Sodium Cyanide: Ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb los ntawm Industrial Synthesis mus rau Cov Tshuaj Zoo

Introduction

Sodium cyanide , nrog rau cov tshuaj mis NaCN, yog ib qho hmoov dawb crystalline. Nws yaj tau zoo heev hauv dej thiab muaj ntxhiab tsw qab almond iab me ntsis. Ua ib qho khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb, Sodium cyanide ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam thiab cov tshuaj zoo.

Lub cev lub cev thiab tshuaj

Sodium cyanide yog lub cubic crystal system. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim soluble hauv dej thiab yooj yim hydrolyzes los tsim hydrogen cyanide, nrog nws cov aqueous tov qhia muaj zog alkalinity. Nws cov ntsiab lus melting yog 563.7 ° C, thiab nws qhov kub yog 1496 ° C. Nws muaj qhov ceev ntawm 1.595 g / cm³. Sodium cyanide yog tshuaj lom heev, thiab txawm tias muaj kab mob sib kis los ntawm qhov txhab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, nqus pa, lossis kev noj tshuaj tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus. Qhov siab toxicity no feem ntau yog vim cov cyanide ion (CN⁻) hauv nws, uas tuaj yeem ua ke nrog cov ferric ions hauv cov ntshav, ua rau cov qe ntshav poob lawv cov pa oxygen, thiab thaum kawg ua rau lub cev tuag sai vim hypoxia.

Cov txheej txheem kev lag luam Synthesis

1. Txheej Txheem Andrussow : Txoj kev no siv cov roj av, ammonia, thiab cua ua cov khoom siv raw, nrog rau platinum-rhodium alloy ua cov catalyst. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub siab. Cov roj av (feem ntau yog methane) tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog ammonia thiab oxygen nyob rau hauv qhov muaj cov catalyst los tsim hydrogen cyanide, thiab tom qab ntawd hydrogen cyanide tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog sodium hydroxide kua kom tau txais Sodium Cyanide . Tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem hais yooj yim li: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Txoj kev no muaj kev ua haujlwm siab thiab tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom lag luam loj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws xav tau cov xwm txheej tshuaj tiv thaiv siab thiab kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj tiv thaiv.

2. Txoj Kev Siv Roj Pyrolysis Sib Nqus : Cov kua ammonia raug ua pa thiab tom qab ntawd sib xyaw nrog cov roj sib nqus hauv lub tshuab sib tov thiab preheated. Cov roj sib xyaw preheated nkag mus rau hauv lub cub tawg, qhov twg muaj kev sib xyaw tawg tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub siab (kwv yees li 1450 ° C). Petroleum coke siv ua tus nqa khoom, thiab nitrogen siv ua cov roj tiv thaiv kom tiv thaiv kev oxidation. Cov roj tawg muaj hydrogen cyanide. Tom qab cov txheej txheem xws li tshem tawm ammonia, nqus dej, kho, thiab condensation, hydrogen cyanide tau txais, thiab tom qab ntawd nws reacts nrog sodium hydroxide kua kom tau txais kua sodium cyanide . Kua sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua kom sib xyaw thiab crystallized kom tau txais cov khoom khov sodium cyanide. Txawm hais tias cov txheej txheem no muaj cov thev naus laus zis laus, nws kuj muaj teeb meem xws li nyuaj desulfurization thiab impurity tshem tawm ntawm hydrogen cyanide, kev siv zog ntau ntawm cov khoom, nyuaj heev hauv kev kho "peb pov tseg", thiab cov nqi tsim khoom siab.

3. Txoj Kev Ua Acrylonitrile By-product : Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim cov acrylonitrile los ntawm kev ua kom propylene ammoxidation, cov roj hydrogen cyanide yog tsim los ua cov khoom by-product (qhov nyiaj yog sib npaug rau 4% - 10% ntawm cov acrylonitrile tsim). Cov roj los ntawm lub reactor muaj cov ammonia ntau dhau. Tom qab tshem tawm ammonia nrog dilute sulfuric acid, cov roj reaction nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev txias kom nqus cov acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, thiab acrolein, thiab lwm yam. Cov kua nqus dej dhau los ntawm kev sib cais thiab kev ntxuav ntxiv xws li kev daws teeb meem thiab kev kho kom tau txais cov khoom acrylonitrile purity siab thiab cov khoom by-product hydrogen cyanide. Cov khoom by-product hydrogen cyanide ces nqus los ntawm cov kua alkali los tsim cov sodium cyanide. Cov khoom tau los ntawm txoj kev no muaj tsawg dua cov khoom tsis huv thiab cov ntsiab lus sulfur tsawg. Txawm li cas los xij, nws raug txwv los ntawm lub peev xwm tsim acrylonitrile. Tam sim no, kev tsim cov acrylonitrile hauv Suav teb tau mus txog qhov saturation, thiab nws cov zis nyuaj rau nce ntxiv.

