Site na sodium Cyanide ruo Hydrogen Cyanide: Ịchọgharị ngwa na mgbanwe

Cyanides, gụnyere sodium cyanide (NaCN) na Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), so na ogige kemịkalụ kacha egbu egbu ma na-arụ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Mmeghachi omume pụrụ iche ha na-enyere ngwa na-egwupụta ọla edo, ọgwụ, plastik, na ndị ọzọ. Edemede a na-abanye n'ime akụrụngwa, ngwa, na Mgbanwe kemịkalụ n'etiti igodo abụọ a cyanides, mgbe ị na-ekwu maka ihe ịma aka nchekwa na ihe ọhụrụ teknụzụ.

I. Ngwongwo na Ngwa nke sodium Cyanide

1. Chemical Properties

sodium cyanide bụ kristal ọcha siri ike, soluble nke ukwuu na mmiri. Nsi ya sitere na cyanide ion (CN⁻), nke na-egbochi iku ume cellular site na ijikọ na cytochrome oxidase.

2. Eji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe

• Mwepụta ọla edoDị ka a tụlere na mbụ, NaCN na-agbaze ọla edo site na mmeghachi omume:

4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4NaAu(CN)₂ + 4NaOH

• Eletriki: Na-eme ka ion ígwè guzosie ike na mkpuchi (dịka, zinc, ọla kọpa).

• Njikọ Organic: Precursor maka nitriles, adiponitrile (nylon), na ọgwụ.

• PesticidesA na-eji ọgwụ ahụhụ dị ka fenvalerate.

II. Hydrogen Cyanide: Njirimara na ngwa

1. Chemical Properties

Hydrogen cyanide bụ mmiri mmiri/gasị na-enweghị agba nke nwere isi almond. Ọ na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ma na-etinye ya ngwa ngwa site na iku ume ma ọ bụ kọntaktị akpụkpọ ahụ.

2. Eji ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe

• pharmaceuticals: Njikọta nke vitamin (dịka, B12), ọgwụ antithyroid.

• Plastics: Mmepụta nke acrylonitrile (nke a na-eji na plastik ABS na eriri sịntetik).

• Agriculture: Fumigant maka ọka echekwara na igba ogwu ala.

• Agha kemịkalụ: Iji akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ngwa agha, ugbu a na-achịkwa nke ọma.

III. Usoro mgbanwe n'etiti NaCN na HCN

1. Site na NaCN ruo HCN

N'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic (pH <7), NaCN na-ahapụ gas HCN:

NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑

Mmeghachi omume a dị oke egwu na ngwuputa ọla edo; ezughị oke alkalinity (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbakwunye CaO dị ala) nwere ike ibute ntapu gas HCN, na-etinye nnukwu ihe egwu nchekwa.

2. Site na HCN ruo NaCN

Enwere ike iwepụ HCN site na ntọala siri ike iji megharịa nnu cyanide:

HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O

A na-eji usoro a eme ihe na gas srubbers na-agwọ ọrịa nke nwere HCN.

3. Oxidation na mmebi

Ma NaCN na HCN nwere ike mebie site na oxidation:

• Chlorination:

2CN⁻ + 5ClO⁻ + H₂O → 2CO₂↑ + N₂↑ + 5Cl⁻ + 2OH⁻

• Ozioma:

CN⁻ + O₃ → CNO⁻ + O₂

IV. Ihe ịma aka nchekwa yana njikwa nchịkwa

1. Nsi na ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi

• Ahụike Mmadụ: Inhalation nke HCN (ọnụọgụ na-egbu egbu: ~ 50-200 mg) na-akpata amaghị ihe ọ bụla ngwa ngwa na ọnwụ.

• Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi: Mmetọ nke Cyanide n'ụzọ mmiri nwere ike igbu ndụ mmiri; mwụfu akụkọ ihe mere eme (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 2000 Baia Mare ọdachi) na-akọwapụta ihe egwu dị.

2. Usoro nhazi

• Nhazi UN: HCN bụ kemịkalụ nhazi nke atọ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ngwa agha kemịkalụ.

• Oke OSHA: Oke mkpughe ekwe ekwe (PEL) maka HCN: 10 ppm (8-hour TWA).

• Ntuziaka ICMI: Usoro njikwa Cyanide mba ụwa nyere iwu ka ejiri nchekwa dị mma na Ngwuputa.

V. Ihe ohuru na njikwa Cyanide

1. Usoro mmepụta dị mma

• Ọgbọ na saịtị: A na-emepụta HCN site na ammoxidation nke methane na-achịkwa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O), ibelata ihe egwu njem.

• Nhọrọ ndị na-enweghị Cyanide:

• Mwepụta ọla edo: Thiourea, bromine, ma ọ bụ ionic mmiri mmiri.

• Eletriki: Zinc-nickel alloys enweghị cyanide.

2. Nleba anya dijitalụ

Ihe mmetụta IoT na AI algọridim na-enyere aka nleba anya n'ezie nke mkpokọta cyanide na ikuku na mmiri, na-ebelata ntachi.

VI. Ụdị Ọdịnihu

• Synthesis Green: Mmepụta biocatalytic nke nitriles na-eji enzymes (dịka ọmụmaatụ, nitrile hydratase).

• Ngwa ike: HCN dị ka onye na-ebu hydrogen na mkpụrụ ndụ mmanụ ụgbọala.

• Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba: Iweghachite cyanide site na iyi mkpofu site na nzacha akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi.

mmechi

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti sodium cyanide na hydrogen cyanide na-emesi ike ọrụ abụọ ha dị ka ịnyịnya ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na ngwa ha ka dị mkpa na ngalaba dị ka Ngwuputa Ngwuputa na ọgwụ, ọganihu teknụzụ na usoro iwu na-ebute omume dị nchebe. Ọdịnihu nke kemịkalụ cyanide dabere na ịhazi arụmọrụ yana nkwado, na-ahụ na ogige ndị a dị ike na-ejere mmadụ ozi n'emebighị ahụike ma ọ bụ ụwa.