Kev siv ntawm Sodium Cyanide hauv Pharmaceutical thiab Organic Synthesis

Introduction

sodium cyanide (NaCN), ib qho inorganic compound, txawm tias nws cov tshuaj lom neeg heev, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev lag luam thiab tshuaj. Kab lus no delves rau hauv nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kws tshuaj thiab Organic synthesis, qhia txog nws qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas nws koom nrog.

Daim ntawv thov hauv Pharmaceutical Synthesis

Synthesis of Common Drugs

1. Penicillin

Cyanide compounds, suav nrog Sodium cyanide, tau koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm qee qhov ua ntej rau penicillin. Nyob rau hauv complex multi-theem synthesis ntawm penicillin, tej yam kev tshwm sim yuav tsum tau kev qhia txog tej functional pab pawg. Sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv los qhia txog pawg cyanide (-CN) hauv cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb nruab nrab. Cov pab pawg cyanide no tuaj yeem hloov pauv ntxiv los ntawm hydrolysis, txo qis, lossis lwm yam tshuaj lom neeg los tsim cov qauv molecular uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kab mob tua kab mob ntawm penicillin.

2. vitamin B6

Lub synthesis ntawm vitamin B6 kuj ua rau siv Sodium Cyanide nyob rau hauv qee txoj kev hluavtaws. Pawg cyanide qhia los ntawm sodium cyanide tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv lub nplhaib - tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev ua haujlwm pab pawg hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov qauv pyridine nplhaib uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm vitamin B6. Los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li nucleophilic ntxiv thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov cyanide - uas muaj cov nruab nrab tuaj yeem maj mam hloov mus rau hauv cov khoom siv vitamin B6 kawg nrog qhov tseeb stereochemistry thiab kev ua haujlwm pab pawg.

3. folic Acid

Nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm folic acid, sodium cyanide yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm nws sub - units. Folic acid muaj ib lub nplhaib pteridine, para - aminobenzoic acid, thiab glutamic acid moieties. Sodium cyanide tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim lossis hloov kho cov qauv ntawm cov sub- units. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm pteridine nplhaib, cyanide - raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem siv los qhia txog nitrogen - muaj cov pab pawg ua haujlwm, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov qauv thiab kev ua haujlwm lom neeg ntawm folic acid.

4. caffeine

Caffeine synthesis kuj tuaj yeem koom nrog sodium cyanide hauv qee cov tswv yim hluavtaws. Cov qauv methylxanthine ntawm caffeine tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv pib los ntawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim dua. Sodium cyanide tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas qhia cov pab pawg ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm lub nplhaib cov qauv, uas yog tom qab ntawd methylated thiab ua tiav ntxiv los tsim cov caffeine. Cov cyanide - muab tau los ua haujlwm pab pawg tuaj yeem ua lub tsev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho cov caffeine molecule complex.

Synthesis ntawm Pharmaceutical Intermediates

1. Amino Acids hauv Pharmaceuticals

Amino acids yog lub hauv paus tsev thaiv rau ntau yam khoom siv tshuaj. Sodium cyanide yog siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm qee cov amino acids. Piv txwv li, hauv Strecker synthesis, ib qho aldehyde lossis ketone reacts nrog ammonia thiab sodium cyanide los ua ib qho α - amino nitrile. Qhov no α - amino nitrile tuaj yeem raug hydrolyzed los tsim cov amino acid sib xws. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no muab ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev sib txuas ntawm cov amino acids uas tsis yog-natural thiab natural amino acids uas yog siv rau hauv kev tsim tshuaj, xws li cov khoom xyaw tshuaj nquag (APIs) lawv tus kheej los yog cov neeg nruab nrab tseem ceeb rau ntau cov tshuaj molecules.

2. Intermediates rau Anticancer Tshuaj

Hauv kev txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj nruab nrab. Qee cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob muaj cov qauv molecular complex uas yuav tsum tau qhia cov pab pawg nitrile ntawm cov haujlwm meej. Sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv los qhia cov pab pawg nitrile, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus rau lwm pawg ua haujlwm xws li amides, carboxylic acids, lossis amines los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo. Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov tshuaj muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog nws lub hom phiaj molecules hauv cov qog nqaij hlav cancer, xws li enzymes lossis receptors koom nrog hauv kev loj hlob ntawm tes thiab kev loj hlob.

