Shin ilimin ku na sodium cyanide cikakke ne?

sodium cyanide, tare da tsarin sinadarai NaCN, wani fili ne wanda ke ba da umarni mai mahimmanci saboda kaddarorinsa na musamman, aikace-aikace daban-daban, da kuma yawan guba. Wannan labarin yana nufin samar da cikakken bayyani na Sodium cyanide, Bincika tsarin sa, kayan jiki da sinadarai, hanyoyin samarwa, amfani, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi aminci da muhalli.

Tsarin Sinadari da Kayafai

Sodium cyanide wani sinadari ne na ionic wanda ya ƙunshi sodium cations (Na+) da cyanide anions (CN-). Cyanide ion yana da tsari mai layi, tare da Carbon atom mai haɗe uku zuwa atom na nitrogen. Wannan tsari yana tasiri ga amsawar mahaɗin da kuma gubarsa.

jiki Properties

• Appearance: Yawanci, sodium Cyanide yana gabatar da shi azaman farin, crystalline m, amma kuma ana iya samun shi a cikin foda ko kullu.

• solubility: Yana da narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, tare da kusan gram 400 yana iya narkewa a cikin lita ɗaya na ruwa a 25 ° C. Wannan babban solubility yana sa ya zama mai amfani a cikin matakai daban-daban na masana'antu, duk da haka kuma yana haifar da damuwa game da zubewar haɗari da rashin kulawa.

• Narkewa Da Tafasa: Sodium cyanide yana da matsakaicin matsayi mai narkewa na 563.7 ° C da kuma wurin tafasa na 1496 ° C, wanda ke nuna ƙarfin haɗin haɗin ion yana riƙe da fili tare.

• yawa: Yawansa yana da kusan gram 1.6 a kowace centimita kubik, ya fi na ruwa girma, yana sa ya nutse cikin ruwa mai ruwa.

Chemical Properties

• Asalin asali: Sodium cyanide tushe ne mai matsakaicin matsakaici. Lokacin da yake cikin ruwa mai ruwa, ana yin shi da hydrolysis. Wannan tsari yana samar da ions hydroxide (OH-), yana yin maganin alkaline.

• Reactivity tare da Karfe: Daya daga cikin fitattun siffofi na sodium cyanide shine ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙarta ga karafa. A cikin masana'antu kamar Zinariya hakar ma'adinai, a gaban oxygen da ruwa, sodium cyanide yana amsawa da zinariya. Wannan matakin ya haifar da hadadden cyanide na gwal mai narkewa, wanda ke ba da damar fitar da zinare daga ma'adanai.

• Ra'ayin da Acids: Sodium cyanide yana maida martani da karfi da acid don samar da hydrogen cyanide, iskar gas mai guba. Ko da raunin acid na iya haifar da wannan dauki, don haka yana da mahimmanci a rike sodium cyanide tare da kulawa mai tsanani a kusa da abubuwan acidic.

• Maganganun Oxidation da Ragewa: Sodium cyanide zai iya shiga cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka da rage halayen. Ma'aikata masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi na iya oxidize shi cikin ƙananan abubuwa masu guba, yayin da a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, yana iya aiki azaman wakili mai ragewa a cikin halayen sinadarai.

Hanyar Haɓaka

Samar da sodium cyanide ya ƙunshi matakai da yawa na sinadarai, tare da tsarin Andrussow da tsarin Castner wanda ya fi kowa.

Tsarin Andrussow

Wannan ita ce hanyar masana'antu da aka fi amfani da ita don samar da sodium cyanide. Ya ƙunshi amsawar methane, ammonia, da iskar oxygen akan ma'aunin platinum a babban yanayin zafi, kusan 1000 ° C. Sakamakon hydrogen cyanide sai ya amsa da sodium hydroxide don samar da sodium cyanide.

Tsarin Castner

A cikin tsarin Castner, sodium amide yana amsawa da carbon a yanayin zafi mai girma, kusan 800 - 1000 ° C, don samar da sodium cyanide da iskar hydrogen. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ba shi da amfani sosai a zamanin yau saboda yana buƙatar makamashi mai yawa kuma yana samar da samfur tare da ƙananan tsabta idan aka kwatanta da tsarin Andrussow.

