Nga Whakatakotoranga Hangarau Hanga Haumaru mo te Tukatuka Tangohanga Koura Puka Cyanide Heap Leaching

1. Kupu Whakataki

He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te tukanga tango koura mai i te puranga cyanide i roto i te umanga keri koura nā ōna painga pēnei i te māmā, te iti o te utu, me te whai wāhi ki ngā konganuku iti te kounga. Heoi, i te mea he matū tino paitini te cyanide , me whai i ngā whakaritenga hangarau haumaru whakaputa kia pai ai te haumaru o ngā kaimahi, te taiao, me te whakahaere noa o te tukanga whakaputa. I whakatinanahia te "Ngā Whakaritenga Hangarau Whakaputa Haumaru mō te Tukanga Tango Koura mai i te Puranga cyanide" (YS/T 3019 - 2013) i te 1 o Poutū-te-rangi 2014, e whakarato ana i ngā aratohu mārama mō te whakaputa me te whakamātautau i runga i te papaanga o tēnei tukanga.

2. Nga Whakaritenga Taketake mo te Hanga Haumaru

2.1 Te Kowhiringa Pae me te Tahora

• Ngā Āhuatanga Matawhenua : Me whiriwhiri te wāhi mō te tango i te puranga cyanide i runga i te whenua pumau me ngā āhuatanga matawhenua pai. Āta karohia ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te horo whenua, te paru, me te waipuke. Me whakahaere ngā rangahau matawhenua i mua i te wā hei aromatawai i te pumau o te wāhi.

• Te Tawhiti mai i ngā Wāhi Tairongo : Me tū te wāhi tāpae puranga ki tētahi tawhiti e tika ana mai i ngā wāhi noho, ngā puna wai, me ētahi atu wāhi tairongo. Me tutuki ngā whakaritenga tawhiti motuhake ki ngā ture taiao me te haumaru e tika ana. Hei tauira, me [X] mita te tawhiti atu i ngā wāhi noho hei ārai i te pānga o te turuturu hau me te wai paitini ki ngā kainoho.

• Hoahoa Tahora : Me whai tikanga te whakatakotoranga o te wāhi tango puranga. Me wehewehe mārama ngā wāhi mō te puranga konganuku, te tohatoha otinga, te kohikohi koura, me te tuku para. Me rāhui he wāhi e tika ana mō te tāutanga taputapu, te whakahaere, me te tiaki. Me whakarite he ara haumaru me ngā ara whakawātea ohorere kia pai ai te whakawātea o ngā kaimahi mēnā he āhuatanga ohorere.

2.2 Taputapu me te Haumaru Whare

• Ngā Wāhi Ārai-Parenga : Me whai wāhi ā-pūnaha ārai-parenga pono te raro me te taha o te puranga kōhatu hei ārai i te turuturu o ngā wairewa kei roto te cyanide ki roto i te oneone me te wai whenua. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā geomembrane polyethylene matotoru (HDPE) me ētahi atu rauemi ārai-parenga kounga teitei. Me tirotirohia te paparanga ārai-parenga i ia wā mō ngā pakaru, ngā turuturu rānei.

• Ngā Taputapu Rokiroki me te Kawe Wai : Me hanga ngā tāke, ngā paipa, me ngā papu mō te rokiroki me te kawe i ngā wairewa kei roto te cyanide ki ngā rauemi ātete-waikura. Me whakahaere ngā tirotiro auau hei tirotiro mō te waikura, te turuturu, me ētahi atu tūponotanga haumaru. Me whai taputapu ārai waipuke me ngā takirere kati ohorere ngā taputapu rokiroki me te kawe wai katoa.

• Ngā Pūnaha Whakahau me te Putanga Hau : I ngā wāhi e whakahaerehia ana ngā mahi kei roto te cyanide, me tāuta ngā pūnaha whakahau me te putanga hau whai hua hei whakarite i te waimeha me te tango i ngā hau paitini. Me tutuki te rahinga whakahau me te tere putanga hau ki ngā whakaritenga o ngā paerewa e tika ana hei pupuri i tētahi taiao mahi haumaru.

2.3 Pūnaha Whakahaere Haumaru

• Te Whakatūnga o ngā Ture Haumaru : Me whakatū e ngā umanga keri he huinga ture haumaru me ngā tikanga whakahaere katoa mō te tukanga tango i te puranga cyanide. Me kapi i ēnei ture ngā āhuatanga katoa o te whakaputanga, tae atu ki te whakahaere taputapu, te tiaki, te whakahaere cyanide, me te urupare ohorere.

• Whakangungu Kaimahi : Me whiwhi whakangungu haumaru auau ngā kaimahi katoa e whai wāhi ana ki te tukanga tango i te puranga cyanide. Me whakauru ki ngā kaupapa whakangungu ngā āhuatanga me ngā tūponotanga o te cyanide, ngā tikanga whakahaere haumaru, ngā tukanga urupare ohorere, me te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro. Me whakangungu, me whai tohu hoki ngā kaimahi i mua i te whakaaetanga ki te mahi.

