Sodium cyanide Leaching hauv Kub Mining

Introduction

Lub Allure ntawm Kub thiab Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Cyanide Leaching

Kub tau ntxim nyiam tib neeg rau ntau txhiab xyoo, nws cov luster thiab tsis tshua muaj ua rau nws ua lub cim ntawm kev nplua nuj, lub zog, thiab kev zoo nkauj thoob plaws txhua haiv neeg. Los ntawm cov khoom kub zoo nkauj ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws thaum ub mus rau niaj hnub tam sim no cov nyiaj khaws cia kub tuav los ntawm cov tsev txhab nyiaj hauv nruab nrab, kub qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb thiab kab lis kev cai yog qhov tsis lees paub. Nws ua haujlwm raws li lub khw muag khoom muaj nqis, tiv thaiv kev lag luam tsis paub tseeb, thiab cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, hluav taws xob, thiab kev lag luam aerospace.

Nyob rau hauv lub realm ntawm kev tsuas kub, cyanide leaching tau tshwm sim raws li ib tug tseem ceeb extraction txoj kev. Txij li thaum nws cov kev lag luam saws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, cyanide leaching tau revolutionized lub kub mining kev lag luam, ua rau lub extraction ntawm kub los ntawm cov qib qis ore uas yav tas los tsis zoo rau cov txheej txheem. Txoj kev no siv cov tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb ntawm cyanide kom yaj kub los ntawm ore, tsim cov kub cyanide complexes uas tau yooj yim sib cais thiab ua kom zoo.

Chemistry Qab Cyanide Leaching

Lub Reactivity ntawm Cyanide nrog Kub

Cov txheej txheem ntawm cyanide leaching hinges ntawm cov tshuaj reactivity tshwj xeeb ntawm cyanide ions thiab kub. Thaum twg Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yog yaj hauv dej, nws dissociates rau hauv sodium ions (Na⁺) thiab cyanide ions (CN⁻). Cov cyanide ions no muaj zog heev rau kub, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen, lawv pib ib tug complex tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Cov tshuaj sib npaug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kub, Sodium Cyanide, oxygen, thiab dej yog raws li nram no:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no, cov atoms kub hauv cov ore hnov ​​​​mob nrog cov cyanide ions los ua ib qho yooj yim soluble, sodium dicyanoaurate (Na[Au(CN)₂]). Cov pa oxygen tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov kev daws teeb meem ua tus neeg sawv cev oxidizing, pab txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm kev muab cov hluav taws xob tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov kub - cyanide complex. Cov dej molecules kuj ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, koom nrog kev tsim cov complex thiab los ntawm - khoom, sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog ib qho txheej txheem redox. Kub yog oxidized los ntawm nws lub xeev elemental (Au⁰) mus rau lub xeev oxidation +1 hauv lub complex [Au(CN)₂]⁻, thaum oxygen raug txo qis. Kev tsim cov kub soluble - cyanide complex yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws tso cai rau kub, uas thaum xub thawj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv khov kho, tsis yaj hauv cov ore, kom yaj rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cov kub yaj no ces tuaj yeem sib cais los ntawm cov khoom seem ore los ntawm cov kauj ruam ua tom ntej, xws li adsorption rau ntawm activated. carbon los yog nag los ntawm kev siv cov hmoov zinc.

Vim li cas Cyanide? Cov Khoom Tshwj Xeeb ntawm Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide muaj ntau yam khoom uas ua rau nws nyiam reagent rau kub leaching hauv kev lag luam mining:

1. High Selectivity rau kub: Cyanide ions muaj lub peev xwm zoo tshaj plaws los xaiv yaj kub nyob rau hauv muaj ntau lwm yam minerals uas feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv kub - bearing ores. Qhov kev xaiv no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws tso cai rau kev rho tawm cov kub los ntawm qib qis-qib ores qhov twg kub feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog ntau cov zaub mov gangue. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho ore uas muaj quartz, feldspar, thiab lwm yam tsis muaj nuj nqis minerals, cyanide yuav nyiam hnov ​​​​mob nrog kub, ua rau feem ntau ntawm gangue minerals unreacted thiab yooj yim cais los ntawm kub - muaj cov tshuaj.

2. Siab Solubility hauv dej: Sodium cyanide yog soluble hauv dej, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws daim ntawv thov hauv cov txheej txheem leaching. Lub siab solubility ua kom cov cyanide ions tuaj yeem tawg sai sai thoob plaws hauv cov ore slurry, ua kom muaj kev sib cuag ntawm cov cyanide thiab cov khoom kub. Qhov kev tawg sai sai no ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai dua thiab cov nyiaj rov qab kub dua. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub, ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm sodium cyanide tuaj yeem yaj hauv dej, muab cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm reactive cyanide ions hauv cov tshuaj leaching.

3. Tus nqi txheeb ze - Cov txiaj ntsig: Piv rau qee cov tshuaj reagents uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev rho tawm kub, sodium cyanide kuj pheej yig. Cov nqi no - kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj kev siv dav hauv kev lag luam kub mining, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev ua haujlwm loj. Cov miners tuaj yeem tau txais sodium cyanide ntau ntawm tus nqi tsim nyog, uas yuav pab kom tus nqi tag nrho ntawm kev rho tawm kub nyob rau hauv ib qho kev lag luam.

4. Kev ruaj ntseg hauv Alkaline Solutions: Cyanide yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv alkaline daws, uas yog ib qho zoo dua nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem leaching. Los ntawm kev tuav cov tshuaj leaching ntawm pH siab (feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm 10 - 11), qhov decomposition ntawm cyanide rau hauv hydrogen cyanide (HCN), cov pa roj uas muaj tshuaj lom thiab tsis haum, tuaj yeem txo qis. Qhov kev ruaj ntseg no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov cyanide tseem nyob hauv nws daim ntawv reactive rau lub sij hawm ntev, tso cai rau kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov kub. Txiv qaub feem ntau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj leaching kom tswj tau qhov chaw alkaline thiab txhim khu kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cyanide.

The Step - by - Step Process of Cyanide Leaching in Gold Mines

Pretreatment: Crushing thiab sib tsoo

Ua ntej cov txheej txheem cyanide leaching pib, cov kub - bearing ore undergoes ib qho tseem ceeb pretreatment theem. Thawj kauj ruam nyob rau theem no yog crushing, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau txo cov loj - loj ore chunks rau hauv me me pieces. Qhov no feem ntau ua tiav siv cov crushers, xws li lub puab tsaig crushers, lub khob hliav qab crushers, thiab gyratory crushers. Piv txwv li, lub puab tsaig crusher muaj cov qauv yooj yim thiab siab crushing piv. Nws tuaj yeem tuav cov ore loj loj thiab pib tawg rau hauv cov khoom me me.

Tom qab crushing, lub ore yog ces raug rau kev sib tsoo. Kev sib tsoo yog nqa tawm kom txo qhov me me ntawm cov ore, feem ntau hauv lub pob zeb lossis lub pas nrig zeb. Nyob rau hauv ib lub pob zeb, steel pob yog siv los zom cov ore. Raws li lub zeb rotates, cov pob cascade down, cuam tshuam thiab sib tsoo cov ore hais. Cov txheej txheem no tseem ceeb heev vim nws ua rau thaj tsam ntawm cov ore nce. Ib cheeb tsam loj dua txhais tau hais tias muaj kev sib cuag ntau dua ntawm cov kub - muaj cov khoom hauv cov ore thiab cov tshuaj cyanide thaum lub sij hawm leaching theem.

Piv txwv li, yog hais tias cov ore tsis zoo crushed thiab hauv av, cov kub hais tej zaum yuav raug daig nyob rau hauv loj ore chunks. Cov tshuaj cyanide tom qab ntawd yuav muaj teeb meem mus txog cov khoom kub no, ua rau qis qis qis dua. Los ntawm kev txo cov ore mus rau cov hmoov zoo los ntawm kev sib tsoo, cov kub tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov cyanide ions, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem leaching.

The Leaching Stage: Stirred Leaching vs. Heap Leaching

Thaum cov ore tau npaj kom zoo, theem leaching pib, thiab muaj ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: nplawm leaching thiab heap leaching.

Stirred Leaching

Nyob rau hauv nplawm leaching, finely - av ore yog tov nrog cov tshuaj cyanide nyob rau hauv ib lub tank loj, feem ntau hu ua leaching tank los yog agitator tank. Mechanical agitators, xws li impellers, yog siv los txuas ntxiv sib tov sib xyaw. Qhov kev ntxhov siab tas mus li no ua haujlwm rau ntau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. Ua ntej, nws ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj cyanide sib npaug sib npaug thoob plaws hauv cov ore slurry. Qhov no txawm tias kev faib khoom tseem ceeb heev vim nws tso cai rau tag nrho cov kub - cov kabmob muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov cyanide ions. Qhov thib ob, kev ntxhov siab yuav pab kom cov ore hais nyob rau hauv kev ncua, tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub tank. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias yog hais tias cov hais daws, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kub thiab cyanide tej zaum yuav inhibited.

Stirred leaching yog feem ntau nyiam rau qib siab dua - qib ores lossis thaum lub siab rov qab yuav tsum tau nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv. Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog rau cov ores uas nyuaj rau leach, vim qhov kev ntxhov siab tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib cuag ntawm cov ore thiab cov tshuaj cyanide. Txawm li cas los xij, stirred leaching yuav tsum muaj zog ntau dua vim yog kev ua haujlwm tas li ntawm cov agitators. Nws kuj tseem muaj tus nqi peev ntau vim nws xav tau cov cuab yeej loj loj thiab cov tshuaj cyanide tseem ceeb.

Heap Leaching

Heap leaching, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tus nqi ntau dua - txoj hauv kev zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov qib qis. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov crushed ore yog piled rau hauv loj heaps, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv ib tug impermeable liner los tiv thaiv lub to ntawm cov tshuaj cyanide. Tom qab ntawd cov tshuaj cyanide yog txau los yog poob rau saum cov pob zeb ore. Raws li cov tshuaj percolates los ntawm heap, nws reacts nrog kub nyob rau hauv lub ore, dissolving nws thiab tsim ib tug kub - cyanide complex. Cov leachate, uas muaj cov kub yaj, ces ntws mus rau hauv qab ntawm heap thiab sau rau hauv lub pas dej los yog lub tank rau kev ua ntxiv.

Heap leaching yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo dua rau kev ua haujlwm loj nrog cov qib qis qis, vim nws yuav tsum tau nqis peev tsawg dua hauv cov cuab yeej siv piv rau nplawm leaching. Nws kuj muaj qhov xav tau ntawm lub zog qis dua vim tias tsis tas yuav muaj kev ntxhov siab tas mus li. Txawm li cas los xij, heap leaching muaj lub sij hawm leaching ntev dua piv rau nplawm leaching, thiab tus nqi rov qab yuav qis dua me ntsis. Kev vam meej ntawm heap leaching kuj nyob ntawm yam xws li permeability ntawm cov pob zeb ore. Yog hais tias lub heap tsis tsim kom zoo thiab cov ore hais tau nruj heev, cov tshuaj cyanide yuav tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau qhov sib npaug, ua rau tsis sib xws leaching thiab qis dua kub.

Post - leaching Processing: Rov qab kub los ntawm kev daws

Tom qab cov kub tau yaj mus rau hauv cov tshuaj cyanide thaum lub sij hawm leaching theem, cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog kom rov qab cov kub los ntawm cov tshuaj no. Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev uas feem ntau siv rau lub hom phiaj no, nrog rau ob qhov kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws yog cov pa roj carbon adsorption thiab zinc plua plav cementation.

Cov pa roj carbon activated adsorption

Cov pa roj carbon activated muaj thaj tsam loj thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo rau cov kub-cyanide complexes. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem activated carbon adsorption, tseem hu ua carbon - nyob rau hauv - pulp (CIP) los yog carbon - nyob rau hauv - leach (CIL) txheej txheem, activated carbon yog ntxiv rau cov leachate. Cov kub - cyanide complexes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj yog attracted rau saum npoo ntawm activated carbon thiab yog adsorbed rau nws. Qhov no ua rau "loaded" los yog "ceev xeeb tub" carbon, uas yog ces cais los ntawm cov tshuaj.

Kev sib cais ntawm cov pa roj carbon loaded los ntawm kev daws teeb meem tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam lossis pom. Thaum sib cais, cov kub yog rov qab los ntawm cov pa roj carbon loaded. Qhov no feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem hu ua elution lossis desorption, qhov twg cov kub raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide uas siv cov tshuaj kub, muaj zog ntawm sodium cyanide thiab sodium hydroxide. Cov kev daws teeb meem, uas yog nplua nuj nyob hauv kub, yog tom qab ntawd ua tiav los ntawm electrolysis kom tso cov kub mus rau hauv cathode, uas ua rau muaj cov kub ntshiab.

