Site na sodium Cyanide ruo Hydrogen Cyanide: Ịchọgharị ngwa na mgbanwe

Cyanide, gụnyere Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) na Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN), so na kemịkalụ kachasị egbu egbu mana dị mkpa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Mmeghachi omume pụrụ iche ha na-eme ka ojiji ha na igwu ọlaedo, ọgwụ, plastik, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Isiokwu a na-enyocha ihe onwunwe, ngwa, na mgbanwe kemịkalụ dị n'etiti cyanide abụọ a dị mkpa , ebe ọ na-edozi nsogbu nchekwa na ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ.

I. Ngwongwo na Ngwa nke sodium Cyanide

1. Chemical Properties

Sodium cyanide bụ kristal ọcha siri ike, nke na-agbaze nke ukwuu n'ime mmiri. Nsí ya sitere na ion cyanide (CN⁻), nke na-egbochi iku ume site na njikọ na cytochrome oxidase.

2. Eji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe

• Mwepụta Ọlaedo : Dịka ekwuru na mbụ, NaCN na-agbaze ọlaedo site na mmeghachi omume:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

• Electroplating : Na-eme ka ion ígwè sie ike n'ime mkpuchi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, zinc, ọla kọpa).

• Njikọta Organic : Ihe nkwado maka nitriles, adiponitrile (naịlọn), na ọgwụ.

• Ọgwụ nje : A na-eji ya agwọ ọgwụ ahụhụ dịka fenvalerate.

II. Hydrogen Cyanide: Njirimara na ngwa

1. Chemical Properties

Hydrogen cyanide bụ mmiri mmiri/gasị na-enweghị agba nke nwere isi almond. Ọ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma na-etinye ya ngwa ngwa site na iku ume ma ọ bụ kọntaktị akpụkpọ ahụ.

2. Eji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe

• Ọgwụ : Nchikota vitamin (dịka ọmụmaatụ, B12), ọgwụ antithyroid.

• Plastik : Mmepụta acrylonitrile (eji ya na plastik ABS na eriri sịntetik).

• Ọrụ Ugbo : Ihe na-egbu egbu maka ọka echekwara na ime ka ala dị ọcha.

• Agha Kemịkalụ : Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ngwa agha, nke a na-achịkwa nke ọma ugbu a.

III. Usoro mgbanwe n'etiti NaCN na HCN

1. Site na NaCN ruo HCN

N'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic (pH <7), NaCN na-ahapụ gas HCN:

NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑

Mmeghachi omume a dị oke egwu na ngwuputa ọla edo; ezughị oke alkalinity (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbakwunye CaO dị ala) nwere ike ibute ntapu gas HCN, na-etinye nnukwu ihe egwu nchekwa.

2. Site na HCN ruo NaCN

Enwere ike iwepụ HCN site na ntọala siri ike iji megharịa nnu cyanide:

HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O

A na-eji usoro a eme ihe na gas srubbers na-agwọ ọrịa nke nwere HCN.

3. Oxidation na mmebi

Ma NaCN na HCN nwere ike mebie site na oxidation:

• Ngụkọta klorine :

2CN⁻ + 5ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂↑ + N₂↑ + 5Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

• Ozone :

CN⁻ + O₃ → CNO⁻ + O₂

IV. Ihe ịma aka nchekwa yana njikwa nchịkwa

1. Nsi na ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi

• Ahụike Mmadụ : Iku ume HCN (ọgwụ na-egbu egbu: ~50–200 mg) na-akpata amaghị onwe ya ngwa ngwa na ọnwụ.

• Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi : Mmetọ cyanide n'ime mmiri nwere ike igbu ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri; ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọdachi Baia Mare 2000) na-egosi ihe egwu dị na ya.

2. Usoro nhazi

• Nkewa nke UN : HCN bụ kemịkalụ Schedule 3 n'okpuru Nkwekọrịta Ngwa Agha Kemịkalụ.

• Oke OSHA : Oke mkpughe a na-ekwe ka e mee (PEL) maka HCN: 10 ppm (TWA awa 8).

• Ntuziaka ICMI : Iwu Njikwa Cyanide Mba Nile na-enye iwu ka e jiri nlezianya na-egwupụta ihe.

V. Ihe ohuru na njikwa Cyanide

1. Usoro mmepụta dị mma

• Mmepụta n'Ebe : A na-emepụta HCN site na njikwa ammoxidation nke methane (dịka ọmụmaatụ, CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O ), na-ebelata ihe egwu njem.

• Nhọrọ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị cyanide :

• Mwepụta ọlaedo : Thiourea, bromine, ma ọ bụ mmiri ionic.

• Electroplating : Zinc-nickel alloys na-enweghị cyanide.

2. Nleba anya dijitalụ

Ihe mmetụta IoT na AI algọridim na-enyere aka nleba anya n'ezie nke mkpokọta cyanide na ikuku na mmiri, na-ebelata ntachi.

VI. Ụdị Ọdịnihu

• Njikọ Akwụkwọ Ndụ : Mmepụta biocatalytic nke nitriles site na iji enzymes (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nitrile hydratase).

• Ngwa Ike : HCN dị ka ihe na-ebu hydrogen na mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ.

• Akụnụba Gburugburu : Iweghachite cyanide site na mmiri mkpofu site na nzacha akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ mmịpụta.

mmechi

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti sodium cyanide na hydrogen cyanide na-egosi ọrụ abụọ ha dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na ojiji ha ka dị mkpa na ngalaba dịka igwu ala na ọgwụ, ọganihu teknụzụ na nrụgide iwu na-akwalite omume ndị ka mma. Ọdịnihu nke kemistri cyanide dị n'ịhazi arụmọrụ na nkwado, na-ahụ na ihe ndị a dị ike na-ejere ụmụ mmadụ ozi n'emebighị ahụike ma ọ bụ ụwa.