• Te Aroturuki me te Tirotiro Haumaru : Me whakahaere tonu te aroturuki me te tirotiro haumaru i roto i te tukanga whakaputa. Ko ngā mea e aro turukihia ana ko te kukū o te cyanide i roto i te hau me te wairewa, te kounga o ngā whare ārai-paru, me te āhua o te mahi a ngā taputapu. Me pupuri ngā tuhinga tirotiro hei tirotiro ā muri ake nei, ā, me whakatika i ngā tūponotanga haumaru katoa e kitea ana i roto i te wā tika.

3. Whakatakotoranga Hangarau Mahi

3.1 Kore Pretreatment

• Te Kuru me te Whakapūtanga : Me kuru te nuinga o ngā konganuku ki te rahi matūriki e tika ana i mua i te tango i te puranga. I te nuinga o te wā, me kuru te rahi matūriki ki te 25.4 mm, kia angiangi ake rānei kia kitea te koura i roto i te konganuku, kia pai ake ai te tere o te whakaora koura. Mō ngā konganuku he iti te uruhanga me te nui o te uku, ka taea te whakamahi i te hangarau pūtanga. I te wā o te pūtanga, me tāpiri he nui o te raima e tika ana hei whakatika i te uara pH o te konganuku ki waenga i te 9.5 - 10.5. I taua wā anō, me whakahaere te kukū o te Sodium cyanide i roto i te tukanga pūtanga i runga i ngā āhuatanga o te konganuku, i te nuinga o te wā tata ki te 60 - 150 karamu mō ia tana o te konganuku koura. Ko te nui o te makuku katoa o ngā pirepire kaua e neke ake i te 30% kia kore ai e wetekina, e ngawari hoki ngā pirepire. Me neke atu i te 72 hāora te wā whakamaroke. Mēnā ka ua i te wā o te whakapūtanga, me hipoki ngā pirepire kia kore ai e ngaro te koura.

• Te Mana Kounga o te Kohatu i mua i te Whakamaoritanga : Me tino whakahaere te kounga o te kohatu i mua i te whakamaoritanga. Me whakahaere he tauira me te tātari auau kia tutuki ai te rahi o te matūriki, te uara pH, me ētahi atu tohu i ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga tango puranga. Ko te kohatu i mua i te whakamaoritanga kua whai tohu anake ka taea te whakamahi mō te hanga puranga.

3.2 Hanga Puka

• Te Whakarite i te Papa : I mua i te hanganga puranga, me horoi te papa, me whakataurite hoki. Me whakatakoto he pari 3% - 5% mō te whenua papatahi hei whakahaere i te rerenga o ngā wai horoi. I muri i te whakataurite, me whakahaere he maimoatanga ārai-mimi ki te papa. Ka taea te whakatakoto i tētahi paparanga urunga he 0.5 m te matotoru ki runga i te turanga kua whakakīia, kātahi ka rehuhia ki te wai konutai waro hei whakarei ake i tōna mahi ārai-mimi.

• Teitei me te Āhua o te Puranga : Kaua te teitei tīmatanga o te puranga kohao e tino teitei, engari kia 3 - 4 mita te pai. Ina pumau te tere o te tango, ka taea te whakanui ake i te teitei o te puranga kohao. Me hoahoa te āhua o te puranga kohao kia pai ai te tohatoha o te wairewa me te uruhanga o te hau. Ko te tikanga, he puranga kohao āhua kōniko, he āhua takahanga rānei te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana.

• Te Parenga Taiao : Me whakatū he awaawa waipuke huri noa i te wāhi tāpaetanga o te puranga hei ārai i te wai ua kei uru ki te puranga kohatu, ā, kei whakawaiwai i te wai tāpaetanga. I taua wā anō, me whakatū he taiapa tiaki huri noa i te puranga kohatu hei ārai i ngā tāngata kāore i whakamanahia kia uru ki te wāhi morearea.

3.3 Rehu Rehu

• Te Whakahaere i te Kukū o te Rehu : Me whakarite te kukū o te Konutai Cyanide i roto i te wai rehu kia rite ki te wāhanga horoi. I te wāhanga tuatahi o te horoi, nā te matatini o te hanganga o te koura, ka taea te whakanui ake i te kukū o te konutai cyanide . I muri i te wā tino tiketike (ina teitei rawa te kukū o te koura horoi), ka taea te whakaiti ki te 0.08% - 0.06%. I te wāhanga o muri mai, ka taea te whakaiti anō ki te 0.04% - 0.02%. Ka taea te whakarite i te kukū o te konutai cyanide i ngā wā katoa kia rite ki te kukū koura o te wai hapu.