Zinc Plua Plav Cementation

Zinc plua plav cementation, tseem hu ua Merrill - Crowe txheej txheem, yog lwm txoj kev siv dav rau kev rov qab kub los ntawm cov dej xau. Hauv cov txheej txheem no, zinc plua plav yog ntxiv rau cov tshuaj uas muaj cov kub - cyanide complex. Zinc yog ntau reactive tshaj kub, thiab nws displaces cov kub los ntawm complex raws li nram no tshuaj tiv thaiv:

2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au

Tom qab ntawd cov kub yog precipitated tawm ntawm cov tshuaj raws li ib tug khoom, tsim ib tug kub - zinc precipitate. Cov precipitate no ces lim thiab sib cais los ntawm cov tshuaj. Cov kub yog ntxiv refined los ntawm melting lub precipitate kom tshem tawm cov zinc thiab lwm yam impurities, uas ua rau zus tau tej cov kub ntshiab. Zinc plua plav cementation yog cov txheej txheem yooj yim thiab yooj yim, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau ceev faj tswj cov pH thiab cov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj cyanide kom ntseeg tau tias cov kub zoo.

Cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm Cyanide Leaching

Ore yam ntxwv

Qhov xwm ntawm kub - bearing ore yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm cyanide leaching. Ntau hom ores, xws li sulfide kub ore thiab oxidized kub ore, muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem leaching.

Sulfide Gold Ores: Sulfide kub ores feem ntau muaj cov nyiaj sulfide tseem ceeb, xws li pyrite (FeS₂), arsenopyrite (FeAsS), thiab chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂). Cov zaub mov sulfide no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau thaum cyanide leaching. Piv txwv li, pyrite yog ib hom sulfide ntxhia hauv kub - bearing ores. Thaum pyrite nyob hauv cov ore, nws tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog cov tshuaj cyanide thiab cov pa oxygen hauv qhov chaw leaching. Lub oxidation ntawm pyrite nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm oxygen thiab cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam los ntawm - cov khoom, xws li sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) thiab hlau - cyanide complexes. Kev tsim ntawm sulfuric acid tuaj yeem txo qis pH ntawm cov tshuaj leaching, uas yog kev puas tsuaj rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cyanide. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm sulfide minerals nrog cyanide tuaj yeem haus ntau ntawm cyanide, ua rau tus nqi reagent. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho ore uas muaj sulfide cov ntsiab lus siab, cov cyanide noj yuav ua tau ntau zaus ntau dua li nyob rau hauv ib tug sulfide - dawb ore.

Oxidized Gold Ores: Oxidized kub ore, ntawm qhov tod tes, feem ntau muaj qhov chaw zoo dua leaching piv rau sulfide ores. Cov ore no tau dhau los ua huab cua thiab oxidation txheej txheem, uas twb tau oxidized ntau ntawm sulfide minerals rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv oxide ruaj khov. Yog li ntawd, cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog sulfide - cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raug txo. Kub nyob rau hauv oxidized ores feem ntau nkag mus rau cov tshuaj cyanide raws li cov qauv ore feem ntau ntxeem tau thiab tsis yooj yim. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug tom qab kub ore, uas yog ib hom ntawm oxidized ore, cov kub yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau dispersed thiab tsawg - encapsulated daim ntawv. Qhov no tso cai rau cov cyanide ions tau yooj yim mus txog cov khoom kub, ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm siab dua. Txawm li cas los xij, oxidized ores kuj tseem muaj qee yam impurities, xws li hlau oxides thiab hydroxides, uas tuaj yeem nqus cov kub - cyanide complex lossis cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem leaching rau qee yam.

Qhov loj me me ntawm cov kub hauv cov ore kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Fine - grained kub hais muaj ib tug loj dua nto - cheeb tsam - rau - ntim piv, uas txhais tau tias lawv muaj peev xwm hnov ​​mob sai dua nrog rau cov tshuaj cyanide. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ntxhib - grained kub hais tej zaum yuav xav tau ib tug ntev leaching lub sij hawm los yog nruj heev leaching tej yam kev mob kom ua tau ib tug siab rov qab tus nqi. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias cov khoom kub yog ntxhib heev, cov tshuaj cyanide yuav tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus tob rau hauv cov khoom, ua rau qee qhov kub tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam.

Cyanide Concentration

Lub concentration ntawm sodium cyanide nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj leaching yog ib qho tseem ceeb parameter uas ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si efficiency ntawm kub extraction thiab tag nrho cov nqi ntawm lub lag luam.

Qhov cuam tshuam rau Leaching Efficiency: Raws li cov cyanide concentration nce, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kub thiab cyanide pib nce. Qhov no yog vim hais tias ntau dua ntawm cyanide ions muab ntau reactant molecules muaj los cuam tshuam nrog cov kub hais. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim sim, thaum lub cyanide concentration yog nce los ntawm 0.01% mus rau 0.05%, cov kub dissolution tus nqi yuav nce ntau, ua rau ib tug ntau dua kub rov qab nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev sib raug zoo no tsis yog linear indefinitely. Thaum cov cyanide concentration nce mus txog ib theem, kev nce ntxiv yuav tsis ua rau muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov kub dissolution. Qhov tseeb, thaum cov cyanide concentration siab dhau lawm, nws tuaj yeem ua rau hydrolysis ntawm cyanide. Cyanide hydrolysis tshwm sim thaum cyanide reacts nrog dej los tsim hydrogen cyanide (HCN) thiab hydroxide ions (OH⁻). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no: CN⁻ + H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. Hydrogen cyanide yog cov roj tsis muaj zog thiab muaj kuab lom heev. Kev tsim ntawm HCN tsis yog tsuas yog txo cov cyanide muaj rau cov kub - leaching cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tab sis kuj ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb loj thiab muaj kev phom sij rau ib puag ncig.

Kev txiav txim siab nqi: Cyanide yog ib qho reagent kim heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum txiav txim siab loj - nplai kub - mining ua haujlwm. Kev siv ntau dua ntawm cyanide ntau dua li qhov tsim nyog tuaj yeem nce nqi ntau lawm. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug loj - scale heap - leaching ua hauj lwm, yog hais tias lub cyanide concentration yog nce los ntawm 0.05% ntau tshaj qhov zoo theem, tus nqi txhua xyoo ntawm cyanide noj yuav nce los ntawm ib tug ntau npaum li cas, nyob ntawm seb lub ntim ntawm cov leaching tov thiab cov scale ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Ntawm qhov tod tes, siv ib yam nkaus - qis cyanide concentration yuav ua rau qeeb leaching tus nqi, uas tej zaum yuav xav tau lub sij hawm ntev leaching los yog ib tug loj ntim ntawm cov leaching tov kom ua tau raws li qhov xav tau kub rov qab. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau tus nqi tag nrho vim lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntev dua, kev siv hluav taws xob ntau dua, thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau qis dua.

