He aha nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka sodium cyanide e hoʻomākaukau ai?

He mea ʻawahia loa ka sodium cyanide (NaCN) akā he mea nui ia no ka hana ʻana i nā kemika like ʻole ma muli o ka hana hou ʻana o ka hui cyanide (-CN). Eia kekahi o nā kemika koʻikoʻi e hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Sodium cyanide :

Nā Huaʻili Cyanide Inorganic

1. Ferro cyanides : Hoʻopili ka sodium cyanide me nā paʻakai hao e hana i nā ferro Cyanide . No ka laʻana, hiki i ka hopena o ka Sodium Cyanide me ka ferrous sulfate ke loaʻa ka sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia hui i ka hana ʻana i nā pigments polū e like me ka Prussian blue, a he mau noi nō hoʻi i ka ʻoihana meaʻai ma ke ʻano he mea anticaking i ka paʻakai. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka hopena kemika penei:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. Nā Paʻakikī Cyanide o nā Metala : Hiki i ka sodium cyanide ke hana i nā paʻakikī me nā ion metala he nui. I ka unuhi ʻana i ke gula a me ke kālā, no ka laʻana, i ke alo o ka oxygen, hana ke gula a me ke kālā me ka sodium cyanide e hana i nā paʻakikī cyanide metala hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. No ke gula, penei ka hopena:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Hoʻopili hou ʻia kēia mau metala - cyanide complexes no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā metala maʻemaʻe. Ma waho aʻe o ke gula a me ke kālā, hiki i ka sodium cyanide ke hana i nā paʻakikī me nā metala e like me ke keleawe, zinc, a me ka nickel, i loaʻa nā noi i ka electroplating a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, i ka electroplating, hoʻohana ʻia nā metala - cyanide complexes e like me nā electrolytes e hōʻoia i ka waiho ʻana o ka metala ma luna o ka substrate.

Nā Huaʻai Cyanide Organic

1. Nā Mea Loaʻa Mai ka Waikawa Malonic : Hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium cyanide i ka hana ʻana o nā mea loaʻa mai ka waikawa malonic. ʻO kahi hana maʻamau, ʻo ia ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka sodium cyanide me ka waikawa chloroacetic e hana mua i ka waikawa cyanoacetic. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Hiki ke hoʻonui hou ʻia ka waikawa cyanoacetic e hana i nā esters malonic acid, e like me diethyl malonate. ʻO nā derivatives malonic acid he mau poloka kūkulu hale nui i ka synthesis organik, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka synthesis o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea pena a me nā mea ʻono. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i ka condensation Knoevenagel a me nā hopena ʻē aʻe e kūkulu i nā molekala organik paʻakikī.

2. Nā Pūhui Nitrile : Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium cyanide e hoʻololi i nā haloalkanes a i ʻole aryl halides i loko o nā nitriles ma o nā hopena hoʻololi nucleophilic. No ka laʻana, ke hana ka bromoethane me ka sodium cyanide, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka propionitrile:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

ʻO nā nitriles nā pūhui maʻamau. Hiki iā lākou ke hydrolyzed e hana i nā waikawa carboxylic, hoʻemi ʻia i nā amine, a hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis o nā pūhui heterocyclic. I ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau, nui nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loaʻa i nā hui hana nitrile, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium cyanide i ka synthesis o nitriles e hāʻawi i kahi ala nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kēia mau lāʻau.

3.Cyanohydrins : Hiki i nā Aldehydes a me nā ketones ke hana me ka sodium cyanide i ke alo o kahi mea hoʻoulu waikawa e hana i nā cyanohydrins. No ka laʻana, ka hana o ka acetone me ka sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

ʻO nā cyanohydrins he mau mea waena kūpono i ka synthesis organik. Hiki ke hoʻololi hou ʻia lākou i mau pūʻulu hana like ʻole, e like me nā waikawa carboxylic, nā amine, a me nā ʻawaʻawa, e nā hopena kemika kūpono. I ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau huahana kūlohelohe a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, hana nui nā cyanohydrin i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka iwi iwi kalapona a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pūʻulu hana.

4. Nā Derivatives Triazine : I ka hana ʻana o nā hui e like me ka melamine, hiki ke komo ka sodium cyanide i loko o ka pūnaewele hopena. ʻOiai he paʻakikī paha ka hopena pololei a pili pinepine i nā ʻanuʻu he nui, ʻo ka hui cyanide mai ka sodium cyanide e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke ʻano apo triazine. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Melamine i ka hana ʻana o nā plastics, nā mea hoʻopili, a me nā uhi. ʻO kekahi laʻana ʻo ka synthesis o cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hana ʻana o nā herbicides, pesticides, a me nā dyes reactive. ʻO ka synthesis o cyanuric chloride mai ka sodium cyanide e pili pinepine i kahi moʻo o nā hopena e pili ana i ka chlorination o nā precursors e pili ana i ka cyanide.

5. Nā ʻAkika Amino a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa : Ma kekahi mau ala synthetic no nā ʻakika amino, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium cyanide. No ka laʻana, ma ka synthesis Strecker o nā ʻakika amino, hana kahi aldehyde a i ʻole ketone me ka ammonia a me ka sodium cyanide e hana i kahi waena aminonitrile, a laila hydrolyzed i ka ʻakika amino like. E hoʻomaka ana me kahi aldehyde RCHO, penei nā hopena:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

ʻO nā amino acids nā mea kūkulu hale o nā protein a loaʻa nā noi ākea i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hoʻonaninani.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka sodium cyanide, pono e hahai ʻia nā hana palekana a me nā kaʻina hana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kēia mau mea kemika e hōʻoia i ka palekana o nā limahana a me ke kaiapuni.