Njira zochizira michira ya cyanide ndi hypochlorite

Introduction

Cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani amigodi, makamaka pochotsa golide ndi siliva chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupanga nyumba zokhazikika ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatalizi. Komabe, kukhalapo kwa cyanide mu tailings zimabweretsa zoopsa zachilengedwe ndi thanzi. Cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ku zamoyo za m'madzi, zomera, ndi nyama, ndipo ikhoza kuwononga magwero a madzi ngati sichisamalidwa bwino. Zotsatira zake, njira zothandiza zochotsera cyanide mu michira ndizofunika kwambiri. Njira imodzi yotere ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito hypochlorite, zomwe zasonyeza kulonjeza kuwononga mankhwala a cyanide ndi kuchepetsa kawopsedwe kawo.

Kumvetsetsa Cyanide mu Tailings

Magwero a Cyanide mu Ntchito Zamigodi

M'makampani amigodi, cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga cyanidation, yomwe ndi njira yodziwika bwino yochotsera golidi ndi siliva kuzinthu zawo. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kusungunuka kwa golide ndi siliva mu njira ya cyanide, kupanga zitsulo zosungunuka zachitsulo-cyanide. Pambuyo ndondomeko m'zigawo, tailings otsala muli cyanide yotsalira, amene akhoza kukhala mu mawonekedwe a free cyanide (CN-), complexed cyanide (mwachitsanzo, zitsulo-cyanide maofesi monga Cu (CN) 32-), kapena ofooka womangidwa cyanide. Kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu michira kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera mtundu wa ore, migodi ndi njira zochotsera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso momwe cyanide imagwirira ntchito.

Zowopsa Zachilengedwe ndi Zaumoyo za Cyanide mu Tailings

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri omwe amatha kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu. M'chilengedwe, cyanide imatha kukhala poizoni kwa zamoyo zam'madzi ngakhale zotsika kwambiri. Ikhoza kulepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwabwino kwa maselo mwa kusokoneza kupuma kwa enzyme cytochrome oxidase, zomwe zimatsogolera kukusowa kwa okosijeni ndipo pamapeto pake imfa. Kuphatikiza apo, cyanide imatha kuchita ndi zinthu zina m'chilengedwe kupanga mankhwala oopsa kwambiri, monga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ndi wowopsa kwambiri ku thanzi la munthu.

Kwa anthu, kukhudzana ndi cyanide kumatha kuchitika pokoka mpweya, kumeza, kapena kukhudzana ndi khungu. Kuwonetsa kwambiri kwa cyanide kungayambitse zizindikiro monga mutu, chizungulire, nseru, kusanza, kupuma mofulumira, komanso nthawi zambiri, kungayambitse chikomokere ndi imfa. Kuwonongeka kosatha kwa cyanide kungathenso kukhala ndi zotsatira za thanzi kwa nthawi yaitali, kuphatikizapo kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, chithokomiro, ndi zoberekera.

Hypochlorite: Wowononga Cyanide Wogwira Ntchito

Mitundu ya Hypochlorite Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito mu Chithandizo cha Cyanide

Hypochlorite ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi Clo-ion. Pochiza masamba a cyanide, mitundu iwiri yodziwika ya hypochlorite imagwiritsidwa ntchito: sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) ndi calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2). Sodium hypochlorite ndi madzi otumbululuka obiriwira achikasu omwe ndi osavuta kugwira ndikusunga. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwake komanso kumasuka kwa dosing. Calcium hypochlorite, kumbali ina, ndi yolimba yoyera yomwe imakhala yokhazikika kuposa sodium hypochlorite ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi yomwe gwero la hypochlorite lokhazikika likufunika.

