Sodium Cyanide: Abubuwan Mahimmanci Daga Rukunin Masana'antu zuwa Nagartattun Sinadarai

Gabatarwa

Sodium cyanide , tare da dabarar sinadarai ta NaCN, foda ne mai launin lu'ulu'u. Yana narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa kuma yana da ɗan ƙamshin almond mai ɗaci. A matsayin muhimmin abu na asali na sinadarai, Sodium cyanide yana taka rawa sosai a fannoni daban-daban na masana'antu, musamman a cikin haɗakar masana'antu da sinadarai masu kyau.

Yankunan jiki da na kaya

Sodium cyanide shine tsarin kristal mai siffar sukari. Yana da narkewa sosai a cikin ruwa kuma cikin sauƙi na hydrolyzes don samar da hydrogen cyanide, tare da maganin ruwa mai ruwa yana nuna alkalinity mai ƙarfi. Matsayinsa na narkewa shine 563.7 ° C, kuma wurin tafasa shine 1496 ° C. Yana da girman 1.595 g/cm³. Sodium cyanide yana da guba sosai, har ma da adadin tuntuɓar ta hanyar raunukan fata, shakar numfashi, ko sha na iya haifar da mutuwa. Wannan yawan guba ya samo asali ne daga cyanide ion (CN⁻) da ke cikinsa, wanda zai iya haɗuwa da ferric ions a cikin kwayoyin jini, yana sa kwayoyin jini su rasa aikinsu na ɗaukar oxygen, kuma a ƙarshe yana haifar da mutuwar kwayoyin halitta da sauri saboda hypoxia.

Hanyoyin Haɗin Masana'antu

1. Tsarin Andrussow : Wannan hanyar tana amfani da iskar gas, ammonia, da iska a matsayin kayan aiki na asali, tare da ƙarfe mai kama da platinum-rhodium a matsayin mai haɓaka. Wannan amsawar tana faruwa ne a yanayin zafi mai yawa. Iskar gas (galibi methane) tana amsawa da ammonia da iskar oxygen a gaban mai haɓaka don samar da hydrogen cyanide, sannan hydrogen cyanide yana amsawa da maganin sodium hydroxide don samun Sodium Cyanide . Ana iya bayyana martanin gabaɗaya kamar haka: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Wannan hanyar tana da inganci mai kyau na samarwa kuma ta dace da manyan masana'antu. Duk da haka, tana buƙatar yanayi mai yawa na amsawa da kuma cikakken iko na rabon kayan aiki da sigogin amsawa.

2. Hanyar Pyrolysis Mai Sauƙi : Ana tururi ammonia mai ruwa sannan a gauraya da mai mai sauƙi a cikin mahaɗin sannan a yi amfani da shi a cikin tanda. Iskar gas ɗin da aka riga aka kunna ta shiga cikin tanderun da ke fashewa, inda fashewar ta faru a zafin jiki mai yawa (kimanin 1450 °C). Ana amfani da coke na mai a matsayin mai ɗaukar kaya, kuma ana amfani da nitrogen a matsayin iskar kariya don hana iskar shaka. Iskar gas ɗin da ke fashewa ta ƙunshi hydrogen cyanide. Bayan aiwatarwa kamar cire ammonia, sha ruwa, gyarawa, da danshi, ana samun hydrogen cyanide, sannan yana amsawa da maganin sodium hydroxide don samun ruwa sodium cyanide . Ana iya ƙara tattara sodium cyanide mai ruwa da kuma ƙara masa lu'ulu'u don samun sodium cyanide mai ƙarfi. Duk da cewa wannan tsari yana da fasaha mai girma, yana kuma da matsaloli kamar wahalar cire sulfur da kuma cire hydrogen cyanide mai ƙazanta, yawan amfani da makamashin samfura, babban wahala wajen magance "sharar gida uku", da kuma tsadar farashin samarwa.

3. Hanyar Samfurin Acrylonitrile : A yayin da ake samar da acrylonitrile ta hanyar ammoxidation na propylene, ana samar da iskar hydrogen cyanide a matsayin samfurin bayan-kashi (adadin ya yi daidai da kashi 4% - 10% na samar da acrylonitrile). Iskar da ke fitowa daga reactor ta ƙunshi ammonia mai yawa. Bayan cire ammonia tare da diluted sulfuric acid, iskar reaction ta shiga hasumiyar sanyaya sha ruwa don shan acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, da acrolein, da sauransu. Ruwan sha yana fuskantar ƙarin rabuwa da tsarkakewa kamar warwarewa da gyarawa don samun samfuran acrylonitrile masu tsarki da kuma hydrogen cyanide mai inganci. Sannan ana sha hydrogen cyanide mai inganci ta hanyar maganin alkali don samar da sodium cyanide. Kayayyakin da aka samu ta wannan hanyar ba su da ƙazanta da ƙarancin sinadarin sulfur. Duk da haka, ƙarfin samar da acrylonitrile yana iyakance shi. A halin yanzu, samar da acrylonitrile a China ya kusan cika, kuma fitowar sa yana da wuya a ƙara sosai.