Feem ntau, rau feem ntau kub - mining ua haujlwm, qhov haum cyanide concentration ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 0.03% thiab 0.1%. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov ntau yam no tuaj yeem sib txawv nyob ntawm seb yam xws li hom ore, muaj cov impurities, thiab cov txheej txheem leaching tshwj xeeb siv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug stirred - leaching txheej txheem rau ib tug kuj ntshiab kub ore, ib tug qis cyanide concentration nyob rau hauv qhov ntau, nyob ib ncig ntawm 0.03% - 0.05%, tej zaum yuav txaus. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, rau ib tug complex sulfide - bearing kub ore nyob rau hauv ib tug heap - leaching ua hauj lwm, ib tug me ntsis siab dua cyanide concentration, tej zaum ze rau 0.08% - 0.1%, tej zaum yuav tsum tau them rau cov cyanide noj los ntawm sulfide minerals.

pH Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj

Tus nqi pH ntawm cyanide leaching tov yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv kub - cyanide leaching txheej txheem, vim nws cuam tshuam rau kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cyanide, solubility ntawm kub, thiab corrosion ntawm cov khoom siv.

Stability ntawm Cyanide: Cyanide yog qhov ruaj khov tshaj plaws hauv ib puag ncig alkaline. Thaum pH ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 10 - 11. lub hydrolysis ntawm cyanide, uas ua rau cov pa roj carbon monoxide hydrogen cyanide (HCN), yog tsawg. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hydrolysis ntawm cyanide yog CN⁻ + H₂O⇌HCN + OH⁻. Hauv cov tshuaj alkaline, qhov siab ntawm hydroxide ions (OH⁻) hloov qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no rau sab laug, txo qhov tsim ntawm HCN. Piv txwv li, yog tias pH ntawm cov tshuaj leaching poob mus rau 8 los yog qis dua, tus nqi ntawm cyanide hydrolysis yuav nce ntau, ua rau poob ntawm cyanide thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm HCN tso tawm, uas tsis yog tsuas yog pov tseg ntawm reagent tab sis kuj muaj kev nyab xeeb loj rau cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab ib puag ncig.

Solubility ntawm kub: Lub solubility ntawm kub - cyanide complex kuj cuam tshuam los ntawm tus nqi pH. Nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog alkaline pH ntau, kev tsim cov kub soluble - cyanide complex, xws li Na[Au(CN)₂], yog nyiam. Thaum pH tsawg dhau lawm, lub complex yuav decompose, txo tus nqi ntawm cov kub hauv cov tshuaj thiab yog li txo cov leaching efficiency. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, lwm cov hlau ions tam sim no hauv cov ore yuav yaj tau yooj yim dua, cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem kub-leaching. Piv txwv li, hlau ions (Fe³⁺) los ntawm cov hlau - muaj cov ntxhia hauv cov ore tuaj yeem tsim cov dej nag lossis cov nyom nrog cyanide hauv cov kua qaub, sib tw nrog kub rau cov cyanide ions.

Khoom siv Corrosion: Kev tuav cov pH kom raug kuj tseem ceeb heev rau kev tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej siv hauv cov txheej txheem leaching. Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig acidic, cov tshuaj cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv hlau, xws li cov tso tsheb hlau luam, cov kav dej, thiab cov twj tso kua mis. Piv txwv li, steel - ua leaching tso tsheb hlau luam tuaj yeem corrode sai hauv cov kua qaub cyanide, uas ua rau cov dej xau thiab xav tau kev hloov khoom siv ntau zaus, uas ua rau cov nqi ntau lawm thiab poob qis. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ib tug alkaline tov yog tsawg corrosive rau feem ntau cov ntaub ntawv uas siv nyob rau hauv kub - cov khoom siv mining.

Txhawm rau tswj hwm tus nqi pH uas tsim nyog, txiv qaub (CaO) lossis sodium hydroxide (NaOH) feem ntau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj leaching. Txiv qaub yog ib qho reagent feem ntau siv rau kev hloov pauv pH hauv kub - kev ua haujlwm tsuas yog vim nws tus nqi qis thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo. Nws reacts nrog dej los tsim calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ₂), uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov acidic Cheebtsam hauv cov tshuaj thiab nce pH. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov txiv qaub kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig ntxiv ntawm precipitating qee cov hlau ions, xws li hlau thiab tooj liab, uas tuaj yeem txo lawv cov kev cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem leaching.

Temperature thiab Leaching Sijhawm

Qhov kub thiab txias lub sij hawm leaching yog ob qho kev cuam tshuam uas muaj feem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cyanide leaching.

Qhov kub thiab txias: Kev nce hauv qhov kub thiab txias feem ntau ua rau muaj qhov nce ntawm tus nqi ntawm cyanide - kub cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no yog vim qhov kub siab dua ua rau lub zog kinetic ntawm cov reactant molecules, nrog rau cov cyanide ions thiab cov kub atoms ntawm cov ore nto. Yog li ntawd, qhov zaus ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov reactants nce, thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrawm nrawm. Piv txwv li, hauv chav kuaj - ntsuas ntsuas, thaum qhov ntsuas kub ntawm cov tshuaj leaching yog nce los ntawm 20 ° C mus rau 40 ° C, qhov kub dissolution tus nqi tuaj yeem ua ob lossis peb npaug hauv qee kis. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev txwv kom nce qhov kub thiab txias. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias nce, solubility ntawm oxygen hauv cov tshuaj txo. Txij li cov pa oxygen yog ib qho tseem ceeb oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev hauv cov kub - cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov txo qis hauv oxygen solubility tuaj yeem txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Thaum qhov kub thiab txias heev, ze rau 100 ° C, solubility ntawm oxygen yuav qis heev, thiab cov txheej txheem leaching yuav dhau los ua oxygen - txwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kub siab dua tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog cyanide hydrolysis, raws li tau hais ua ntej, uas txo cov cyanide muaj rau cov kub - leaching cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov ntsuas kub siab tuaj yeem ua kom lub zog corrosion ntawm cov khoom siv, ua rau tus nqi tu thiab txo cov khoom siv lub neej. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau kub - mining ua hauj lwm, lub leaching kub yog tswj nyob rau hauv ib tug nruab nrab theem, feem ntau ntawm 15 ° C thiab 30 ° C. Qhov ntsuas kub no muab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi, oxygen solubility, cyanide stability, thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau ntev.