Reaction Mechanism ya Hypochlorite yokhala ndi Cyanide

Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa hypochlorite ndi cyanide zimachitika munjira zingapo. Mu sitepe yoyamba, hypochlorite oxidize cyanide kukhala cyanate (CNO-). Zomwe zimachitika zitha kuyimiridwa ndi equation yotsatirayi:

CN- + ClO- → CNO- + Cl-

Izi zimachitika mwachangu ndipo zimachitika m'malo amchere. Cyanide yomwe imapangidwa mu sitepe iyi imakhala yochepa kwambiri kuposa cyanide, koma imatha kukhala oxidized. Mu gawo lachiwiri, cyanate imapangidwa ndi hydrolyzed ndikuwonjezeredwa kuti ipange mpweya woipa (CO2), mpweya wa nayitrogeni (N2), ndi ayoni a chloride (Cl-). Zomwe zimachitika zonse zitha kuyimiridwa motere:

2CNO- + 3ClO- + H2O → 2CO2 + N2 + 3Cl- + 2OH-

Makutidwe athunthu a cyanide kupita kuzinthu zopanda poizoni ndikofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti misala yotetezedwa ndi chitetezo komanso kupewa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe.

Njira ya Hypochlorite Chithandizo cha Cyanide Tailings

Kukonzekera kwa Tailings

Asanayambe chithandizo cha hypochlorite, ma cyanide tailings nthawi zambiri amafunikira kusamalidwa kuti asinthe mawonekedwe awo akuthupi ndi mankhwala. Izi zingaphatikizepo masitepe monga thickening kuchepetsa voliyumu tailings slurry, pH kusintha kulenga mulingo woyenera kwambiri zinthu zamchere zimene anachita ndi hypochlorite, ndi kuchotsa particles olimba kapena zosafunika kuti zingasokoneze njira mankhwala.

Kuwonjezera Hypochlorite

Pambuyo poyambira, ma hypochlorite amawonjezeredwa ku tailings slurry. Kuchuluka kwa hypochlorite kumatengera zinthu zingapo, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu michira, mtundu wa hypochlorite womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa chiwonongeko cha cyanide. Ambiri, owonjezera hypochlorite anawonjezera kuonetsetsa wathunthu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa cyanide. Hypochlorite ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa mu mawonekedwe a yankho kapena olimba, malingana ndi mtundu wa hypochlorite ndi dongosolo la mankhwala.

Zochita Zochita ndi Kuyang'anira

Zomwe zimachitika pakati pa hypochlorite ndi cyanide zimachitika pansi pa zinthu zamchere, nthawi zambiri pa pH ya 10 - 12. Kutentha kwa zomwe zimachitika kungakhudzenso momwe zimachitikira, ndi kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumatsogolera ku zochitika zachangu. Komabe, m'mafakitale ambiri, zomwe zimachitika pa kutentha kozungulira kuchepetsa ndalama zamagetsi.

Panthawi ya chithandizo, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa cyanide, hypochlorite, ndi zina monga pH ndi kutentha. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira zosiyanasiyana, monga titration, spectrophotometry, kapena ma elekitirodi a ion-selective. Kuyang'anira kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kusintha kwa chithandizo chamankhwala kuti zitsimikizire kuti mulingo wofunikira wa chiwonongeko cha cyanide ukukwaniritsidwa komanso kuti njira yochizira ikugwira ntchito bwino.

Pambuyo pa Chithandizo ndi Kutaya

Zomwe zachitikazo zikatha ndipo cyanide yawonongeka bwino, michira yothandizidwayo imatha kupitilira masitepe ena pambuyo pa chithandizo. Izi zingaphatikizepo kusalowerera ndale kwa pH kufika pamlingo wovomerezeka kwambiri ndi chilengedwe, kuchotsa zotsalira zilizonse zotsalira kapena zowonongeka, ndi kusanthula komaliza kutsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwa cyanide muzitsulo kumakwaniritsa zofunikira zoyendetsera. Michira yothandizidwayo ikakwaniritsa zofunikira zotayira, imatha kutayidwa bwino m'njira yoyenera, monga poyikirapo kapena potsekera ma tailings.