Aikace-aikace a cikin Fine Chemicals

1. Masana'antar Magunguna : Ana amfani da Sodium cyanide sosai wajen haɗa magungunan da ke shiga tsakani. Misali, a cikin haɗa wasu magunguna na yau da kullun kamar penicillin, ibuprofen, bitamin B6. folic acid, guanine, acyclovir, barbiturates, norfloxacin, caffeine, da berberine, sodium cyanide muhimmin abu ne na asali. Yana shiga cikin mahimman halayen da ke cikin hanyar haɗa magunguna, yana taimakawa wajen gina tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta na maganin kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin dukkan tsarin haɗa magunguna.

2. Masana'antar Kashe Kwayoyin Cuka : Haka kuma muhimmin abu ne wajen samar da magungunan kashe kwari. Magungunan kashe kwari kamar glyphosate, paraquat, cyanazine, phenthoate, da isoprothiolane duk suna buƙatar amfani da sodium cyanide a cikin tsarin ƙera su. Sodium cyanide yana da hannu wajen haɗa sinadaran kashe kwari, yana ba wa magungunan kashe kwari takamaiman tsarin sinadarai da kuma kaddarorin kashe kwari, wanda hakan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen tabbatar da samar da amfanin gona da kuma hana da kuma sarrafa kwari a fannin noma.

3. Masana'antar Rini da Launi : A masana'antar rini, ana amfani da sodium cyanide don ƙera muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tsaka-tsaki kamar cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride muhimmin abu ne na tsaka-tsaki ga rini masu amsawa kuma kayan aiki ne na asali don samar da masu haskaka haske. Yana shiga cikin haɗa rini, yana ba da rini mai kyau ga launuka da kuma saurin launi, da kuma haɓaka ci gaban masana'antar rini.

4. Haɗakar Musamman na Haɗakar Halitta : Ana iya amfani da sodium cyanide don haɗa nau'ikan mahaɗan halitta na musamman, kamar cyanobenzyl da samfuran jerin abubuwan da aka samo asali, iminodiacetonitrile, iminodiacetic acid (ester), samfuran jerin wakilan chelating (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) da samfuran gishirin ƙarfe, glycine, hydroxyacetonitrile (acid), da sauransu. Waɗannan mahaɗan halitta suna da amfani mai yawa a fannoni kamar nazarin sinadarai, maganin ruwa, da haɗakar halitta. Misali, ana iya amfani da masu haɗakar halitta don ɗaure ions na ƙarfe, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tausasa ruwa da kuma raba ions na ƙarfe.

Tsaro da La'akarin Muhalli

Saboda yawan gubarsa, dole ne a ɗauki tsauraran matakan tsaro a cikin samarwa, sufuri, ajiya, da amfani da sodium cyanide. A cikin tsarin samarwa, masu aiki suna buƙatar sanya kayan kariya masu dacewa, gami da iskar gas - matsattsun kwat da wando, na'urar numfashi, da safar hannu masu kariya, don hana hulɗa da sodium cyanide. Ya kamata a samar da wuraren samarwa da ingantattun hanyoyin samun iska da na'urorin shaye-shaye don tabbatar da cewa iskar wurin aiki ta cika ka'idojin aminci. A lokacin sufuri, dole ne a tattara sodium cyanide daidai da ƙa'idodin da suka dace, yawanci a cikin ganguna na ƙarfe da aka rufe, da kuma jigilar su ta wasu motocin jigilar sinadarai masu haɗari na musamman. Ya kamata a tsara hanyoyin sufuri a hankali don guje wa wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa da kuma hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin ajiya, ya kamata a adana shi a cikin ɗakin ajiyar da aka keɓe tare da samun iska mai kyau, nesa da tushen zafi, tushen ƙonewa, da abubuwan da ba su dace ba kamar acid da oxidants. Ya kamata ma'ajiyar ta kasance tana sanye da ɗigo - hujja da wuraren sata, da aiwatar da tsarin gudanarwa na "biyu-kulle".

Dangane da kariyar muhalli, "sharar gida guda uku" da aka samar wajen samar da sinadarin sodium cyanide dole ne a kula da su yadda ya kamata. Ruwan da ke ɗauke da cyanide ya kamata a bi da shi ta hanyar iskar oxygen ko wasu hanyoyin da suka dace don lalata ion cyanide zuwa abubuwan da ba masu guba ba kafin a fitar da su. Gas mai sharar gida mai dauke da hydrogen cyanide yakamata a tsarkake ta hanyar sha ko maganin konewa don rage tasirinsa akan yanayi. Ya kamata a cika dattin dattin da ke ɗauke da cyanide cikin aminci ko kuma a yi musu magani ta wuraren kula da sharar na musamman don hana gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa.

Kammalawa

Sodium cyanide, duk da yawan guba, abu ne da ba makawa a masana'antar zamani. Daga haɗin masana'antu zuwa sinadarai masu kyau, ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a fannoni daban-daban. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaba da fasaha na fasaha, a gefe guda, ana bincika hanyoyin samar da ingantattun hanyoyin samar da yanayi na sodium cyanide; a gefe guda kuma, a cikin tsarin aikace-aikacen, ana ƙoƙarin inganta yawan amfani da sodium cyanide da rage mummunan tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. A nan gaba, sodium cyanide zai ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin masana'antu yayin da yake daidaita daidaiton aminci, kare muhalli, da bukatun samarwa.