Cov nyhuv ntawm Leaching Sijhawm: Lub sij hawm leaching yog ncaj qha ntsig txog cov nyiaj kub uas tuaj yeem muab rho tawm ntawm cov ore. Feem ntau, thaum lub sij hawm leaching nce, ntau kub yuav yaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj cyanide. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub sijhawm leaching thiab kub rov qab tsis yog linear. Thaum pib, tus nqi ntawm cov kub dissolution kuj yog siab, thiab ib tug tseem ceeb npaum li cas ntawm kub yuav muab rho tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm. Tab sis raws li cov txheej txheem leaching txuas ntxiv, tus nqi ntawm cov kub dissolution maj mam txo. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov khoom siv tau yooj yim tshaj plaws yog yaj ua ntej, thiab raws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, cov kub uas tseem tshuav yuav nyuaj dua los mus txog vim muaj yam xws li kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm cov ore nto uas tuaj yeem ua qhov cuam tshuam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug stirred - leaching ua hauj lwm, ib tug loj feem ntawm cov kub yuav yaj nyob rau hauv thawj 24 - 48 teev. Tom qab ntawd, kev nce lub sij hawm leaching tsuas yog ua rau qhov nce ntawm qhov kub rov qab. Kev ncua lub sij hawm leaching ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj txiaj ntsig vim nws ua rau tus nqi ua haujlwm nce ntxiv, suav nrog kev siv hluav taws xob, kev siv reagent, thiab nqi zog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua rau kev tawg ntawm ntau cov impurities, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov kub tom ntej - cov txheej txheem rov qab.

Txhawm rau ua kom zoo tshaj qhov ua tau zoo, qhov sib npaug yuav tsum raug ntaus ntawm qhov kub thiab txias lub sijhawm leaching. Qhov no feem ntau yuav tsum tau ua qhov chaw kuaj - ntsuas ntsuas ntawm cov qauv ore tshwj xeeb los txiav txim siab qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob qhov kev ntsuas no. Piv txwv li, rau ib hom ore, nws yuav pom tau tias qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 25 ° C thiab lub sij hawm leaching ntawm 36 teev ua rau kub siab tshaj plaws rov qab los ntawm tus nqi qis tshaj.

Kev nyab xeeb thiab kev xav txog ib puag ncig

Cyanide Toxicity: Kev tuav thiab khaws cia ceev faj

Cyanide, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sodium cyanide siv nyob rau hauv kub leaching, yog ib tug tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom. Txawm tias ib qho me me tuaj yeem ua rau tib neeg thiab lwm yam kab mob tuag taus. Thaum sodium cyanide los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov kua qaub, nws tuaj yeem tso cov pa roj hydrogen cyanide, uas yog qhov tsis zoo thiab sai sai los ntawm lub cev los ntawm kev nqus pa. Kev noj zaub mov lossis kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij hnyav. Lub toxicity ntawm cyanide yog vim nws lub peev xwm los khi rau cytochrome oxidase hauv cov hlwb, cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ua pa ntawm tes thiab ua rau cov hlwb tsis tuaj yeem siv cov pa oxygen, ua rau cov cell tuag sai.

Muab nws cov toxicity heev, kev tuav nruj thiab ceev ceev ceev yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm koom nrog kev siv sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau txais kev cob qhia txog kev nyab xeeb ua ntej tuav cov tshuaj no. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej, suav nrog hnab looj tes ua los ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog xws li nitrile los tiv thaiv kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij, tsom iav kev nyab xeeb los tiv thaiv lub qhov muag, thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv ua pa xws li roj - lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg nrog cov lim dej tsim nyog rau hydrogen cyanide, yuav tsum hnav txhua lub sijhawm thaum tuav.

Cov chaw cia khoom rau sodium cyanide yuav tsum nyob hauv qhov chaw ua pa, cais thaj chaw deb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm tshav kub, hluav taws kub, thiab cov khoom siv tsis sib xws. Lub chaw cia khoom yuav tsum tau cim kom meej nrog cov cim ceeb toom qhia tias muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog heev. Sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau muab khaws cia rau hauv cov thawv kaw nruj nreem ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tiv taus corrosion los ntawm cyanide, xws li tej yam yas los yog stainless hlau. Cov thawv no yuav tsum tau muab khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw ntim khoom thib ob, xws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj pov thawj lossis lub thawv ntim khoom tsim los tiv thaiv kev sib kis ntawm cov khoom txeej. Kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua ntawm thaj chaw khaws cia thiab ntim khoom yog tsim nyog los xyuas kom meej tias tsis muaj qhov xau lossis cov cim qhia ntawm degradation.

Thaum lub sij hawm thauj mus los, sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau thauj raws li cov kev cai nruj. Cov tsheb thauj tshwj xeeb uas tau nruab nrog cov yam ntxwv muaj kev nyab xeeb los tiv thaiv kev nchuav thiab raug cim kom meej tias yuav tsum thauj cov khoom phom sij. Txoj kev thauj mus los yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom zoo, thiab cov phiaj xwm daws teeb meem thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev yuav tsum nyob hauv qhov chaw thaum muaj xwm txheej.

Environmental Impact thiab Waste Management

Kev siv cov cyanide hauv kub leaching tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, feem ntau vim yog kev tso tawm ntawm cyanide - muaj cov khib nyiab. Feem ntau hais txog cov khoom pov tseg yog cov cyanide - cov dej khib nyiab nplua nuj tsim thaum lub sij hawm leaching. Yog tias cov dej khib nyiab no tsis raug kho kom raug thiab raug tso tawm mus rau ib puag ncig, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov dej hauv dej.

Cyanide yog tshuaj lom heev rau cov kab mob hauv dej. Txawm tias muaj tsawg tsawg, nws tuaj yeem tua cov ntses, invertebrates, thiab lwm yam dej hauv dej. Piv txwv li, qhov concentration ntawm cyanide tsawg li 0.05 mg / L hauv dej tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus rau ntau hom ntses. Lub xub ntiag ntawm cyanide hauv dej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov khoom noj khoom haus hauv cov dej hauv dej, vim nws tuaj yeem tua cov thawj tsim thiab cov neeg siv khoom, ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov kab mob siab dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias cov dej tsis huv siv rau kev siv dej, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov av zoo thiab ua rau cov qoob loo puas.

Txhawm rau txo cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig, kev tswj cov khib nyiab kom zoo ntawm cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab yog qhov tseem ceeb. Muaj ntau ntau txoj hauv kev los kho cov dej khib nyiab no:

Cov txheej txheem oxidation: Tshuaj oxidation yog ib txoj hauv kev siv dav. Ib qho ntawm cov oxidants feem ntau yog cov tshuaj chlorine - cov khoom sib txuas, xws li sodium hypochlorite (bleach) lossis chlorine gas. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib puag ncig alkaline, cov oxidants tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog cyanide los hloov nws mus rau hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog sodium hypochlorite hauv cov tshuaj alkaline tuaj yeem hloov pauv cyanide (CN⁻) ua ntej rau cyanate (CNO⁻) thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv rau carbon dioxide (CO₂) thiab nitrogen (N₂) roj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li hauv qab no:

2 CN⁻ + 5OCl⁻ + H₂O → 2HCO₃⁻ + N₂ + 5Cl⁻

Lwm txoj kev oxidation yog siv hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Hydrogen peroxide tuaj yeem oxidize cyanide rau cyanate nyob rau hauv muaj cov catalyst. Txoj kev no feem ntau nyiam nyob rau qee kis vim nws tsis qhia cov kab mob ntxiv xws li qee cov tshuaj chlorine - raws li txoj kev.