Aikace-aikace na sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide yana da nau'ikan aikace-aikace iri-iri a cikin masana'antu daban-daban, galibi saboda abubuwan sinadarai na musamman.

Ma'adinan Zinariya da Azurfa

Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman amfani da sodium cyanide shine wajen hako zinari da azurfa daga ma'adanai. Tsarin, wanda ake kira cyanidation, ya haɗa da narkar da karafa masu daraja a cikin maganin sodium cyanide lokacin da iskar oxygen ta kasance. Wannan yana samar da rukunin cyanide na ƙarfe masu narkewa waɗanda za a iya raba su da ma'adinan kuma a ci gaba da sarrafa su don samun zinariya ko azurfa zalla. Cyanidation yana da matukar tasiri don fitar da karafa masu daraja daga ƙananan ma'adinai, yana mai da shi wata mahimmanci mai mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai.

Hannun sunadarai

Sodium cyanide wani muhimmin tubalin gini ne a cikin haɗar mahaɗan sinadarai iri-iri. Ana amfani da shi wajen samar da nitriles, wanda ke aiki a matsayin mahimmancin tsaka-tsaki a cikin masana'antun magunguna, robobi, da fibers na roba. Alal misali, a cikin kira na acrylonitrile, mabuɗin monomer don yin polyacrylonitrile fibers da aka yi amfani da su a cikin tufafi da kuma samar da fiber carbon, sodium cyanide yana aiki a matsayin mai amsawa.

Girkawa

a cikin Girkawa masana'antu, ana amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin wasu wanka na plating don haɓaka inganci da mannewa na suturar ƙarfe. Yana taimakawa saka karafa kamar tagulla, azurfa, da zinare a kan wasu abubuwa daban-daban, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin yunifom da ƙarewa mai dorewa. Koyaya, saboda gubarsa, ana haɓaka wasu hanyoyin da ba na cyanide ba kuma ana ɗaukar su.

Kariyar Pest

An yi amfani da sodium cyanide a matsayin maganin kashe kwari da kwari a baya. Yawan gubar sa yana sa shi tasiri wajen sarrafa yawan kwarin. Sai dai kasashe da dama sun takaita amfani da shi a wannan fanni saboda illar da hakan ke haifarwa ga lafiyar dan Adam da muhalli.

Aikace -aikacen Laboratory

A cikin saitunan dakin gwaje-gwaje, ana amfani da sodium cyanide azaman reagent a cikin halayen sunadarai daban-daban. Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa a cikin haɗin gwiwar kwayoyin halitta don gabatar da ƙungiyar cyanide (-CN) a cikin mahallin kwayoyin halitta, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi don ƙirƙirar samfurori masu yawa.

La'akari da Guba da Tsaro

Sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai kuma yana haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.

Kayan aikin guba

Lokacin da sodium cyanide ya shiga cikin jiki, ya rushe don saki ions cyanide (CN-). Waɗannan ions suna ɗaure da atom ɗin ƙarfe a cikin cytochrome c oxidase, wani enzyme da ke cikin sarkar jigilar lantarki ta tantanin halitta. Wannan ɗaure yana hana aikin enzymes, yana hana sel yin amfani da iskar oxygen yadda ya kamata. A sakamakon haka, sel ba za su iya samar da makamashi ta hanyar numfashin iska ba, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar tantanin halitta kuma, a lokuta masu tsanani, mutuwar kwayoyin halitta.

Hanyoyin Bayyanawa

• Inhalation: Shakar sodium cyanide ƙura ko tururi na iya haifar da sakamako mai guba da sauri. Ko da ƙaramin adadin da aka shaka na iya zama barazana ga rayuwa.

• Ingestion: Hadiye sodium cyanide yana da haɗari sosai. Ƙananan kashi, yawanci ƙasa da 50 - 100 milligrams ga matsakaita babba, na iya zama m.

