Sodium Cyanide: Ib qho Hauv - Qhov tob Saib ntawm Nws Qhov cuam tshuam rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv

Introduction

sodium cyanide, nrog rau cov tshuaj formula NaCN, yog ib qho chaw uas muaj qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv ob qho tib si kev lag luam thiab thaj tsam ntawm toxicology. Nws yog dawb, crystalline khoom uas yog soluble hauv dej. Vim nws cov khoom siv tshuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj cov cyanide ion (CN-), Sodium Cyanide exhibits huab toxicity, uas muaj deb - mus txog qhov cuam tshuam rau tib neeg noj qab haus huv.

Chemical Properties ntawm Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide yog ntsev uas muaj sodium cations (Na +) thiab cyanide anions (CN-). Nws muaj molar loj ntawm kwv yees li 49.01 g / mol. Hauv cov tshuaj aqueous, nws dissociates rau hauv cov ions. Lub cyanide ion yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau nws cov toxicity. Nws yog ib qho muaj zog nucleophile thiab muaj kev sib raug zoo rau cov hlau ions, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws ob qho tib si. Kev siv tshuab thiab nws cov teebmeem tsis zoo rau cov kab mob lom.

Muaj Kev Siv Sodium Cyanide

1. Kev lag luam mining

• Sodium cyanide yog siv dav hauv kev rho tawm ntawm kub thiab lwm yam hlau muaj nuj nqis. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kub Mining, nws tsim complexes nrog kub, cia cov hlau yuav yaj thiab sib cais los ntawm cov ore. Txoj kev no, hu ua cyanidation, yog dav ua haujlwm vim nws qhov ua tau zoo thiab tus nqi qis. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug raug kub - cyanide cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kub (Au) reacts nrog sodium cyanide (NaCN), oxygen (O₂), thiab dej (H₂O) los tsim cov kub soluble - cyanide complex: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O→4Na[Au(CN)₂] +4NaOH.

2.Chemical Synthesis

• Nws ua hauj lwm raws li lub hauv paus tsev thaiv nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm ntau yam organic thiab inorganic tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov nitriles, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb intermediates nyob rau hauv synthesis ntawm pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, thiab polymers, Sodium cyanide feem ntau yog siv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm acrylonitrile (ib tug monomer rau ua hluavtaws fibers zoo li acrylic), cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav koom nrog sodium cyanide raws li ib tug reactant nyob rau hauv tej yam hluavtaws txoj kev.

3.Electroplating

• Cyanide - raws li electrolytes, feem ntau muaj sodium cyanide, yog siv nyob rau hauv Electroplating txheej txheem. Cov cyanide ions pab nyob rau hauv deposition ntawm hlau xws li tooj liab, nyiaj, thiab zinc nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam thiab adherent yam. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cyanide tuaj yeem tsim kev ruaj khov nrog cov hlau ions, tswj tus nqi ntawm cov hlau deposition thaum electroplating.

Sodium Cyanide cuam tshuam li cas rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv

1. Toxicokinetics

• Thaum sodium cyanide nkag mus rau tib neeg lub cev, nws tuaj yeem nqus tau los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Kev nqus cov plua plav lossis pa taws uas muaj sodium cyanide tso cai rau cov cyanide ions nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha sai sai los ntawm alveoli hauv lub ntsws. Kev noj tshuaj, txawm tias raug mob los yog thaum muaj tshuaj lom, ua rau kom nqus tau hauv plab hnyuv. Kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij kuj tuaj yeem ua rau nqus tau, txawm tias daim tawv nqaij tsis zoo muab qee qhov kev tiv thaiv. Ib zaug hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov cyanide ions raug faib thoob plaws hauv lub cev.

2.Mechanism ntawm Toxicity

• Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cyanide toxicity nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev yog mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb enzyme nyob rau hauv lub electron thauj saw ntawm cellular respiration. Cyanide khi rau cov hlau (Fe) hauv cytochrome c oxidase complex nrog siab affinity. Qhov kev khi no inhibits kev hloov ntawm electrons los ntawm cytochrome c rau oxygen, zoo thaiv cov kauj ruam kawg ntawm kev ua pa aerobic. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov hlwb tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov adenosine triphosphate (ATP) los ntawm oxidative phosphorylation, ua rau cellular zog deprivation.

• Tsis tas li ntawd, cyanide tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lwm yam hlau - muaj cov enzymes hauv lub cev, ntxiv cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem metabolic. Piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm myoglobin, uas koom nrog hauv oxygen cia hauv cov leeg hlwb, thiab qee cov peroxidases uas tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv antioxidant.

