Txoj kev kho rau Cyanide - Muaj cov tshuaj tua kab mob

Introduction

Nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam kws tshuaj, kev kho mob ntawm cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab tau dhau los ua qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Cyanide yog ib yam tshuaj lom heev, thiab txawm tias me me ntawm nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig ecological. Kev tso tawm ntawm tshuaj dej khib nyiab muaj cyanide tsis muaj kev kho kom raug yuav ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj rau cov dej, cov kab mob hauv dej, thiab tag nrho cov ecosystem. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau txais txoj kev kho kom zoo kom txo tau cov ntsiab lus cyanide hauv cov dej khib nyiab mus rau qib tau txais.

Cov peev txheej thiab kev phom sij ntawm Cyanide hauv cov dej khib nyiab

Qhov chaw

Cyanide yog siv nyob rau hauv qee cov tshuaj synthesis txheej txheem. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj, cyanide - muaj cov tshuaj sib txuas yuav raug siv los ua cov khoom siv raw lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv intermediates. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov txheej txheem, cyanide yuav inevitably nkag mus rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab, ua rau cov tiam ntawm cyanide - muaj cov tshuaj khib nyiab.

Kev Puas Tsuaj

1. Toxicity rau tib neeg: Cyanide tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm cytochrome oxidase hauv tib neeg lub cev, thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hluav taws xob ib txwm nyob hauv cov kab ua pa, thiab thaum kawg ua rau cov ntaub so ntswg hypoxia. Thaum mob hnyav, nws tuaj yeem ua rau tuag sai. Txawm tias lub sij hawm ntev raug rau qis - concentration cyanide tej zaum yuav ua rau mob lom, cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, kab mob plawv, thiab lwm yam physiological functions.

2. Ua phem rau Ecosystem: Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig dej, cyanide muaj tshuaj lom heev rau cov ntses thiab lwm yam kab mob hauv dej. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov gills thiab paj hlwb ntawm cov kab mob hauv dej, txo lawv lub peev xwm ua pa thiab muaj sia nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd, los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus, cyanide tuaj yeem sau tau thiab nthuav dav, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau cov kab mob siab dua hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus.

Txoj Kev Kho Kom Zoo Rau Cyanide - Muaj Cov Tshuaj Siv Tshuaj

Kev Siv Tshuaj Oxidation

1.Alkaline Chlorination

• Ntsiab Cai: Nyob rau hauv alkaline tej yam kev mob (feem ntau pH = 10 - 11), chlorine - muaj oxidants xws li chlorine gas los yog sodium hypochlorite yog ntxiv rau cov dej khib nyiab. Cyanide yog thawj oxidized rau cyanate, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv oxidized rau carbon dioxide thiab nitrogen gas.

• zoo: Txoj kev no muaj keeb kwm siv ntev heev thiab siv dav. Cov nyhuv kho tau ruaj khov, thiab nws tuaj yeem txo cov ntsiab lus cyanide hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Cov cuab yeej xav tau yog qhov yooj yim, thiab kev ua haujlwm kuj yooj yim rau tus tswv.

• tsis zoo: Cov tshuaj chlorine - muaj cov oxidants yuav hnov ​​​​mob nrog lwm cov organic hauv cov dej khib nyiab los tsim kev puas tsuaj los ntawm - cov khoom xws li trihalomethanes, uas yog carcinogenic thiab mutagenic. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ntau npaum ntawm oxidants yuav tsum tau tswj kom raug. Yog tias qhov nyiaj ntau dhau, nws yuav ua rau kev siv tshuaj ntau dhau thiab nce nqi kho mob; yog tias qhov nyiaj tsawg dhau, qhov kev kho mob yuav tsis zoo.

1.Ozone oxidation

• Ntsiab Cai: Ozone yog ib qho muaj zog oxidant. Hauv cov txheej txheem kev kho dej khib nyiab, ozone tuaj yeem cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog cyanide, rhuav tshem cov ntawv cog lus hauv cyanide thiab oxidizing nws mus rau cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom xws li carbon dioxide thiab nitrogen los ntawm ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dawb radical.

• zoo: Ozone oxidation muaj kev kho mob siab thiab tuaj yeem decompose cyanide sai. Nws tsis qhia cov tshuaj phem ntxiv rau hauv cov dej kho, kom tsis txhob muaj cov pa phem thib ob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ozone tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tua kab mob thiab decolorizing cov dej khib nyiab, txhim kho tag nrho cov dej kho kom zoo.