Neutralization thiab nag lossis daus: Qee zaum, cov cyanide - muaj cov dej khib nyiab kuj tseem muaj cov hlau hnyav - cyanide complexes. Los ntawm kev kho cov pH ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab ntxiv cov tshuaj tsim nyog, cov hlau hnyav no tuaj yeem ua rau raug tshem tawm. Piv txwv li, ntxiv txiv qaub (CaO) rau cov dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem nce pH thiab ua rau nag lossis daus ntawm cov hlau hnyav xws li tooj liab, zinc, thiab hlau raws li lawv cov hydroxides. Cov cyanide tuaj yeem raug kho ntxiv los ntawm txoj kev oxidation tom qab cov hlau hnyav tau raug tshem tawm.

Kev Kho Mob Biological: Qee cov kab mob muaj peev xwm degrade cyanide. Hauv cov txheej txheem kev kho mob lom neeg, xws li kev ua haujlwm - cov txheej txheem sludge lossis biofilm reactors, cov kab mob no tuaj yeem siv los rhuav tshem cyanide rau hauv cov khoom tsis zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho mob lom yog tsim nyog rau qis - rau - nruab nrab - concentration cyanide cov dej khib nyiab, vim tias cov cyanide ntau ntau tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob lom. Cov kab mob siv cyanide ua ib qhov chaw ntawm nitrogen thiab carbon, hloov nws mus rau hauv ammonia, carbon dioxide, thiab lwm yam tsis muaj teeb meem los ntawm - cov khoom los ntawm lawv cov txheej txheem metabolic.

Ntxiv nrog rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab, kev siv zog kuj yuav tsum tau ua kom txo qis ntawm cov cyanide siv hauv cov kub - cov txheej txheem leaching thiab rov ua dua thiab rov siv cov cyanide - muaj cov kev daws teeb meem thaum twg los tau. Qhov no tuaj yeem pab txo qis tag nrho ib puag ncig kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kub - kev ua haujlwm mining uas tso siab rau cyanide leaching.

Case Studies thiab Kev Lag Luam Kev Ua Lag Luam

Cov Dab Neeg Zoo: Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo Tshaj Plaws Cyanide Leaching

Ntau qhov kev ua haujlwm kub - mining thoob ntiaj teb tau ua tiav zoo kawg nkaus hauv cyanide leaching, teeb tsa cov qauv rau kev lag luam ntawm kev ua tau zoo, tus nqi - kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig.

Ib qho piv txwv zoo li no yog Yanacocha mine hauv Peru, ib qho ntawm cov kub loj tshaj plaws - tsim cov mines thoob ntiaj teb. Lub mine tau siv ntau txoj kev ntsuas tshiab los txhim kho nws cov txheej txheem cyanide leaching. Los ntawm kev ua cov kev tshawb fawb txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ore, cov mine engineers muaj peev xwm nkag siab meej cov ore lub zog. Qhov no tso cai rau lawv los kho cov cyanide concentration thiab leaching tej yam kev mob rau cov yam ntxwv ore tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, lawv pom tias rau ib hom ore nrog cov ntsiab lus sulfide siab, me ntsis siab dua cyanide concentration ntawm ib ncig ntawm 0.08% - 0.1% yuav tsum tau them nyiaj rau cyanide noj los ntawm sulfide minerals. Qhov kev hloov kho meej ntawm cyanide concentration tsis tsuas yog txhim kho tus nqi rov qab los ntawm kub, tab sis kuj txo tag nrho cyanide noj ib tuj ntawm ore.

Hais txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, Yanacocha mine tau nqis peev tseem ceeb hauv cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab siab heev. Lawv tau siv ntau theem kev kho mob uas sib txuas cov tshuaj oxidation, neutralization, thiab kev kho kab mob lom kom tshem tawm cyanide thiab lwm yam kab mob los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Cov dej kho tau rov qab siv dua rau hauv cov txheej txheem leaching, txo cov mine qhov kev cia siab rau cov dej tshiab thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig.

Lwm zaj dab neeg ua tiav yog Porgera mine hauv Papua New Guinea. Lub mine no tau tsom mus rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv thiab thev naus laus zis tshiab. Lawv tau siv lub xeev - ntawm - lub - kos duab automated tswj system rau lawv cov stirred - leaching tso tsheb hlau luam. Lub kaw lus no tsis tu ncua saib xyuas thiab kho qhov tsis xws li qhov nrawm nrawm, tus nqi ntws ntawm cov tshuaj cyanide, thiab qhov kub ntawm cov leaching slurry. Los ntawm kev tswj xyuas cov xwm txheej zoo txhua lub sijhawm, lub mine tau ua tiav qhov kub rov qab siab tshaj 90% hauv qee qhov haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, Porgera mine tau koom nrog hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho kom pom lwm cov tshuaj reagents uas tuaj yeem txo qhov cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm cov txheej txheem cyanide leaching. Lawv tau ua qhov kev sim siab nrog hom tshiab ntawm cyanide - dawb leaching tus neeg sawv cevs, txawm hais tias cyanide leaching tseem tseem yog thawj txoj hauv kev vim nws txoj kev ua tau zoo thiab tus nqi - kev ua tau zoo.

Cov kev sib tw ntsib thiab daws tau txais

Txawm hais tias nws siv dav, cyanide leaching hauv cov mines kub tsis yog tsis muaj nws cov nyom. Mines feem ntau ntsib ntau yam teeb meem uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua tau zoo, tus nqi, thiab ib puag ncig kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txheej txheem.

Complex Ore Properties

Ntau cov kub - bearing ores muaj complex compositions, uas yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem loj rau cyanide leaching. Piv txwv li, cov ores uas muaj cov arsenic siab, xws li cov nyob rau hauv ib co deposits nyob rau sab hnub poob Tebchaws Meskas, tuaj yeem ua haujlwm nyuaj. Arsenic - bearing minerals, zoo li arsenopyrite, tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​mob nrog cyanide thiab oxygen, noj ntau ntawm cyanide thiab txo cov kub - leaching efficiency. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj arsenic nyob rau hauv cov leachate tuaj yeem ua rau kev kho dej khib nyiab ntau dua thiab nyuaj vim muaj cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov tshuaj arsenic.

Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, qee qhov mines tau txais kev kho ua ntej. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws yog roasting, qhov twg cov ore yog rhuab nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm huab cua. Roasting oxidizes arsenic - bearing minerals, hloov lawv mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov dua uas tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog cyanide - leaching txheej txheem. Tom qab roasting, cov ore tuaj yeem raug mus rau qhov qub cyanide leaching. Lwm txoj kev kho ua ntej yog bio - oxidation, uas siv cov kab mob oxidize sulfide thiab arsenic - bearing minerals. Txoj kev no yog ib puag ncig zoo dua li roasting vim nws ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab ua kom muaj pa phem tsawg.

Txhim kho Environmental Regulations

Raws li ib puag ncig kev paub txog kev loj hlob, kev ua haujlwm kub - mining tau ntsib cov kev cai nruj dua txog kev siv thiab pov tseg ntawm cyanide. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, cov kev txwv rau cyanide hauv dej khib nyiab thiab huab cua emissions tau nruj heev. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv teb chaws Australia, cov cai tswj hwm ib puag ncig tau teeb tsa cov kev txwv nruj ntawm cov tshuaj cyanide hauv cov dej khib nyiab tawm ntawm cov mines kub. Mines yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li cov kev txwv no kom tsis txhob raug nplua hnyav thiab muaj peev xwm kaw.

Txhawm rau ua raws li cov cai no, cov mines tau nqis peev hauv cov thev naus laus zis kho dej khib nyiab. Qee qhov siv cov txheej txheem oxidation siab heev, xws li kev siv ozone lossis ultraviolet (UV) lub teeb ua ke nrog hydrogen peroxide, kom ua kom zoo dua cyanide hauv cov dej khib nyiab. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov seem qis heev ntawm cyanide hauv cov dej kho. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov mines kuj tseem siv cov kev tswj xyuas zoo dua los tiv thaiv cyanide spills thiab leaks. Qhov no suav nrog kev txhim kho kev tsim thiab kev saib xyuas cov chaw cia khoom, siv ob lub pas dej ua ke rau cyanide - uas muaj cov kev daws teeb meem, thiab siv lub sijhawm saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau tam sim ntawd.

Tus nqi - kev ua tau zoo hauv Kev Lag Luam Kub Kub

Tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm kub mining, suav nrog cyanide leaching, yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub lag luam kub tsis hloov pauv. Kev hloov pauv ntawm tus nqi kub tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm mines. Cyanide, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb reagent nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem leaching, tuaj yeem pab txhawb ib qho tseem ceeb rau tag nrho cov nqi tsim khoom.

Txhawm rau hais txog tus nqi - kev ua tau zoo, mines tseem tab tom nrhiav txoj hauv kev los txo cov reagent noj thiab ua kom cov txheej txheem ua tau zoo. Qee lub mines tau siv cov kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas siab thiab cov ntaub ntawv - cov txheej txheem tsav los txhim kho cov txheej txheem leaching. Los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv loj ntawm cov khoom siv ore, cov xwm txheej leaching, thiab cov nqi rov qab kub, lawv tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws rau txhua pawg ore. Qhov no tso cai rau lawv txo qis cov cyanide siv yam tsis muaj kev txi nyiaj rov qab. Piv txwv li, qee qhov mines tau siv lub tshuab - kev kawm algorithms uas tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov zoo tshaj plaws cyanide concentration thiab leaching lub sij hawm raws li cov ore cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab particle loj tis. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov mines tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav kev siv lwm txoj hauv kev, tus nqi ntau dua - cov tshuaj reagents zoo lossis cov khoom siv ntxiv uas tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txheej txheem leaching thiab txo qhov kev cia siab ntawm cyanide.

Yav Tom Ntej Trends hauv Cyanide Leaching Technology

Technological Innovations aiming los txhim kho kev ua tau zoo thiab txo cov kev pheej hmoo

Lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm cyanide leaching thev naus laus zis tuav cov lus cog tseg zoo nrog ntau qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm lub qab ntug. Ib qho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom pom tseeb yog kev txhim kho cov khoom siv leaching ntau dua thiab ua tau zoo. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov tshiab-tsim leaching tso tsheb hlau luam nrog txhim kho agitation systems. Cov tshuab no txhawm rau txhim kho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ore slurry thiab cov tshuaj cyanide, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev faib tawm ntau dua ntawm cov reactants. Kev txhim kho tsis ntev los no yog kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib xyaw ua ke (CFD) txhawm rau txhim kho kev tsim cov agitation impellers hauv leaching tso tsheb hlau luam. Los ntawm kev simulating cov qauv ntws ntawm slurry thiab cov kev daws teeb meem, engineers tuaj yeem tsim cov impellers uas muab kev sib xyaw zoo dua, txo kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab txhim kho tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txheej txheem leaching.

Lwm thaj chaw ntawm innovation yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev nruam leaching txheej txheem. Ib txwm batch - hom leaching txheej txheem feem ntau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm inefficiencies vim qhov yuav tsum tau nquag pib - nce thiab kaw - down khiav hauj lwm. Cov txheej txheem leaching tsis tu ncua, ntawm qhov tod tes, tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, txo qis sijhawm thiab nce cov khoom tsim tau. Qee lub tuam txhab mining twb tau tshawb fawb txog kev siv cov tshuaj txuas ntxiv - tank reactors (CSTRs) hauv cyanide leaching. Cov reactors no tuaj yeem tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua - lub xeev, tso cai rau kev ua kom zoo dua qub thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov txheej txheem leaching tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem ua ke yooj yim dua nrog lwm cov haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv cov kub - mining txheej txheem, xws li ore sib tsoo thiab kub rov qab, ua rau kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab ua haujlwm zoo tag nrho.

Hais txog kev txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb, cov thev naus laus zis tshiab tau tsim los tswj kom zoo dua cyanide - muaj cov khib nyiab. Piv txwv li, muaj kev txaus siab rau kev loj hlob ntawm daim nyias nyias - raws li kev sib cais technologies rau kev kho cyanide - nplua nuj dej khib nyiab. Membrane filtration tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov cyanide thiab lwm yam kab mob los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab, ua kom cov dej huv uas tuaj yeem siv rov qab rau hauv cov txheej txheem leaching. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog txo cov kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm kev ua haujlwm mining tab sis kuj txuag kev siv dej. Qee qhov membrane - raws li cov tshuab tau tsim los ua lub xov tooj ntawm tes, tso cai rau ntawm - chaw kho mob ntawm cyanide - muaj cov khib nyiab, uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm mining.

