ʻIkepili o ke kuleana koʻikoʻi o ka sodium cyanide i ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) he mea ʻawaʻawa loa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kāna noi ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hāʻawi nui i ke olakino kanaka. Ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai nui i ka synthesis organik, ʻO ka sodium Cyanide komo i ka kiko'ī Ka hana kemikas a lilo i pōhaku kihi no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻano molekole lāʻau. E kālailai kēia ʻatikala i kāna kuleana nui ma ka Ahalohalani A me kona Ka mālama mālama palekana.

I. Ka "Molecular Scalpel" ma ke ano he Synthetic Intermediate

Ka waiwai nui o ka sodium cyanide aia i loko o ka hui cyano (-CN) i hāʻawi ʻia. I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hiki i ka hui cyano ke komo i nā hana koʻikoʻi ma kēia mau ʻano:

1. Hoʻokomo i nā hui hana i loko o ka nitrogen: Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pūʻulu cyano i loko o kahi hui waikawa carboxylic (-COOH) a i ʻole e hoʻemi ʻia i loko o kahi hui amino (-NH₂). ʻO kēia mau pūʻulu nā wahi hana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau he nui, e like me nā lāʻau antibiotic a me nā lāʻau anti-cancer.

2. Ke kūkulu ʻana i nā iwi molekala paʻakikī: No ka laʻana, hilinaʻi ka synthesis o ka huaora B12 i ka hui ʻana o ka hui cyano me nā ion cobalt; pono ka synthesis o kekahi mau β-blockers (e like me propranolol). ʻO Sodium cyanide e hoʻokomo i kahi kaulahao ʻaoʻao kī.

hihia: I ka synthesis o ka precursor o ka anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil, sodium cyanide i komo i ka hana o ke apo pyrimidine, e pili pono ana i ka hana anti-tumor o ka laau.

II. Ke hoʻokele nei i nā ʻano hana kemika nui

1.Cyanidation Reaction:

Ma o ka hopena hoʻololi nucleophilic (e like me SN2), hiki i ka hui cyano ke pani i ka atom halogen o kahi hydrocarbon halogenated e hana i kahi pūhui nitrile. No ka laʻana, α-chlorovaleronitrile, he mea waena i hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis o ka lāʻau antimalarial chloroquine.

2.Strecker Synthesis:

Hoʻopili ʻo Sodium cyanide me kahi aldehyde/ketone a me ka amonia e hana i kahi α-amino nitrile, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi amino acid (e like me ka alanine), he mea kumu kumu no nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

3. Cyclization Reaction:

Hoʻokomo ka hui cyano i ka cyclization intramolecular e hana i ka heterocycle me ka nitrogen (e like me pyridine a me pyrimidine). ʻIke nui ʻia ia mau hale i nā lāʻau antiviral (e like me ka oseltamivir) a me nā lāʻau anti-AIDS.

III. Hoʻomalu maikaʻi a me ka mālama palekana

ʻOiai he mea make loa ka sodium cyanide, ua hoʻoponopono paʻa ʻia kāna noi i ka ʻoihana lāʻau:

1.Full-kaʻina Mana Mana:

Mai ke kūʻai ʻana, mālama ʻia e hoʻohana ai, pono ia e hoʻokō me nā "Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals". Hoʻohana ʻia nā ana e like me ka laka pālua a me ka nānā ʻana i ka manawa maoli.

2.Process Optimization:

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana e like me nā microchannel reactors e hōʻemi i ka hopena o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka sodium cyanide, a ma ka manawa like e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena hopena a me ka koho.

3. Ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻokoʻa:

ʻO nā ala ʻōmaʻomaʻo e like me ka biocatalysis (e like me ka nitrile hydratase) a me ka electrochemical cyanidation ke hoʻololi mālie nei i nā kaʻina hana kuʻuna e hōʻemi i nā pōʻino o ke kaiapuni.

IV. Nā ʻano o ka wā e hiki mai ana: Ke kaulike ʻana i ka palekana a me ka maikaʻi

1. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka ʻenekema ʻōmaʻomaʻo:

E hoʻomohala i nā ala pane ʻole cyanide. No ka laʻana, e hoʻohana i ka metala-organic frameworks (MOFs) e hoʻopili i ka hui cyano, e hōʻemi ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea maka.

2.Intelligent Nānā:

Hoʻohui i nā ʻenehana AI a me nā sensor e nānā i ke koena o ka cyanide i ke kaʻina hana i ka manawa maoli, e hōʻoia i ka maʻemaʻe a me ka palekana o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

Panina

He "ʻelua kuleana" ka sodium cyanide i loko o ka ʻoihana lāʻau: ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka hana hou ʻana i ka lāʻau a me kahi mea pōʻino e pono ai ke mālama pono. Ma o ka ʻenehana ʻenehana a me ka hoʻokele koʻikoʻi, ke ulu nei kāna noi i kahi ala palekana a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻoikaika mau i ke kanaka e lanakila ai i nā maʻi.