• Te Huringa me te Kaha o te Rehu : Ko te roa o te rehu he 7 - 8 hāora ia rā, kaua e neke atu i te 10 hāora te roa (engari me whakaiti te nui). Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia he tauira rehu "rehu 1 mutu 1" "rehu 1 mutu 2" rānei. Kaua e roa rawa te wā rehu kia taea ai e te puranga konganuku te manawa i te hāora i te wā kāore e rehu ana. Me whakahaere te kaha o te rehu ki te 6 - 20 L/m²•h, ā, kaua te mōrahi e neke atu i te 25 - 30 L/m²•h. Mena he nui rawa te kaha o te rehu, ka piki ake te rahinga o te wai kawa, ka memeha te kukū o te koura, ā, ka pāngia te kaha mimiti o te waro whakahohe .

3.4 Whakaora koura mai i te wai hapu

• Ngā Tikanga Whakaora Koura Noa : Ko ngā tikanga noa mō te whakaora koura mai i te wai hapū kei roto te cyanide ko te mimiti waro (pēnei i te tikanga waro-i-roto-te-pou), te whakapūmau konutea (tikanga Merrill-Crowe), me te tango whakarewa. He āhuatanga motuhake tō ia tikanga me te whānuitanga o te whakamahinga. Hei tauira, i roto i te tukanga waro-i-roto-te-pou, ka pupuhihia te otinga mimiti cyanide ki runga mā roto i ngā pou i te tere rere o te 15 ki te 25 gpm/ft², ka whakapūmau i te moenga kua tākaihia o te waro whakahohe (16 × 30 mata) hei mimiti koura.

• Te Whakahaere me te Whakahaere i ngā Taputapu Whakaora Koura : Me tino rite te whakahaere o ngā taputapu whakaora koura ki ngā tikanga whakahaere. Me tirotiro me te tiaki i ngā taputapu i ia wā kia pai ai te mahi. Me aroturuki me te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā pēnei i te kaha mimiti o te waro whakahohe, te pai o te whakamakuku o te paura konutea, me te tere tango o te whakarewa i te wā tika hei whakapai ake i te tere whakaora koura.

3.5 Maimoatanga Pouaka Oka

• Te Whakamate i ngā Puranga Para Kore : I muri i te otinga o te tukanga tango, me whakamate ngā puranga para kore hei whakaiti i te paitini o te cyanide toenga. Ko ngā tikanga whakamate noa ko te whakamahi i ngā waikura pēnei i te hauwai peroxide, te konupūmā hypochlorite rānei. Me whakatau te wā me te horopeta whakamate i runga i te āhua tuturu o ngā puranga para ko te whakarite kia tutuki te kukū cyanide toenga ki ngā paerewa tukunga taiao.

• Te Tango me te Whakakore i ngā Puranga Para Kore : Whai muri i te patu huakita, ka taea te tango i ngā puranga para kore, ā, ka tika te whakakore. Me tutuki te tikanga whakakore i ngā ture taiao e tika ana. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te para kore hei whakakī anō i ngā maina, ka taea rānei te kawe ki tētahi wāhi whakakore para kua tohua hei whakakore.

4. Nga Mahi Whakahoki Ohotata

4.1 Whakaritenga Mahere ohorere

Me hanga e nga umanga maina he mahere urupare ohorere katoa mo nga aitua ka taea i roto i te tukanga rehu putunga cyanide, penei i te rerenga cyanide, te ahi, me te pahū. Ko te mahere ohorere me whakauru nga whakahaere urupare ohorere, nga kawenga a ia mema, nga tikanga urupare ohorere, me nga mahi whakaora ohorere.

4.2 Nga Taputapu Whakaora me nga Rawa

Me rite rawa nga taputapu whakaora ohorere me nga rawa, penei i te kopare hau, i nga kakahu whakamarumaru matū, i nga kete awhina tuatahi, i nga taputapu whakaheke mo te cyanide, me nga taputapu patu ahi. Ko enei taputapu me nga rawa me tirotirohia me te tiaki i nga wa katoa kia pai ai te whakamahi i nga wa ohorere.

4.3 Nga Mahi ohorere

Me whakahaere nga akoako ohorere hei whakapai ake i te kaha o nga kaimahi ki te whakautu ohorere. Ko nga korero o roto o te ruri me hipoki nga momo aitua ka taea, penei i nga akoako riihi cyanide me nga whakangungu patu ahi. Ma nga whakangungu ohorere, ka mohio nga kaimahi ki nga tikanga urupare ohorere me te whakapai ake i to raatau kaha ki te whakatutuki i nga aitua ohorere.

5. Whakamutunga

He mea nui te hanga haumaru o te putunga cyanide te tango koura. Ma te kaha ki te whai i nga whakaritenga hangarau hanga haumaru, te whakapakari i te whakahaere haumaru, me te whakatinana i nga tikanga mahi putaiao, ka taea te whakahaere tika i nga tupono haumaru i roto i te mahi whakaputa. Kaore tenei e whakarite i te haumaru me te hauora o nga kaimahi me te taiao kaiao engari ka whakatairanga ano hoki i te whanaketanga taumau o te umanga keri koura. Me mau tonu nga umanga maina ki te noho haumaru me te whakapai tonu i o raatau taumata whakangao haumaru kia tutuki ai te whainga o te whakaputanga haumaru me te whai hua.