Daim ntawv thov hauv Fine Chemicals

1. Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj : Sodium cyanide yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj nruab nrab. Piv txwv li, hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj xws li penicillin, ibuprofen, vitamin B6, folic acid, guanine, acyclovir, barbiturates, norfloxacin, caffeine, thiab berberine, sodium cyanide yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb. Nws koom nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev tsim cov tshuaj, pab tsim cov qauv molecular ntawm cov tshuaj thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim cov tshuaj.

2. Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj Tua Kab : Nws kuj yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab. Cov tshuaj tua kab feem ntau xws li glyphosate, paraquat, cyanazine, phenthoate, thiab isoprothiolane txhua tus xav tau kev siv sodium cyanide hauv lawv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Sodium cyanide koom nrog kev tsim cov khoom xyaw nquag ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab, muab cov tshuaj tua kab nrog cov qauv tshuaj tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom tua kab, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom muaj kev ua liaj ua teb thiab tiv thaiv thiab tswj cov kab tsuag ua liaj ua teb.

3. Kev Lag Luam Xim thiab Xim : Hauv kev lag luam xim, sodium cyanide yog siv los tsim cov khoom siv tseem ceeb xws li cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb rau cov xim reactive thiab kuj yog ib qho khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov khoom ci ntsa iab. Nws koom nrog kev tsim cov xim, muab cov xim zoo heev thiab xim ruaj khov, thiab txhawb kev txhim kho ntawm kev lag luam xim.

4. Kev Tsim Cov Tshuaj Organic Tshwj Xeeb : Sodium cyanide siv tau los tsim ntau yam tshuaj organic tshwj xeeb, xws li cyanobenzyl thiab nws cov khoom lag luam derivative, iminodiacetonitrile, iminodiacetic acid (ester), cov khoom lag luam chelating agent (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) thiab lawv cov khoom ntsev hlau, glycine, hydroxyacetonitrile (acid), thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj organic no muaj kev siv dav hauv cov teb xws li kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj lom neeg, kev kho dej, thiab kev tsim cov organic. Piv txwv li, cov neeg sawv cev chelating siv tau los khi cov hlau ions, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom dej mos thiab cov txheej txheem sib cais hlau ion.

Kev nyab xeeb thiab kev xav txog ib puag ncig

Vim nws cov toxicity siab, nruj kev nyab xeeb yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom, kev thauj mus los, cia, thiab siv sodium cyanide. Hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum hnav cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej tsim nyog, suav nrog roj - nruj suits, lub tshuab ua pa, thiab cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv, tiv thaiv kev sib cuag nrog sodium cyanide. Cov chaw tsim khoom yuav tsum tau nruab nrog lub tshuab ua pa thiab tso pa tawm kom ntseeg tau tias qhov chaw ua haujlwm huab cua ua tau raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb. Thaum lub sij hawm kev thauj mus los, sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau ntim raws li cov kev cai cuam tshuam, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov hlau nruas kaw, thiab thauj los ntawm cov tsheb thauj neeg mob tshwj xeeb. Cov kev thauj mus los yuav tsum tau npaj ua tib zoo kom tsis txhob muaj cov neeg coob coob thiab cov dej ntws. Nyob rau hauv cia, nws yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb warehouse nrog zoo qhov cua, deb ntawm tshav kub qhov chaw, ignition qhov chaw, thiab incompatible tshuaj xws li acids thiab oxidants. Lub tsev khaws khoom yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj thiab tiv thaiv tub sab tub nyiag, thiab siv qhov kev tswj hwm "ob chav kaw".

Hais txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, "peb qhov pov tseg" tsim los ntawm sodium cyanide yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo. Cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj cyanide yuav tsum tau kho los ntawm cov tshuaj oxidation lossis lwm txoj hauv kev tsim nyog kom decompose cyanide ions rau hauv cov khoom tsis muaj tshuaj lom ua ntej yuav tawm mus. Cov pa khib nyiab uas muaj hydrogen cyanide yuav tsum tau ua kom huv huv los ntawm kev nqus los yog kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob kom txo tau nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov huab cua. Cov khib nyiab uas muaj cyanide yuav tsum tau muab pov tseg kom zoo los yog kho los ntawm cov chaw kho mob tshwj xeeb uas muaj kev phom sij los tiv thaiv cov av thiab dej hauv av.

xaus

Sodium cyanide, txawm hais tias nws muaj toxicity, yog ib qho khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub no. Los ntawm kev lag luam synthesis mus rau cov tshuaj zoo, nws tau ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam. Nrog rau kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm thev naus laus zis, ntawm ib sab, kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab zoo ib puag ncig ntawm sodium cyanide tau tshawb nrhiav; ntawm qhov tod tes, nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem thov, kev siv zog tau ua los txhim kho qhov kev siv ntawm sodium cyanide thiab txo nws qhov tsis zoo rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv thiab ib puag ncig. Yav tom ntej, sodium cyanide yuav txuas ntxiv ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam kev lag luam thaum muaj kev sib npaug zoo dua, kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, thiab kev xav tau ntau lawm.