Tshawb nrhiav lwm tus Leaching Agents

Kev tshawb nrhiav lwm cov tshuaj tua kab mob los hloov sodium cyanide tau yog ib qho chaw tshawb fawb hauv xyoo tas los no. Lub ntsiab tsav tsheb tom qab qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog qhov xav tau los txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cyanide thiab nrhiav kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo dua thiab raug nqi - cov txheej txheem leaching zoo.

Ib qho kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob yog thiosulfate. Thiosulfate yog ib qho tsis muaj tshuaj lom reagent uas tuaj yeem yaj cov kub hauv qee yam mob. Lub leaching mechanism ntawm thiosulfate koom nrog tsim ib qho nyuaj ntawm kub thiab thiosulfate ions nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev. Piv rau cyanide, thiosulfate muaj ntau qhov zoo. Nws yog tshuaj lom tsawg dua, uas txo qhov kev nyab xeeb thiab ib puag ncig kev pheej hmoo cuam tshuam nrog nws siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, thiosulfate leaching tsis tshua nkag siab rau qhov muaj qee qhov impurities hauv cov ore, xws li tooj liab thiab hlau, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cyanide - leaching txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los xij, thiosulfate leaching kuj muaj qee qhov nyuaj. Cov txheej txheem leaching yog feem ntau nyuaj thiab yuav tsum tau ceev faj tswj cov pH, kub, thiab cov concentration ntawm cov reagents. Tus nqi ntawm thiosulfate kuj tseem siab, uas tuaj yeem txwv nws txoj kev siv dav hauv kev lag luam mining loj.

Lwm txoj hauv kev yog siv halide - raws li cov tshuaj tua kab mob, xws li bromide thiab chloride. Cov neeg ua haujlwm no tuaj yeem yaj kub los ntawm oxidation thiab complexation tshuaj. Bromide - raws li leaching, piv txwv li, tau pom cov kub kub - kev tawg ntawm qee qhov kev tshawb fawb. Txawm li cas los xij, halide-based leaching agents kuj muaj lawv qhov tsis zoo. Lawv tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv corrosive, uas ua rau tus nqi tu. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pov tseg cov khoom pov tseg uas tsim los ntawm halide - raws li cov txheej txheem leaching tuaj yeem yog ib qho kev sib tw vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm halide - muaj cov khoom pov tseg.

Cov tshuaj lom neeg leaching tseem tab tom tshawb nrhiav. Qee cov kab mob, xws li qee cov kab mob thiab cov fungi, muaj peev xwm tsim cov organic acids lossis lwm yam khoom uas tuaj yeem yaj kub. Biological leaching yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo rau ib puag ncig vim nws tsis koom nrog kev siv tshuaj lom. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem kuj qeeb, thiab cov xwm txheej rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo tswj. Kev tshawb fawb tseem niaj hnub los txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg thiab ua kom nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua haujlwm kub loj - mining.

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Recap ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm Cyanide Leaching hauv Kub Mining

Cyanide leaching tau, thiab tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam kub mining. Nws lub peev xwm los rho tawm kub los ntawm qib qis-qib ores tau ua rau kev ua haujlwm kub mining ntau dua kev lag luam ntawm qhov loj. Cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm sodium cyanide, xws li nws cov kev xaiv siab rau kub, solubility hauv dej, nqi - kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev ruaj ntseg hauv cov tshuaj alkaline, tau ua rau nws cov reagent ntawm kev xaiv kub rho tawm rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem yog deb ntawm qhov yooj yim. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cyanide leaching yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm ore, suav nrog hom ore (sulfide lossis oxidized), muaj cov impurities xws li sulfide minerals, thiab qhov loj me ntawm cov kub hauv cov ore, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem leaching. Qhov concentration ntawm cyanide nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj leaching, pH nqi ntawm cov tshuaj, qhov kub ntawm qhov leaching tshwm sim, thiab lub sij hawm leaching txhua yam yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo optimized kom ua tau zoo kub rov qab tus nqi thaum txo reagent noj thiab ib puag ncig cuam tshuam.

Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov toxicity ntawm cyanide ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb thiab cov teeb meem ib puag ncig. Kev tuav nruj thiab kev ceev faj khaws cia yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm kev ua kom tuag taus ntawm cyanide, thiab kev tswj cov khib nyiab kom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev tso tawm ntawm cyanide - muaj cov khib nyiab rau hauv ib puag ncig, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rau cov dej ecosystems thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv.

Hu rau Action rau Sustainable and Safe Gold Mining Practices

Raws li kev lag luam mining kub mus rau pem hauv ntej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov tuam txhab mining yuav tsum tau ua qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov thiab nyab xeeb. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom zoo rau cov txheej txheem cyanide leaching kom ua tau zoo tshaj plaws tab sis kuj tseem nqis peev hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho kom pom lwm cov tshuaj leaching uas tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev nyab xeeb cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cyanide.

Hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, cov tuam txhab mining yuav tsum tsom mus rau kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws - xyaum ua haujlwm ib puag ncig. Qhov no suav nrog kev txhim kho cov chaw kho dej khib nyiab kom ntseeg tau tias cyanide - muaj cov khib nyiab raug kho zoo ua ntej tso tawm. Lub sijhawm saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag yuav tsum tau teeb tsa txhawm rau txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm cyanide xau lossis nchuav tam sim, tso cai rau cov lus teb sai thiab txo qis. Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau muab kev cob qhia txog kev nyab xeeb thiab nkag mus rau cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej tshiab.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev, kev lag luam yuav tsum koom tes nrog kev tshawb fawb cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab kom ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm cov leaching technologies. Kev tshawb fawb pheej hmoo ntawm thiosulfate, halide - raws li, thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg lom neeg yuav tsum tau tshawb nrhiav ntxiv thiab ua kom zoo dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim kho tshiab txuas ntxiv hauv cov cuab yeej siv mining thiab cov txheej txheem, xws li kev txhim kho cov leaching tso tsheb hlau luam ntau dua thiab cov txheej txheem leaching tas mus li, tuaj yeem ua rau kev txhim kho tag nrho kev ruaj khov ntawm kev ua haujlwm kub mining.

Cov neeg siv khoom kuj muaj lub luag haujlwm ua si. Los ntawm kev thov lub luag haujlwm - cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kub, lawv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev lag luam thiab txhawb cov tuam txhab mining kom tau txais kev coj ua zoo thiab nyab xeeb. Los ntawm cov kev sib koom ua ke no, kev lag luam kub mining tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv kom vam meej thaum txo qis nws ib puag ncig hneev taw thiab ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm txhua tus neeg koom nrog.