Tsarin samarwa da Ci gaban Fasaha na Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) wani muhimmin sinadari ne na asali, wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a fannoni kamar hakar ma'adinan gwal, da lantarki, da kuma haɗin magunguna. Its samar da tsari An shafe fiye da shekaru ɗari na ci gaba da fasaha na fasaha, kuma a halin yanzu, an kafa tsarin masana'antu wanda ya mamaye hanyar hadawa. Wannan labarin zai tsara tsarin tsara hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na yau da kullun sodium Cyanide da ci gabansu na fasaha, da kuma tattauna hanyoyin ci gaban gaba.

I. Juyin Halitta na Hanyoyin Samar da Sodium Cyanide

1. Tsari na Farko (Marigayi Ƙarni na 19 - Tsakiyar Ƙarni na 20)

A farkon kwanaki, samar da sodium cyanide ya dogara ne akan hakar daga albarkatun kasa. Alal misali, "tsarin cyanidation don hakar zinare" da aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1887 da aka fitar cyanides ta hanyar sarrafa tsire-tsire masu ɗauke da cyanide (kamar almonds masu ɗaci). Koyaya, wannan hanyar ba ta da inganci, mai tsada, kuma tana da wahala don biyan buƙatun masana'antu. A farkon karni na 20, masanin kimiyar Jamus Friedrich Kahlbaum ya kirkiro hanyar narkewar cyanide, wanda ya shirya. Sodium cyanide ta hanyar mayar da sinadarin calcium cyanide tare da sodium carbonate. Saboda ƙananan farashin albarkatun ƙasa da sauƙi na tsari, wannan tsari ya zama fasaha na yau da kullum a farkon kwanakin.

2. Yunƙurin Hanyar Magana (Tsakiyar Ƙarni na 20 zuwa Yanzu)

Tare da haɓaka masana'antar petrochemical, hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta maye gurbin hanyoyin gargajiya a hankali. A halin yanzu, fiye da 90% na sodium cyanide a duniya ana samar da su ta amfani da matakai guda uku masu zuwa:

• Tsarin Andrussow

Yin amfani da methane, ammonia, da oxygen a matsayin kayan albarkatun kasa, wani abin da ake kira oxidation yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin aikin mai kara kuzari na platinum-rhodium:

Gas ɗin da aka samar da hydrogen cyanide (HCN) yana ɗaukar sodium hydroxide don samun maganin sodium cyanide. Wannan tsari yana da fa'idodi na albarkatun ƙasa masu arha da saurin amsawa, amma yawan zafin jiki (1000 - 1200 ° C) da yin amfani da kayan ƙarfe masu daraja suna haifar da tsada mai tsada.

• Hanyar Pyrolysis Oil Light

Yin amfani da mai mai haske (kamar naphtha) a matsayin albarkatun kasa, ana samar da HCN ta hanyar pyrolysis a yanayin zafi mai zafi (1400 - 1500 ° C), kuma maganin da ya biyo baya yayi kama da tsarin Andrussow. Wannan tsari ya dace da samarwa mai girma amma yana da yawan amfani da makamashi kuma yana samar da babban adadin baƙar fata na carbon a matsayin samfurin.

• Methanol Ammoniya Oxidation Hanyar

Yin amfani da methanol, ammonia, da iska azaman albarkatun ƙasa, ana samar da HCN ƙarƙashin aikin mai haɓakawa (kamar V₂O₅-MoO₃):

Wannan tsari yana da ƙarancin farashi mai ƙayatarwa da yanayi mai sauƙi (400 - 500 ° C), kuma a hankali ya zama zaɓin da aka fi so don sabbin ƙarfin samarwa.

II. Ci gaban Fasaha da Jagoran Ƙirƙira

1. Ci gaban Koren Tsari

Hanyoyin al'ada suna da matsalolin yawan amfani da makamashi da ƙazanta mai yawa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masu bincike sun binciki fasahohin kore masu zuwa:

• Hanyar Biosynthesis

Yin amfani da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta (kamar Pseudomonas) don ƙaddamar da hydrolysis na mahadi na nitrile don samarwa. Cyanides, amma har yanzu yana cikin matakin dakin gwaje-gwaje.

• Hanyoyin Electrochemical

Sake yin amfani da sodium cyanide ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai ɗauke da cyanide na lantarki don cimma nasarar sake amfani da albarkatu, amma inganci da farashi na yanzu yana buƙatar ƙara ingantawa.

2. Fasahar Fasaha da Tsaro na Hankali

Samar da sodium cyanide ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba sosai, kuma kulawar aminci yana da mahimmanci. Masana'antu na zamani gabaɗaya suna amfani da Tsarin Gudanar da Rarraba (DCS) don cimma cikakkiyar kulawa ta atomatik na gabaɗayan tsari, da gabatar da fasahar bincike ta kan layi don saka idanu kan tattarawar HCN a cikin ainihin lokaci, rage haɗarin yaɗuwa.

3. Samfurin Tattalin Arziki na Da'ira

Inganta amfani da albarkatu ta hanyar fasahar samar da haɗin gwiwa. Alal misali, ana iya amfani da carbon dioxide da aka samar a cikin tsarin Andrussow don samar da urea, da kuma carbon baƙar fata da aka samar a cikin Hanyar Pyrolysis Oil Light za a iya amfani da shi azaman wakili mai ƙarfafa roba, samar da rufaffiyar sarkar masana'antu na "albarkatu - samfurori - sharar gida - albarkatun da aka sake yin fa'ida".

III. Kalubale da Yanayin Gaba

1. Canje-canje a cikin Raw Material Cost

Tsarin Andrussow da hanyar methanol sun dogara da iskar gas (methane) da kwal (a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa don methanol). Canje-canje a farashin makamashi na duniya yana shafar farashin samarwa kai tsaye. Haɓaka hanyoyin da ba burbushin halittu ba (kamar biomass zuwa methanol) babban batu ne na bincike a nan gaba.

2. Haɓaka Matsalolin Kariyar Muhalli

Tare da tsaurara ka'idojin kare muhalli na duniya, samar da sodium cyanide yana buƙatar ƙara rage fitar da iskar nitrogen oxides (NOx) da ruwan datti mai ɗauke da cyanide. Fasahar rabuwar membrane, denitrification catalytic oxidation, da sauran matakai an gwada su a wasu masana'antu.

3. Fadada Manyan Aikace-aikace

Bukatar high-tsarki sodium cyanide (tsarki ≥ 99.9%) a cikin kira na cathode abu precursors ga lithium-ion batura yana girma da sauri, inganta haɓakar tsarin samarwa zuwa tsaftacewa da tsabta.

Kammalawa

Haɓaka hanyoyin samar da sodium cyanide koyaushe ya samo asali ne a kusa da manyan manufofin uku na "aminci, inganci, da kore". A nan gaba, tare da ci gaba a cikin sababbin makamashi da fasahar kare muhalli, da kuma zurfin haɗin kai na masana'antu na dijital, masana'antun sodium cyanide za su ci gaba da ingantawa a cikin jagorancin ƙananan amfani da makamashi, ƙarancin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, da ƙarin ƙima.