3. Mob toxicity

• Tsawg - Dose Exposure

• Txawm tias qhov koob tshuaj tsawg tsawg, raug rau sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam tsos mob. Thawj cov tsos mob yuav muaj xws li mob taub hau, kiv taub hau, qaug zog, thiab xeev siab. Tus neeg raug tsim txom kuj tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​qhov nruj ntawm lub hauv siab thiab ua tsis taus pa. Qee zaum, tej zaum yuav muaj tus cwj pwm "almond - zoo li" tsw rau ua pa, txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem pom qhov tsw no.

• High - Dose Exposure

• Kev siv tshuaj ntau ntau rau sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau tuag taus sai. Cov tsos mob tshwm sim sai heev rau kev ua pa hnyav, nrog kev ua pa sai thiab ua haujlwm. Cov teebmeem ntawm cov hlab plawv muaj xws li kev poob ntshav siab, lub plawv dhia tsis zoo (arrhythmias), thiab thaum kawg plawv nres. Neurologically, tus neeg raug tsim txom yuav muaj qaug dab peg, tsis nco qab, thiab coma. Hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav, kev tuag tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv feeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim loj heev.

4. Mob toxicity

• Kev cuam tshuam ntev mus rau qib qis ntawm sodium cyanide, xws li hauv qee qhov chaw lag luam uas muaj kev tu cev tsis zoo, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv. Kev raug mob ntev yuav ua rau qaug zog, qaug zog, thiab poob phaus. Nws tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb, ua rau muaj cov tsos mob xws li loog loog thiab tingling nyob rau hauv cov extremities, nco tsis tau, thiab nyuaj rau concentrating. Tsis tas li ntawd, rov ua dua tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov thyroid caj pas, vim cyanide tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog iodine uptake thiab thyroid hormone synthesis.

5.Qhov cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob tshwj xeeb

• Kev Mob Lub Neej

• Cov kab mob ua pa yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev raug sodium cyanide. Raws li tau hais ua ntej, qhov inhibition ntawm cytochrome c oxidase hauv cov hlwb ntawm cov leeg ua pa thiab cov chaw ua pa hauv nruab nrab hauv lub hlwb ua rau ua pa tsis zoo. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau ua pa sai sai thaum lub cev sim ua kom them nyiaj rau qhov tsis muaj oxygen siv, tom qab ntawd los ntawm kev ua pa nyuaj thiab qhov kawg ua pa tsis ua haujlwm.

• Kev Mob Plawv

• Cyanide - induced cellular zog deficiency cuam tshuam rau lub plawv cov leeg (myocardium). Lub plawv tuaj yeem ua rau qis qis, ua rau lub plawv txo qis. Arrhythmias tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob hauv lub plawv. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov teebmeem no tuaj yeem ua rau txo qis hauv cov ntshav siab, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntxiv rau kev xa cov pa oxygen thiab cov as-ham rau lub cev cov ntaub so ntswg.

• Kev Tshawb Fawb

• Lub paj hlwb yog rhiab heev rau cov teebmeem ntawm sodium cyanide. Ntxiv nrog rau qhov mob hnyav ntawm kev siv tshuaj ntau ntxiv xws li qaug dab peg thiab tsis nco qab, kev raug mob ntev tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv neurodegenerative. Neurons tej zaum yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj vim lub zog deprivation thiab oxidative kev nyuaj siab. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau lub sijhawm ntev ntawm lub paj hlwb tsis txaus, nrog rau kev paub tsis meej, lub cev muaj zog, thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws.

• Lub plab zom mov

• Kev noj tshuaj sodium cyanide tuaj yeem ua rau khaus thiab ua rau lub plab zom mov. Cov tsos mob yuav muaj xws li xeev siab, ntuav, mob plab, thiab raws plab. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav, tej zaum yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub plab hauv plab thiab txoj hnyuv, ua rau los ntshav thiab ulceration.

xaus

Sodium cyanide, txawm tias nws cov ntawv thov kev lag luam tseem ceeb, ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Nws cov tshuaj lom heev, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej raug mob thiab mob ntev, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv, los ntawm cov tsos mob me mus rau lub neej - kev hem thawj. Muab nws lub peev xwm rau kev puas tsuaj, kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam uas siv sodium cyanide. Cov kev ntsuas no suav nrog kev tuav kom raug, khaws cia, thiab pov tseg ntawm qhov sib xyaw, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kev cob qhia txaus rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev tso tawm ntawm sodium cyanide rau hauv ib puag ncig, uas nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv los ntawm dej thiab huab cua.