• tsis zoo: Cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov ozone kuj tseem kim, thiab kev siv hluav taws xob ntau. Lub solubility ntawm ozone nyob rau hauv dej yog kuj tsawg, uas txwv nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv efficiency. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev ruaj ntseg ntawm ozone tsis zoo, thiab nws yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau hauv - qhov chaw, uas ua rau kom lub complexity ntawm lub lag luam thiab kev tswj ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kho mob.

1.Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation

• Ntsiab Cai: Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug catalyst zoo li hlau ions, hydrogen peroxide decomposes los tsim cov reactive hydroxyl radicals heev. Cov radicals no tuaj yeem oxidize cyanide rau cyanate ua ntej, thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv oxidize cyanate rau cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom.

• zoo: Hydrogen peroxide yog cov oxidant huv si, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau yog dej thiab oxygen, uas yuav tsis ua rau muaj kuab paug thib ob. Cov txheej txheem kho mob me me, thiab nws muaj qee yam kev hloov pauv rau cov kev hloov hauv cov dej khib nyiab.

• tsis zoo: Lub catalytic oxidation system yuav tsum nruj tswj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tej yam kev mob xws li pH nqi thiab catalyst ntau npaum. Yog tias cov xwm txheej tsis tsim nyog, oxidation efficiency yuav raug txo kom tsawg. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm hydrogen peroxide yog tus nqi siab, uas yuav ua rau kom tus nqi kho cov dej khib nyiab.

Txoj Kev Kho Mob Biological

1. Ntsiab Cai: Qee cov kab mob muaj peev xwm degrade cyanide. Raws li qhov tsim nyog ib puag ncig xws li qhov kub thiab txias, pH tus nqi, thiab cov pa oxygen, cov kab mob no tuaj yeem siv cyanide los ua cov pa roj carbon lossis nitrogen qhov chaw rau kev loj hlob thiab cov metabolism, hloov cyanide rau hauv cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom xws li carbon dioxide, dej, thiab ammonia. Piv txwv li, qee cov kab mob hauv Pseudomonas genus tuaj yeem decompose cyanide los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv enzymatic.

2. zoo: Kev kho kab mob lom yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo rau ib puag ncig. Nws tsis tas yuav muaj ntau cov tshuaj reagents, txo qhov tsim cov tshuaj khib nyiab. Cov nqi khiav lag luam kuj qis dua piv nrog qee cov tshuaj oxidation txoj kev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haum rau kev kho mob ntawm cov loj - scale low - concentration cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab.

3. tsis zoo: Kev kho kab mob lom yog nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob mus rau cov kev hloov hauv cov dej khib nyiab zoo, xws li kev nce siab hauv cyanide concentration, pH tus nqi hloov pauv, thiab muaj cov tshuaj lom thiab inhibitory, kuj tsis zoo. Lub sij hawm kho mob feem ntau yog ntev tshaj li ntawm cov tshuaj oxidation txoj kev, thiab ib tug loj - cheeb tsam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tank yog yuav tsum tau, occupying ntau av chaw.

Kev kho lub cev - Kev kho tshuaj

1. Txoj kev Adsorption

• Ntsiab Cai: Adsorbents xws li activated carbon, zeolite, thiab resin yog siv los adsorb cyanide hauv dej khib nyiab. Cov pa roj carbon activated, nrog rau nws qhov loj ntawm thaj chaw tshwj xeeb thiab nplua nuj pore qauv, tuaj yeem adsorb cyanide los ntawm kev siv lub cev thiab tshuaj. Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm saum npoo ntawm cov pa roj carbon activated tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cyanide ions los ntawm electrostatic attraction thiab tshuaj sib txuas.

• zoo: Cov txheej txheem adsorption muaj cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab tuaj yeem tshem tawm qis - concentration cyanide hauv dej khib nyiab. Adsorbents tuaj yeem rov tsim dua thiab rov siv dua hauv qee kis, txo cov nqi kho mob. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lwm txoj kev kho mob txhawm rau txhim kho kev kho mob ntxiv.

