Bayyana Tsarin Haƙar Zinare Ta Amfani da Sodium Cyanide

I. Gabatarwa

A cikin masana'antar haƙar zinare ta zamani , Sodium cyanide yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ba kamar tsoffin hanyoyin haƙar zinare ba, hanyoyin haƙar zinare na kasuwanci na yau na iya fitar da zinare daga ma'adanai na dutse waɗanda ke da ƙarancin zinare, wani lokacin ma ba su kai kashi 0.005% ba, inda zinaren ba a iya ganinsa ga ido. Sodium cyanide shine babban sinadari a cikin wannan tsari mai rikitarwa, wanda ke ba da damar raba zinare da ma'adanai yadda ya kamata. Wannan labarin zai bincika dalla-dalla yadda ake amfani da Sodium Cyanide a haƙar zinare.

II. Tushen Sodium Cyanide

A. Abubuwan Sinadarai

Sodium cyanide, tare da dabarar sinadarai ta NaCN, fari ne mai ƙarfi. Yana bayyana a matsayin granules ko foda kuma yana iya yin laushi. Wannan mahaɗin yana da ɗan ƙamshi na almond mai ɗaci. Dangane da narkewa, yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa, yayin da yake narkewa kaɗan a cikin ethanol. A fannin sinadarai, sodium cyanide tushe ne mai ƙarfi da kuma gishirin acid mai rauni. Maganin ruwansa yana narkewa don samar da hydrocyanic acid, wanda ke sa maganin ya zama alkaline sosai. Abin lura shi ne, sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai. Ko da ƙaramin adadin, ko ta hanyar taɓa fata, shaƙa, ko shansa, na iya haifar da guba mai tsanani kuma yana iya zama mai mutuwa. Yana yin tasirinsa na mutuwa ta hanyar sakin cyanide ions (CN-) waɗanda ke da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da ƙarfe fiye da iskar oxygen. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga tsarin oxidative na yau da kullun na ƙwayoyin halitta, wanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da asphyxia na ƙwayoyin halitta da hypoxia na nama.

B. Muhimmancin Masana'antu

Bayan rawar da take takawa wajen hakar gwal, sodium cyanide tana da muhimmaci a sassan masana'antu daban-daban. A cikin masana'antar lantarki, yana aiki azaman muhimmin sashi don sanya jan karfe, azurfa, cadmium, da zinc. Yana taimakawa rage polarization na anodic, yana tabbatar da narkar da anode na yau da kullun, tabbatar da maganin plating, da haɓaka polarization na cathodic don samun nau'ikan plating iri ɗaya da inganci. A cikin aikin ƙarfe, ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin hakar karafa masu daraja kamar zinariya da azurfa. Bugu da ƙari, yana da mahimmancin albarkatun ƙasa a cikin masana'antar sinadarai don kera nau'ikan cyanide na inorganic da samar da hydrocyanic acid. Har ila yau, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin haɗakar kayan halitta irin su gilashin halitta, kayan aikin roba daban-daban, robar nitrile, da masana'antar fiber na roba. A cikin masana'antar rini, ana amfani da shi wajen samar da cyanuric chloride, matsakaici mai mahimmanci don dyes mai amsawa da mafari don abubuwan fata. Bugu da ƙari, masana'antar harhada magunguna suna amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin haɗin mahadi kamar cyanoacetic acid methyl ester da diethyl malonate. Gabaɗaya, haɓakar sodium cyanide da sake kunnawa sun sa ya zama sinadari mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyoyin masana'antu na zamani.

III. Tsarin Ma'adinan Zinariya tare da Sodium Cyanide

A. Tattalin Arziki

Mataki na farko wajen amfani da sodium cyanide don cire zinari shine shirya ma'adinan. Da farko ana niƙa manyan guntun ma'adinan da ke ɗauke da zinari zuwa ƙananan guntu ta amfani da na'urorin murƙushewa masu nauyi. Wannan babban niƙa yana rage girman ma'adinan zuwa girman da za a iya sarrafawa, yawanci kusan milimita 150-300. Daga baya, ana niƙa ma'adinan da aka niƙa a karo na biyu, sau da yawa tare da na'urorin murƙushe mazugi ko na'urorin murƙushewa, wanda hakan ke ƙara rage girman barbashi zuwa kimanin milimita 20-50. Bayan haka, ana niƙa ma'adinan zuwa foda mai laushi ta hanyar injinan ƙwallo ko injinan sanduna, don tabbatar da cewa yawancin barbashi ba su wuce milimita 0.074 ba. Wannan niƙa mai laushi yana da mahimmanci domin yana ƙara girman saman ma'adinan sosai, yana sauƙaƙa mu'amala da amsawa tare da maganin cyanide a cikin tsarin cirewa na gaba. Bugu da ƙari, ma'adinan na iya wucewa ta hanyar tsari na tantancewa don raba girman barbashi daban-daban, yana ba da damar sarrafa maganin sinadarai da haɓaka ingancin cirewa.

