Kev siv dav dav thiab kev txhim kho kev cia siab ntawm Sodium Cyanide hauv kev lag luam

sodium cyanide (NaCN), raws li cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, ua lub luag haujlwm hloov tsis tau hauv kev lag luam vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb. Nws cov ntawv thov suav nrog ntau yam kev lag luam tseem ceeb, xws li los ntawm Extraction ntawm Precious Hlau kom zoo chemical synthesis. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev nruj ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev nce siab ntawm cov thev naus laus zis ntsuab, kev txhim kho yav tom ntej ntawm Sodium Cyanide tab tom ntsib cov kev cov nyom tshiab thiab cov cib fim.

I. Core Application Areas of Sodium Cyanide

1. Extraction ntawm Precious Metals thiab Mineral Processing

Sodium cyanide yog ib qho tseem ceeb reagent hauv mining kub thiab nyiaj. Los ntawm txoj kev cyanidation, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov dej sib tov nrog kub thiab nyiaj, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm qib qis ore. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

Txawm hais tias muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm toxicity, txoj kev cyanidation tseem suav nrog ntau dua 80% ntawm lub ntiaj teb kub rho tawm ntim vim nws tus nqi qis thiab tus nqi rov qab siab.

2. Electroplating thiab Surface Treatment

Hauv kev lag luam electroplating, sodium cyanide, raws li ib tug complexing neeg sawv cev, yuav stabilize hlau ions (xws li tooj liab, zinc, thiab cadmium) los xyuas kom meej ib tug uniform thiab ntom plating txheej. Piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem cyanide zinc plating tuaj yeem txhim kho corrosion ntawm hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, vim muaj kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, cov thev naus laus zis tsis muaj cyanide electroplating (xws li zincate zinc plating) tau maj mam hloov cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj.

3. Organic Synthesis thiab Pharmaceutical Intermediates

Sodium cyanide yog ib qho tseem ceeb raw khoom rau synthesis ntawm nitrile tebchaw. Los ntawm kev hloov pauv nucleophilic, pawg CN⁻ tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov organic molecules los tsim cov intermediates tseem ceeb xws li acrylonitrile (rau hluavtaws fibers) thiab adiponitrile (rau nylon 66). Piv txwv li:

CH₂ = CHCH₂Cl + NaCN → CH₂ = CHCH₂CN + NaCl

Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, Sodium cyanide yog koom nrog hauv synthesis ntawm vitamin B12. tshuaj tiv thaiv mob qog noj ntshav, thiab lwm yam.

4. Tshuaj tua kab thiab tshuaj tua kab

Sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv los npaj ntau yam tshuaj tua kab, xws li fenvalerate (ib pyrethroid insecticide). Nws derivative, thiocyanate (SCN⁻), kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv herbicides thiab fungicides.

5. Lwm cov ntawv thov kev lag luam

• Hlau ntxuav: Tshem tawm cov oxide txheej ntawm cov hlau nto;

• Mineral Processing Inhibitor: Kho tus cwj pwm flotation ntawm cov zaub mov;

• Precursor ntawm Chemical Riam phom: Daim ntawv thov rhiab heev uas yuav tsum muaj kev tswj xyuas nruj.

II. Kev Loj Hlob Zej Zog: Kev Sib Tw thiab Lub Sijhawm Coexist

1. Kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb siab

Lub siab toxicity ntawm sodium cyanide tau yuam lub ntiaj teb kom ntxiv dag zog rau kev saib xyuas. Piv txwv li, EU's Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation teev nws yog ib yam khoom muaj kev txhawj xeeb heev (SVHC), xav kom cov tuam txhab lag luam nthuav tawm cov ntaub ntawv siv. Kev sib tsoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau ecological (xws li Tianjin Chaw nres nkoj tawg hauv Suav teb xyoo 2015), tsav kev lag luam hloov mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm "zero emissions".

2. Technological Innovation thiab Alternative Solutions

• Popularization ntawm Cyanide-dawb Txheej Txheem:

• Kub Extraction: Cov thev naus laus zis xws li thiourea leaching thiab bromination txoj kev maj mam loj tuaj;

• Electroplating: Siv cov tshuaj complexing xws li citrates thiab ethylenediamine los hloov cyanides;

• Green Synthesis Pathways: Synthesizing nitrile compounds los ntawm txoj kev biocatalysis (xws li siv nitrile hydratase los tsim acrylamide);

• Circular Economy Model: Txhim kho cyanide rov qab technologies (xws li membrane sib cais thiab ion pauv) kom txo tau noj.

3. Muaj peev xwm loj hlob hauv cov teb uas muaj nqi ntxiv

• Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob Tshiab: Sodium cyanide yog siv nyob rau hauv cov synthesis ntawm precursors rau cathode cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lithium-ion roj teeb (xws li lithium nickel cobalt manganate);

• Electronic Chemicals: Siv los ua ib qho etchant hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm semiconductor wafers;

• Pharmaceutical Intermediates: Nrog rau kev nrawm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tshuaj tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab, kev thov rau sodium cyanide hauv cov tshuaj zoo tuaj yeem loj hlob ntxiv.

4. Kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv

• Cov teb chaws tsim: Qhov kev thov zoo li ruaj khov, nrog rau kev tsom mus rau kev hloov kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev ua raws li ib puag ncig;

• Hnubpoob kev lag luam: Kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab kev tsim khoom lag luam ua rau muaj kev xav tau, xws li kev txhim kho kub mining hauv Southeast Asia thiab Africa.

III. Yav tom ntej Trends thiab kev lag luam teb

1.Technological upgrades: Txhim kho cov txheej txheem uas tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm sodium cyanide thiab optimizing cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom txo tau kev siv;

2.Digital Management: Kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm kev siv sodium cyanide los ntawm Is Taws Nem ntawm Yam (IoT) txhawm rau txhim kho kev nyab xeeb;

3. Txoj Cai Qhia: Tsoom fwv yuav tsum sib npaug rau kev lag luam thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig cov hom phiaj thiab txhawb "Lub luag haujlwm Cyanide Management" (xws li International Cyanide Management Code, ICMI);

4. Kev sib txuas lus rau pej xeem: Txhim kho kev lag luam pob tshab thiab txo cov kev paub txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cyanide.

xaus

Kev lag luam tus nqi ntawm sodium cyanide coexists nrog nws toxicity txaus ntshai. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nws txoj kev loj hlob yuav vam khom cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis thiab kev saib xyuas nruj. Txawm hais tias nws ntsib kev hloov pauv hauv qee qhov chaw, nws qhov tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv, nrog rau kev ua tiav hauv cov txheej txheem ntsuab, tseem tuaj yeem qhib qhov chaw tshiab rau nws. Ib yam li lwm yam khoom siv phom sij hauv kev lag luam tshuaj, txoj hauv kev rau kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm sodium cyanide nyob hauv "tswj kev pheej hmoo thiab tso tawm tus nqi".