Daim ntawv thov hauv Organic Synthesis

Taw qhia ntawm Cyanide Pawg

1. Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide yog ib qho reagent rau kev sib txuas ntawm nitriles. Nyob rau hauv cov organic chemistry, thaum alkyl halide reacts nrog sodium cyanide nyob rau hauv ib tug polar aprotic hnyav li dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) los yog dimethylformamide (DMF), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua raws li ib tug hloov nucleophilic bimolecular mechanism. Ua piv txwv, ethyl bromide reacts nrog sodium cyanide hauv DMSO los tsim ethyl cyanide, tseem hu ua propionitrile. Nitriles yog ntau yam intermediates hauv cov organic synthesis. Lawv tuaj yeem hloov mus rau hauv carboxylic acids los ntawm hydrolysis, txo kom tsim cov amines thawj, los yog siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm heterocyclic compounds.

2. Aromatic Nitrile Synthesis

Sodium cyanide kuj tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj tsw qab nitriles. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm aryl halides thiab sodium cyanide yog qhov nyuaj dua piv rau cov uas muaj alkyl halides vim qhov qis qis ntawm aryl halides. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, xws li siv tooj liab catalyst hauv qhov hu ua Rosenmund - von Braun cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, aryl nitriles tuaj yeem tsim tau. Piv txwv li, bromobenzene tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog sodium cyanide nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tooj liab (I) cyanide hauv DMF los tsim benzonitrile.

Synthesis ntawm Complex Organic Molecules

1. Synthesis ntawm Heterocyclic Compounds

Sodium cyanide feem ntau koom nrog kev tsim cov tshuaj heterocyclic, uas pom dav hauv cov khoom ntuj, tshuaj, thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Hauv kev tsim cov pyrimidines, ib chav kawm ntawm cov tshuaj heterocyclic nrog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsim cov qauv nplhaib pyrimidine. Ib qho txheej txheem zoo li no yog thaum 1,3 - dicarbonCov tshuaj yl sib xyaw ua ke nrog urea thiab sodium cyanide nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej yooj yim. Pawg cyanide tau koom ua ke rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nruab nrab, thiab los ntawm ntau qhov kev sib hloov thiab kev tshem tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, lub nplhaib pyrimidine tau tsim.

2. Synthesis ntawm Ntuj Khoom - zoo li Molecules

Hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov molecules nyuaj zoo li cov khoom siv ntuj tsim, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb los qhia cov pab pawg ua haujlwm lossis tsim cov pa roj carbon - carbon bonds. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov synthesis ntawm ib co alkaloids, sodium cyanide tej zaum yuav ua hauj lwm los qhia ib pab pawg neeg nitrile ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Cov pab pawg nitrile no tuaj yeem siv rau hauv cov kev cuam tshuam zoo li Grignard - hom tshuaj tiv thaiv los tsim cov pa roj carbon tshiab - cov ntawv cog lus carbon lossis hloov pauv mus rau lwm pawg ua haujlwm, tso cai rau cov kauj ruam - los ntawm - kauj ruam ntawm kev tsim cov khoom lag luam complex.

Kev Txiav Txim Siab Kev Nyab Xeeb

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias sodium cyanide yog tshuaj lom heev. Nws tuaj yeem tso tawm cyanide ions hauv cov tshuaj, uas tuaj yeem khi rau hlau (III) hauv cytochrome c oxidase hauv cov hlwb, inhibiting cellular respiration thiab ua rau cov cell tuag sai. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv thov uas muaj sodium cyanide, nruj kev ruaj ntseg raws tu qauv yuav tsum tau ua raws li. Qhov no suav nrog kev tuav hauv cov pa hluav taws xob zoo, hnav cov khoom tiv thaiv tus kheej tsim nyog xws li hnab looj tes, tsom iav, thiab khaub ncaws tiv thaiv, thiab muaj cov phiaj xwm daws teeb meem thaum muaj xwm txheej los yog raug. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom pov tseg uas muaj sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo los tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.

xaus

Sodium cyanide, txawm hais tias nws muaj toxicity, yog ib qho tseem ceeb reagent nyob rau hauv kws tshuaj thiab organic synthesis. Nws ua rau cov synthesis ntawm ntau yam tshuaj, tshuaj intermediates, thiab complex organic molecules. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog nws cov ntawv thov thiab ua raws li cov txheej txheem kev nyab xeeb nruj, cov kws kho mob tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv siv sodium cyanide los tsim cov tshuaj tshiab, cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam khoom muaj txiaj ntsig. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv zog kuj tseem raug tsim los tsim lwm txoj hauv kev, tsis muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tam sim no cia siab rau sodium cyanide los txo cov kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam.