Dab tsi tshuaj derivatives tuaj yeem siv Sodium Cyanide los npaj?

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) yog ib yam khoom siv tshuaj lom heev tab sis tseem ceeb heev. Nws ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg vim yog qhov ua haujlwm ntawm pawg cyanide (-CN). Nov yog qee cov tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb uas tuaj yeem npaj tau siv Sodium cyanide :

Inorganic Cyanide Derivatives

1. Ferro cyanides : Sodium cyanide reacts nrog cov ntsev hlau los tsim cov ferro Cyanides . Piv txwv li, qhov kev sib xyaw ntawm Sodium Cyanide nrog ferrous sulfate tuaj yeem ua rau sodium ferrocyanide (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]). Cov tshuaj no yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov xim xiav xws li Prussian xiav, thiab kuj muaj daim ntawv thov hauv kev lag luam khoom noj khoom haus ua tus neeg sawv cev tiv thaiv kev sib sau ua ke hauv ntsev. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem sawv cev raws li:

6NaCN + FeSO₄ → Na₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Na₂SO₄

2. Cov Khoom Sib Xyaws Cyanide ntawm Cov Hlau : Sodium cyanide tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom sib xyaw nrog ntau cov hlau ions. Hauv kev rho tawm kub thiab nyiaj, piv txwv li, thaum muaj oxygen, kub thiab nyiaj sib xyaw nrog sodium cyanide los tsim cov hlau cyanide sib xyaw uas yaj tau. Rau kub, qhov kev sib xyaw yog raws li nram no:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH

Cov hlau - cyanide complexes yog tom qab ntawd ua tiav kom tau cov hlau ntshiab. Ntxiv nrog rau kub thiab nyiaj, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv nrog cov hlau xws li tooj liab, zinc, thiab npib tsib xee, uas muaj cov ntawv thov hauv electroplating thiab lwm yam lag luam. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv electroplating, hlau - cyanide complexes yog siv los ua electrolytes los xyuas kom meej ib tug du thiab uniform deposition ntawm hlau nyob rau hauv lub substrate.

Organic Cyanide Derivatives

1. Cov Tshuaj Malonic Acid Derivatives : Sodium cyanide yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj malonic acid derivatives. Ib qho txheej txheem uas siv ntau yog los tshuaj sodium cyanide nrog chloroacetic acid los ua cyanoacetic acid ua ntej. Qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog:

ClCH₂COOH + NaCN → NCCH₂COOH + NaCl

Cyanoacetic acid tuaj yeem ntxiv esterified los tsim malonic acid esters, xws li diethyl malonate. Malonic acid derivatives yog ib qho tseem ceeb lub tsev thaiv nyob rau hauv cov organic synthesis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm pharmaceuticals, dyes, thiab flavors. Lawv feem ntau siv hauv Knoevenagel condensation thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam los tsim cov organic molecules ntau dua.

2. Cov Tshuaj Nitrile : Sodium cyanide siv tau los hloov haloalkanes lossis aryl halides mus rau hauv nitriles los ntawm cov tshuaj hloov pauv nucleophilic. Piv txwv li, thaum bromoethane tshuaj nrog sodium cyanide, propionitrile yog tsim:

CH₃CH₂Br + NaCN → CH₃CH₂CN + NaBr

Nitriles yog ntau yam sib xyaw. Lawv tuaj yeem raug hydrolyzed los tsim cov carboxylic acids, txo rau amines, los yog siv rau hauv kev sib txuas ntawm heterocyclic compounds. Hauv kev lag luam kws tshuaj, ntau cov tshuaj muaj cov pab pawg ua haujlwm nitrile, thiab kev siv sodium cyanide hauv synthesis ntawm nitriles muab txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev npaj cov tshuaj no.

3. Cyanohydrins : Aldehydes thiab ketones tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib xyaw nrog sodium cyanide thaum muaj cov tshuaj ua kom cov kua qaub tsim cov cyanohydrins. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj acetone nrog sodium cyanide:

(CH₃)₂CO + NaCN + H⁺ → (CH₃)₂C(OH)CN + Na⁺

Cyanohydrins yog cov khoom siv nruab nrab hauv cov organic synthesis. Lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus rau ntau pawg ua haujlwm, xws li carboxylic acids, amines, thiab cawv, los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tsim nyog. Hauv kev sib txuas ntawm qee cov khoom ntuj tsim thiab tshuaj, cyanohydrins ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov pa roj carbon - lub cev pob txha thiab qhia cov pab pawg ua haujlwm.

4. Triazine Derivatives : Hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj xws li melamine, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv lub network tshuaj tiv thaiv. Txawm hais tias qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ncaj qha yuav nyuaj thiab feem ntau muaj ntau kauj ruam, pawg cyanide los ntawm sodium cyanide pab txhawb rau kev tsim cov qauv ntawm lub nplhaib triazine. Melamine yog siv dav hauv kev tsim cov yas, cov nplaum, thiab cov txheej txheem. Lwm qhov piv txwv yog kev tsim cov cyanuric chloride (trichlorotriazine), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj tua kab, cov tshuaj tua kab, thiab cov xim reactive. Kev tsim cov cyanuric chloride los ntawm sodium cyanide feem ntau muaj ntau yam kev tshuaj tiv thaiv suav nrog chlorination ntawm cyanide - cov khoom ua ntej.

5. Cov Amino Acids thiab Lawv Cov Khoom Siv : Hauv qee txoj kev tsim cov amino acids, sodium cyanide tuaj yeem siv tau. Piv txwv li, hauv Strecker synthesis ntawm amino acids, aldehyde lossis ketone reacts nrog ammonia thiab sodium cyanide los tsim cov aminonitrile intermediate, uas tom qab ntawd hydrolyzed rau cov amino acid sib xws. Pib nrog aldehyde RCHO, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog raws li nram no:

RCHO + NH₃ + NaCN → RCH(NH₂)CN + NaOH

RCH(NH₂)CN + 2H₂O + H⁺ → RCH(NH₃⁺)COOH + Cl⁻

Amino acids yog lub tsev thaiv cov proteins thiab muaj kev siv dav hauv cov zaub mov, tshuaj, thiab tshuaj pleev ib ce kev lag luam.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais qhia tias vim muaj cov tshuaj toxicity siab ntawm sodium cyanide, kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb nruj thiab kev tuav cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ua raws li thaum nws siv hauv kev npaj cov tshuaj derivatives no kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab ib puag ncig.