani da leaching na Cyanide sosai a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai, musamman don hakar gwal. Ƙa'idar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin ikon cyanide ions (CN⁻) don samar da barga masu ƙarfi tare da wasu karafa. A cikin yanayin PGMs, ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai girma da yanayin alkaline masu dacewa, CN⁻ na iya amsawa tare da Pt, Pd, da Rh don samar da hadadden cyanide mai narkewa. Wannan rikice-rikicen halayen yana ba da damar PGMs su narkar da su daga ƙaƙƙarfan matrix na mai kara kuzari a cikin mafita, yana sauƙaƙe rabuwa na gaba da hanyoyin dawowa.

Babban - Haɓaka Zazzabi

Yanayin zafin jiki mai girma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka aikin leaching. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana haɓaka motsin motsi. A yanayin zafi mafi girma, yawan yaduwar ions na cyanide zuwa saman sassan PGM yana ƙaruwa, kuma halayen sinadaran suna faruwa da sauri. Alal misali, bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin babban zafin jiki na cyanide leaching na PGMs daga masu haɓaka mota, haɓaka yawan zafin jiki daga 100 ° C zuwa 150 ° C na iya ƙara yawan aikin leaching na Pd da Pt. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa matsanancin zafi yana iya haifar da wasu ƙalubale, kamar ƙara yawan amfani da makamashi da yiwuwar halayen gefe.

Tsari na Babban -Cyanide Leaching na Zazzabi don Masu Kayawar Mota

Pretreatment na Catalysts

Kafin aikin leaching na cyanide mai zafin jiki, abubuwan da ake amfani da su na mota yawanci suna buƙatar riga-kafi. Wannan mataki yana da mahimmanci don inganta aikin leaching. Na farko, masu kara kuzari suna murƙushe jiki da ƙasa don rage girman barbashi, wanda ke ƙara ƙayyadaddun yanki na musamman kuma yana fallasa ƙarin PGM don amsawa. Sa'an nan kuma, ana iya yin amfani da su don maganin zafi, irin su gasa, don cire carbon da sauran ƙazanta a saman mai kara kuzari, sa PGMs ya fi dacewa da maganin cyanide.

Aikin Leaching

A cikin matakin leaching, ana sanya masu haɓakawa da aka riga aka shirya a cikin jirgin ruwa mai amsawa tare da cyanide - mai ɗauke da bayani, yawanci. sodium Cyanide (NaCN). Daga nan sai a ɗora jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar zafi zuwa zafin da ya dace, yawanci a cikin kewayon 120 - 180 ° C, kuma ana daidaita matsa lamba bisa ga buƙatun. Ana gabatar da Oxygen ko wakili na oxidizing sau da yawa don haɓaka iskar oxygenation na PGMs da haɓaka halayen haɓaka. Lokacin leaching ya bambanta dangane da abun da ke tattare da mai kara kuzari da yanayin amsawa, gabaɗaya daga sa'o'i da yawa zuwa sama da sa'o'i goma.

Rabewa da farfadowa na PGMs

Bayan aikin leaching, bayani ya ƙunshi narkar da PGM - cyanide complexes. Don dawo da PGMs, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin rabuwa daban-daban. Hanya ɗaya ta gama gari ita ce hakar ƙarfi, inda ake amfani da tsantsa mai dacewa don zabar PGMs daga barasa leach cyanide. Misali, wasu ruwayoyi na ionic sun nuna kyakkyawan zaɓi don ware Pt da Pd daga barasa. Wata hanyar ita ce hazo. Ta hanyar daidaita ƙimar pH na maganin ko ƙara takamaiman wakilai masu haɓakawa, PGMs na iya haɓakawa daga cikin maganin a cikin nau'in gishirin ƙarfe ko hadaddun, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta su don samun PGMs masu tsabta.

Fa'idodin Babban - Zazzabi Leaching Cyanide

Ingantaccen Farko

Idan aka kwatanta da wasu hanyoyin gargajiya don dawo da PGMs daga masu kara kuzarin mota, yawan zafin jiki na cyanide leaching zai iya cimma ƙimar murmurewa. Nazarin ya nuna cewa a ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayi, ƙimar leaching na Pt, Pd, da Rh na iya kaiwa sama da 90%, kuma a wasu lokuta, har ma kusa da 100%. Alal misali, a cikin bincike kan high - zafin jiki cyanide leaching na PGMs daga ƙãre autocatalytic converters, da autoclave leaching a 150 ° C, tare da wani oxygen partial matsa lamba na 200 psi da kuma wani lokaci na 120 min, samar> 90% PGMs 'rushe.

Zaɓi

Cyanide yana da takamaiman matakin zaɓi a cikin hadaddun abubuwa tare da PGMs. Ƙarƙashin ingantattun yanayi, yana iya fifita amsa tare da Pt, Pd, da Rh yayin da yake da ƙarancin hulɗa tare da wasu abubuwa da yawa a cikin matrix mai ƙara kuzari, kamar abubuwan yumbu da wasu ƙarfe na tushe. Wannan zaɓin yana sauƙaƙe tsarin rabuwa na gaba kuma yana taimakawa don samun PGMs tare da mafi girman tsarki.

Kalubale da Mafita

Gubar Cyanide

Yin amfani da cyanide a cikin aikin leaching yana da alaƙa da mahimmancin yanayi da damuwa na aminci saboda yawan guba. Cyanide zai iya zama cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli idan ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba. Don magance wannan batu, ana aiwatar da tsauraran matakan tsaro a cikin tsarin masana'antu. Misali, rufaffiyar tsarin madauki an tsara su don rage sakin cyanide cikin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, maganin cyanide - mai ɗauke da ruwa mai datti yana da mahimmanci. Ana iya amfani da na'urorin fasahar sarrafa ruwan datti, irin su sinadarai oxidation da magani na halitta, don lalata cyanide zuwa wasu abubuwa marasa lahani kafin zubar da ruwan datti.

Babban Amfanin Makamashi

Babban yanayin zafin da ake buƙata na tsari yana haifar da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi. Don rage wannan matsalar, ana ƙoƙarin inganta yanayin halayen. Misali, ta hanyar daidaitaccen sarrafa zafin jiki, matsa lamba, da lokacin amsawa, ana iya rage shigar da makamashi yayin da ake ci gaba da yin aiki mai girma. Bugu da ƙari, haɓaka ƙarin makamashi - ingantattun kayan aikin dumama da kuma yin amfani da tsarin dawo da zafi na sharar gida kuma na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi na babban tsarin leaching cyanide zafin jiki.

Kammalawa

Babban zafin jiki na cyanide leaching yana nuna babban yuwuwar murmurewa Precious karafa, musamman PGMs, daga masu haɓaka mota. Yana ba da ingantaccen farfadowa da zaɓi, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziƙi da ingantaccen sake amfani da waɗannan albarkatu masu mahimmanci. Ko da yake akwai kalubale kamar gubar cyanide da yawan amfani da makamashi, ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike da sabbin fasahohi don magance wadannan batutuwa. Tare da karuwar buƙatun PGMs da kuma ƙara mai da hankali kan sake yin amfani da albarkatu da kariyar muhalli, ana sa ran zazzaɓin leaching mai zafin jiki na cyanide zai taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan gaba na masana'antar sake yin amfani da motoci don haɓakar motoci.