• Abokan hulɗa: Tuntuɓar fata tare da sodium cyanide na iya ba da izinin fili ya shiga cikin jiki, musamman ma idan akwai yanke ko abrasions. Tsawon lokaci ko maimaita saduwar fata na iya haifar da haushin fata, konewa, da guba na tsari.

Alamomin Guba

Alamomin guba na sodium cyanide na iya bambanta dangane da hanya da iyakar fallasa. Alamun farko na iya haɗawa da ciwon kai, juwa, rauni, tashin zuciya, amai, saurin numfashi, da jin matsewa a ƙirji. Cigaba da bayyanar cututtuka na iya zama kamewa, asarar sani, gazawar numfashi, da kama zuciya. A lokuta masu tsanani, mutuwa na iya faruwa a cikin mintuna kaɗan na fallasa.

Tsarin Tsaro

Saboda tsananin dafin sa, dole ne a bi tsauraran matakan tsaro yayin sarrafa sodium cyanide. Duk ma'aikatan da ke da hannu wajen sarrafa su, adanawa, ko sufuri ya kamata su sami cikakken horo kan kaddarorin sa, hatsarori, da amintattun hanyoyin kulawa. Ya kamata ma'aikata su sa kayan kariya masu dacewa, gami da safofin hannu masu jurewa da sinadarai, tabarau, na'urar numfashi, da tufafin kariya. Wuraren aiki ya kamata su kasance da isasshen iska don rage haɗarin shakar hayaƙi ko ƙura. Sodium cyanide ya kamata a adana shi cikin aminci a cikin wani wuri mai cike da iska mai nisa daga acid, oxidizing jamiái, da sauran abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Idan ya zube, yakamata a aiwatar da tsare-tsaren tsare-tsare da tsaftacewa nan da nan don hana fitar da hayaki mai guba. Abubuwan da ke amfani da ko adana sodium cyanide yakamata su sami cikakkun tsare-tsare na amsa gaggawa, gami da hanyoyin magance zubewa, fallasa, da gaggawar likita. Kayan aikin agaji na farko da magungunan kashe qwari, irin su hydroxocobalamin ko sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate, yakamata a samar da su cikin shiri don magance gubar cyanide.

Tasirin Muhalli

Sakin sodium cyanide a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da sakamako mai tsanani. Idan ya shiga cikin ruwa, zai iya yin illa sosai ga rayuwar ruwa. Cyanide ions suna da guba ga kifaye, invertebrates, da sauran halittu masu ruwa, suna rushe yanayin yanayin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da sodium cyanide hydrolyzes a cikin ruwa, yana iya samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide, wanda zai iya shiga cikin yanayi kuma yana taimakawa wajen gurɓataccen iska. Zubar da sinadarin sodium cyanide a kan ƙasa na iya gurɓata ƙasa, ta yadda ba ta dace da tsiro ba. Cyanide na iya ɗaure ga barbashi na ƙasa kuma yana iya kasancewa a cikin muhalli na dogon lokaci, ya danganta da yanayin ƙasa da kasancewar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda zasu iya rushe shi. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, lokacin da sodium cyanide ke amsawa da acid ko danshi a cikin iska, yana iya sakin iskar hydrogen cyanide, gurɓataccen iska mai guba wanda zai iya cutar da mutane, dabbobi, da tsire-tsire a kusa.

Kammalawa

Sodium cyanide wani fili ne da ke da sinadarai na musamman wanda ke sa shi amfani a aikace-aikacen masana'antu daban-daban. Koyaya, matsananciyar gubarsa da yuwuwar cutarwar muhalli ba za a iya watsi da ita ba. Yana da mahimmanci ga duk masana'antu masu amfani da sodium cyanide don aiwatar da tsauraran matakan tsaro don kiyaye ma'aikata, jama'a, da muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a ci gaba da ƙoƙari don haɓaka hanyoyin da za su iya cimma burin masana'antu iri ɗaya ba tare da haɗin gwiwar sodium cyanide ba. Ta fahimtar kaddarorin sa, amfaninsa, da hatsarori, za mu iya yin aiki don rage girman tasirin sa yayin da muke amfani da kaddarorin sa masu mahimmanci idan ya cancanta.