B. Tsarin Leaching

Da zarar an shirya ma'adinan da kyau, sai ta shiga matakin leaching, wanda shine zuciyar aikin hakar gwal tare da sodium cyanide. An haxa tama mai foda tare da maganin cyanide da aka tsara a hankali, yawanci tare da ƙwayar sodium cyanide wanda ke jere daga 0.05% zuwa 0.1%. A wannan mataki, wani sinadari yana faruwa inda zinaren da ke cikin ma'adinan ya yi aiki tare da ion cyanide (CN-) a gaban iskar oxygen. Gabaɗayan amsa za a iya wakilta ta hanyar lissafin: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Anan, kwayoyin zarra na gwal suna samar da wani hadadden hadadden hadadden hadaddiyar giyar tare da ions cyanide, suna haifar da cyanide sodium gold (Na[Au(CN)₂]), wanda ke narkewa a cikin maganin. Tsarin leaching yana buƙatar tsananin kulawa da sigogi daban-daban. Ana kiyaye pH na maganin a kusa da 10-11 don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na cyanide kuma ya hana samuwar iskar hydrogen cyanide mai guba. Hakanan yanayin zafi yana taka muhimmiyar rawa; Yawanci, ana kiyaye shi a cikin kewayon 20-30 ° C. Matsakaicin zafin jiki yana rage saurin amsawa, yayin da zafi mai yawa zai iya haifar da saurin ƙafewar maganin da yuwuwar lalata kayan aiki. Ana ci gaba da samar da isassun tashin hankali da iska don tabbatar da haɗawa iri ɗaya na tama da maganin cyanide, haɓaka ingantaccen narkar da gwal.

C. Matsayin Hazo

Bayan aikin leaching, zinari yanzu yana cikin nau'in hadadden cyanide na zinare mai narkewa a cikin maganin. Don dawo da zinare, ana aiwatar da matakin hazo. Wannan ya ƙunshi ƙara foda na zinc ko carbon da aka kunna zuwa mafita. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da foda na zinc, motsin motsi yana faruwa. Zinc, da yake ya fi gwal aiki, yana kawar da zinare daga hadadden cyanide na gwal. Ana iya bayyana halayen sinadaran kamar: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Za a rage atom ɗin gwal ɗin zuwa sifarsu ta ƙarfe kuma ta fito daga mafita. Idan ana amfani da carbon da aka kunna, babban filin sa da kaddarorin talla suna shiga cikin wasa. Kamfanonin cyanide na zinare suna shiga saman saman carbon ɗin da aka kunna, suna raba gwal ɗin da mafita yadda ya kamata. Ana kuma ƙara sarrafa carbon ɗin da aka ɗora don dawo da gwal ɗin da aka haɗa. Da zarar hazo ya cika, ana tace slurry da aka samu ko kuma a sanya shi a tsakiya don ware tsayayyen hazo daga ruwan da ya rage, wanda zai iya ƙunsar ragowar cyanide da sauran ƙazanta.

D. Tsari Tsabta

Zinare da aka samu daga matakin hazo har yanzu yana ƙunshe da wasu ƙazanta kuma yana buƙatar a tace shi don cimma babban tsarkin da ake buƙata a kasuwa. Tsarin tacewa yawanci yana farawa ne da narkewa, inda zinaren zinare ke zafi da zafi a cikin tanderu. Wannan yana narkar da gwal, yana barin ƙazanta masu yawa su nutse zuwa ƙasa yayin da narkakkar zinariyar za a iya cirewa ko kuma a zuba a cikin gyare-gyare. Bayan haka, ana iya amfani da electrolysis don ƙarin tsarkakewa. A cikin tantanin halitta na electrolytic, zinare mara kyau an yi shi ne anode, kuma siriri na zinariya tsantsa yana aiki azaman cathode. Lokacin da wutar lantarki ta wuce ta cikin tantanin halitta, ions na zinariya daga anode suna ƙaura zuwa cathode kuma suna ajiyewa a matsayin zinariya tsantsa, suna barin sauran ƙazanta a cikin anode. Ta hanyar waɗannan matakan tsaftacewa, zinari na iya kaiwa matakin tsabta har zuwa 99.99%, saduwa da ƙa'idodin masana'antu daban-daban, yin kayan ado, da aikace-aikacen saka hannun jari.