• tsis zoo: Lub peev xwm adsorption ntawm adsorbents yog txwv. Thaum lub adsorbent yog saturated, nws yuav tsum tau hloov los yog regenerated. Cov txheej txheem rov tsim dua tshiab yog qhov nyuaj thiab yuav xav tau lub zog ntxiv thiab tshuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus nqi ntawm high-zoo adsorbents yog kuj siab.

1.Membrane Separation Method

• Ntsiab Cai: Membrane separation technologies xws li thim rov qab osmosis, nanofiltration, thiab ultrafiltration tuaj yeem siv los cais cov cyanide ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Cov membranes no muaj kev xaiv permeability, tso cai rau cov dej molecules thiab qee qhov me me - cov tshuaj molecular kom dhau mus thaum khaws cyanide thiab lwm yam loj - molecular - hnyav cov pa phem. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem rov qab osmosis, nyob rau hauv kev kub siab, dej dhau los ntawm ib tug semi-permeable membrane, thaum cyanide yog intercepted nyob rau hauv siab-siab sab.

• zoo: Membrane sib cais tuaj yeem ua tiav kev sib cais ntawm cyanide nrog qhov raug siab. Nws tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab muaj tus hneev taw me me. Cov dej kho tau zoo yog qhov ruaj khov thiab tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov qauv tso tawm nruj.

• tsis zoo: Lub membrane yog nquag fouling, uas yuav txo tau cov membrane flux thiab kev sib cais efficiency. Kev tu thiab hloov ntawm daim nyias nyias yog kim heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, thawj zaug peev hauv cov khoom siv sib cais membrane yog qhov loj heev.

Txheej txheem xaiv thiab optimization

Thaum xaiv cov txheej txheem kev kho mob rau cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab, ntau yam yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab.

1. Cov dej khib nyiab zoo: Txheeb xyuas qhov concentration ntawm cyanide hauv cov dej khib nyiab, muaj lwm cov pa phem xws li cov hlau hnyav thiab cov organic teeb meem, thiab pH tus nqi ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Rau siab - concentration cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab, tshuaj oxidation txoj kev yuav tsim nyog dua; rau qis - concentration cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab, kev kho mob lom neeg lossis lub cev - kev kho tshuaj yuav raug txiav txim siab.

2. Kev kho mob yuav tsum tau: Txiav txim siab cov qauv kev tso tawm uas xav tau lossis rov siv dua cov dej kho. Yog tias tus qauv tso tawm rau cyanide nruj heev, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau txoj kev kho yuav xav tau los xyuas kom meej tias cov dej kho tau raws li tus qauv.

3. Economic Factors: Xav txog cov nqi peev ntawm cov cuab yeej kho mob, cov nqi khiav hauj lwm nrog rau cov nqi ntawm cov tshuaj, kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab cov nqi ua haujlwm, thiab cov nqi kho mob sludge thiab pov tseg. Xaiv cov txheej txheem kev kho mob nrog tus nqi tsim nyog thiab cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam zoo.

4. Ib puag ncig cuam tshuam: Nyiam txoj kev kho mob uas tsim cov pa phem tsawg dua. Piv txwv li, piv nrog alkaline chlorination, ozone oxidation thiab kev kho kab mob lom ua rau muaj kev phom sij tsawg dua los ntawm - cov khoom, uas yog ib puag ncig zoo.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem kev kho mob tiag tiag, kev ua kom zoo txuas ntxiv ntawm cov txheej txheem kho mob kuj tseem tsim nyog. Tsis tu ncua saib xyuas cov dej kho kom zoo, kho cov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej kho mob raws sij hawm, thiab ua kom muaj kev saib xyuas thiab kho cov cuab yeej los xyuas kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov kev kho mob thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev kho mob zoo.

xaus

Kev kho mob ntawm cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Cov kev kho mob sib txawv, suav nrog tshuaj oxidation, kev kho mob lom neeg, thiab kev kho lub cev - tshuaj lom neeg, muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv thiab daim ntawv thov. Hauv kev siv engineering, nws yuav tsum ua tib zoo xav txog ntau yam xws li cov dej khib nyiab zoo, kev kho mob, cov nqi nyiaj txiag, thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, thiab xaiv thiab kho cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, kev ua haujlwm zoo dua qub, tus phooj ywg zoo ib puag ncig, thiab tus nqi - kev kho cov thev naus laus zis zoo rau cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab yuav txuas ntxiv, muab kev txhawb zog rau kev txhim kho kev lag luam tshuaj thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.