He aha nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka sodium cyanide e hoʻomākaukau ai?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) he mea ʻawaʻawa nui akā koʻikoʻi kemika. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ia i ka synthesis o nā ʻano like ʻole Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika ma muli o ka reactivity o ka hui cyanide (-CN). Eia kekahi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kemika nui i hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana ʻO Sodium cyanide:

Nā Huaʻili Cyanide Inorganic

1.Ferrocyanides: Hoʻopili ka sodium cyanide me nā paʻakai hao e hana i ka ferroCyanides. No ka laʻana, ka pane o ʻO ka sodium Cyanide me ka ferrous sulfate hiki ke hua mai ka sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia pūhui i ka hana ʻana i nā puaʻa uliuli e like me Prussian blue, a loaʻa pū kekahi i nā noi i ka ʻoihana meaʻai ma ke ʻano he anticaking agent i ka paʻakai. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hopena kemika penei:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2.Cyanide Complexes o nā Metala: Hiki i ka sodium cyanide ke hana i nā paʻakikī me nā ion metala he nui. I ka unuhi ʻana o ke gula a me ke kālā, no ka laʻana, i mua o ka oxygen, ke gula a me ke kālā e hana me ka sodium cyanide e hana i nā mea paʻakikī metala cyanide. No ke gula, penei ka hopena:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Hoʻopili hou ʻia kēia mau metala - cyanide complexes no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā metala maʻemaʻe. Ma waho aʻe o ke gula a me ke kālā, hiki i ka sodium cyanide ke hana i nā paʻakikī me nā metala e like me ke keleawe, zinc, a me ka nickel, i loaʻa nā noi i ka electroplating a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, i ka electroplating, hoʻohana ʻia nā metala - cyanide complexes e like me nā electrolytes e hōʻoia i ka waiho ʻana o ka metala ma luna o ka substrate.

Nā Huaʻai Cyanide Organic

1. ʻO nā mea i loaʻa iā Malonic Acid Derivatives: Hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium cyanide i ka synthesis o nā derivatives malonic acid. ʻO kekahi kaʻina hana maʻamau, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i ka sodium cyanide me ka chloroacetic acid e hana mua i ka cyanoacetic acid. ʻO ka pane:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Hiki ke hoʻonui hou ʻia ka waikawa cyanoacetic e hana i nā esters malonic acid, e like me diethyl malonate. ʻO nā derivatives malonic acid he mau poloka kūkulu hale nui i ka synthesis organik, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka synthesis o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea pena a me nā mea ʻono. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i ka condensation Knoevenagel a me nā hopena ʻē aʻe e kūkulu i nā molekala organik paʻakikī.

2.Nītrile Compounds: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium cyanide e hoʻololi i nā haloalkanes a i ʻole aryl halides i nitriles ma o nā hopena hoʻololi nucleophilic. No ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana o ka bromoethane me ka sodium cyanide, hoʻokumu ʻia ka propionitrile:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

ʻO nā nitriles nā pūhui maʻamau. Hiki iā lākou ke hydrolyzed e hana i nā waikawa carboxylic, hoʻemi ʻia i nā amine, a hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis o nā pūhui heterocyclic. I ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, nui nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loaʻa i nā hui hana nitrile, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium cyanide i ka synthesis o nitriles e hāʻawi i kahi ala nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kēia mau lāʻau.

3.Cyanohydrins: Hiki i nā Aldehydes a me nā ketones ke hana me ka sodium cyanide i mua o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe waika e hana i nā cyanohydrins. No ka laʻana, ka hopena o ka acetone me ka sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

ʻO nā cyanohydrins he mau mea waena kūpono i ka synthesis organik. Hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia lākou i mau pūʻulu hana like ʻole, e like me nā waikawa carboxylic, nā amine, a me nā ʻawaʻawa, e nā hopena kemika kūpono. I ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau huahana kūlohelohe a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hana nui nā cyanohydrin i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka iwi iwi kalapona a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pūʻulu hana.

4.Triazine Derivatives: I ka hana ʻana o nā pūhui e like me ka melamine, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka sodium cyanide i loko o ka pūnaewele pane. ʻOiai paʻakikī paha ka hopena pololei a pili pinepine i nā ʻanuʻu he nui, ʻo ka hui cyanide mai ka sodium cyanide ke kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke apo triazine. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Melamine i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics, adhesives, a me nā uhi. ʻO kekahi laʻana, ʻo ia ka synthesis o ka cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), he mea koʻikoʻi i waena o ka hana ʻana i nā herbicides, pesticides, a me nā dyes reactive. ʻO ka synthesis o ka cyanuric chloride mai ka sodium cyanide ka mea maʻamau e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā hopena me ka chlorination o ka cyanide - pili mua.

5. ʻAmino Acid a me kā lākou mau mea: Ma kekahi mau ala synthetic no nā waikawa amino, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium cyanide. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka Strecker synthesis o nā waikawa amino, kahi aldehyde a i ʻole ketone e hana me ka ammonia a me ka sodium cyanide e hana i kahi aminonitrile intermediate, a laila hydrolyzed i ka waikawa amino pili. E hoʻomaka ana me kahi RCHO aldehyde, penei nā hopena:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

ʻO nā amino acids nā mea kūkulu hale o nā protein a loaʻa nā noi ākea i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka sodium cyanide, pono e hahai ʻia nā hana palekana a me nā kaʻina hana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kēia mau mea kemika e hōʻoia i ka palekana o nā limahana a me ke kaiapuni.