IV. Aikace-aikacen Tunanin Tsaro da Muhalli

A. Tsaron Ma'aikata

Ganin matsanancin guba na sodium cyanide, tabbatar da amincin ma'aikata yana da mahimmanci. Ma'aikatan da ke cikin aikin hakar gwal ta amfani da sodium cyanide dole ne a ba su cikakken horo na tsaro. Suna buƙatar ƙware sosai wajen sarrafa sinadarai, fahimtar haɗarin da ke tattare da shi, da sanin hanyoyin gaggawa na gaggawa. Kayan kariya na sirri (PPE) ba za a iya sasantawa ba. Ya kamata ma'aikata su sanya safofin hannu marasa ƙarfi don hana fataucin fata, tabarau don kare idanunsu, da na'urorin numfashi don gujewa shakar duk wani iskar cyanide da ake iya fitarwa. Bugu da kari, dole ne a samar da tsauraran ka'idojin aminci. Misali, wuraren aiki ya kamata su kasance da iskar iska don rage yawan duk wani nau'in cyanide mai iska. Har ila yau, ya kamata a hana ma'aikata ci, sha, ko shan taba a wuraren da sodium cyanide ke ciki don hana shiga cikin haɗari. Binciken likita na yau da kullun ya kamata ya zama tilas don sanya ido kan lafiyar ma'aikata, musamman wadanda ke sarrafa sinadari kai tsaye, don gano duk wata alama ta fara fallasa cyanide.

B. Tasirin Muhalli

Amfani da sinadarin sodium cyanide a haƙar zinare yana haifar da damuwa mai yawa ga muhalli. Bayan aikin haƙar zinare, sauran kayan sharar gida, waɗanda aka sani da Cyanide tailings , suna ɗauke da ragowar cyanide. Idan ba a sarrafa su yadda ya kamata ba, waɗannan tailings na iya zama babbar barazana ga muhalli. Cyanide na iya shiga ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa, yana gurɓata tushen ruwa da kuma cutar da rayuwar ruwa. A cikin ruwan saman, ko da ƙaramin adadin cyanide na iya kawo cikas ga daidaiton muhalli, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar kifi da sauran mummunan tasiri ga bambancin halittu. Don rage waɗannan haɗarin muhalli, kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai dole ne su aiwatar da dabarun kula da muhalli masu ƙarfi. Hanya ɗaya ita ce magance tailings na cyanide don rage yawan cyanide zuwa matakan aminci. Wannan na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin magance sinadarai, kamar hanyoyin iskar shara ko hazo, don mayar da cyanide mai guba zuwa mahaɗan da ba su da illa. Wani muhimmin ma'auni shine zubar da shara da kuma hana tailings da aka yi wa magani yadda ya kamata. A tsare tafkunan zubar da shara ko tafkunan zubar da shara tare da layuka masu dacewa na iya hana zubar da duk wani gurɓataccen abu da ya rage a cikin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, ci gaba da sa ido kan muhallin da ke kewaye, gami da ingancin ruwa da yanayin ƙasa, yana da mahimmanci don gano duk wani lalacewar muhalli da wuri da kuma ɗaukar matakan gyara cikin gaggawa.

V. Kammalawa

Babu shakka sinadarin Sodium cyanide muhimmin sinadari ne a haƙar zinare na zamani, wanda ke ba da damar haƙar zinare daga ma'adanai masu ƙarancin adadin zinare. Ya kasance ginshiƙin masana'antar haƙar zinare tsawon shekaru da yawa, yana sauƙaƙa samar da zinare wanda ke samar da makamashi ga masana'antu daban-daban, tun daga yin kayan ado zuwa aikace-aikacen fasaha mai zurfi. Duk da haka, amfani da shi yana buƙatar kulawa sosai ga aminci da kare muhalli. Kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai dole ne su saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aikin tsaro na zamani, samar da cikakken horo ga ma'aikata, da kuma aiwatar da tsauraran ƙa'idojin tsaro don kare rayuka. A lokaci guda, suna da alhakin ɗabi'a da na shari'a na sarrafa tasirin muhalli, magance wutsiyoyin cyanide da alhaki da kuma sa ido kan yanayin ƙasa don hana lalacewa na dogon lokaci. Yayin da fasaha ke ci gaba, bincike kan hanyoyin da suka fi aminci da aminci ga muhalli fiye da sodium cyanide ya kamata ya ci gaba. Sai dai ta hanyar daidaita haƙar zinare mai inganci, amincin ma'aikata, da kuma kula da muhalli ne masana'antar haƙar zinare za ta iya bunƙasa cikin dorewa a nan gaba.