Ubwino wa Chithandizo cha Hypochlorite

Kuchita Bwino Kwambiri pa Kuwonongeka kwa Cyanide

Mankhwala a Hypochlorite awonetsedwa kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri pakuwononga cyanide mu michira. Pansi pamikhalidwe yoyenera, imatha kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide oxidation, kutsitsa ndende ya cyanide kukhala milingo yomwe imakwaniritsa kapena kupitilira zomwe zimafunikira. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha mphamvu ya oxidizing ya hypochlorite, yomwe imalola kuti izichita mwachangu ndi cyanide ndikuisintha kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo

Poyerekeza ndi njira zina za chithandizo cha cyanide, monga electrochemical oxidation kapena ozoni mankhwala, mankhwala a hypochlorite akhoza kukhala otsika mtengo. Mtengo wa hypochlorite nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika kuposa wa ena oxidizing agents, ndipo zida ndi zofunikira pakupanga mankhwala a hypochlorite ndizosavuta. Komanso, zimene zingachitike pa yozungulira kutentha ndi kuthamanga, kuchepetsa ndalama mphamvu. Komabe, mtengo weniweni wa mankhwalawo ukhoza kusiyana malingana ndi zinthu monga kukula kwa ntchitoyo, kupezeka kwa hypochlorite, ndi mtengo wa mayendedwe ndi kutaya kwa michira yothandizidwa.

Kusavuta Kugwira ndi Kusunga

Sodium hypochlorite, makamaka, ndiyosavuta kugwira ndikusunga. Ndi madzi omwe amatha kuponyedwa mosavuta ndikulowetsedwa mu tailings slurry. Calcium hypochlorite, ngakhale yolimba, imathanso kusungidwa ndikusamalidwa mosamala. Mitundu yonse iwiri ya hypochlorite imakhala yokhazikika pansi pazikhalidwe zosungirako zokhazikika, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito za migodi kumene kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kupezeka kodalirika n'kofunika.

Mavuto ndi Kuganizira

Zomwe Zingachitike Pambali

Ngakhale mankhwala a hypochlorite amatha kuwononga cyanide, pakhoza kukhala zotsatirapo zomwe zingachitike. Mwachitsanzo, hypochlorite imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka m'michira, monga sulfides, thiosulfates, ndi organic matter. Zochita zam'mbalizi zimatha kudya hypochlorite ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yake pakuwonongeka kwa cyanide. Kuphatikiza apo, zina mwazochita zam'mbali zimatha kutulutsa zinthu zomwe zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe kapena thanzi. Mwachitsanzo, zochita za hypochlorite ndi sulfide zimatha kutulutsa mpweya wa sulfure dioxide, womwe ndi woipitsa. Kuchepetsa izi mbali zimachitikira, m`pofunika mosamala khalidwe tailings ndi kukhathamiritsa mankhwala ndondomeko magawo.

Impact pa Tailings Properties

Kuphatikizika kwa hypochlorite ku ma tailings kumathanso kukhudza thupi ndi mankhwala a ma tailings. Mwachitsanzo, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndondomeko zingachititse kusintha pamwamba mlandu wa tailings particles, zomwe zingakhudze khalidwe lawo lokhazikika ndi dzuwa la olimba-zamadzimadzi kulekana njira. Kuonjezera apo, kukhalapo kwa hypochlorite yotsalira kapena zomwe zimapangidwira muzitsulo zowonongeka zingakhale ndi zotsatira za kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe cha michira. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kulingalira izi popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira ya chithandizo cha hypochlorite.

Zowongolera ndi Chitetezo

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa hypochlorite mu chithandizo cha cyanide tailings kumatsatira malamulo okhwima. Migodi iyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti njira yochiritsira ikukwaniritsa malamulo onse okhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi chitetezo. Izi zikuphatikizapo zofunikira zosungira, kusamalira, ndi kutaya kwa hypochlorite, komanso kuyang'anira ndi kupereka malipoti a cyanide ndi zonyansa zina muzitsulo zochiritsidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, hypochlorite ndi amphamvu oxidizing wothandizira ndipo akhoza kubweretsa ngozi chitetezo ngati sanasamalidwe bwino. Ndikofunika kupereka maphunziro oyenerera kwa ogwira ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera zotetezera, monga kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zodzitetezera komanso kuyika zipangizo zotetezera m'dera lachipatala.

Kutsiliza

Chithandizo cha Hypochlorite ndi njira yothandiza komanso yothandiza yowononga cyanide mu michira. Imakhala ndi maubwino angapo, kuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwambiri pakuwonongeka kwa cyanide, kutsika mtengo, komanso kusungika kosavuta ndi kusunga. Kupyolera mu maphunziro a zochitika, tawona kuti ntchito zambiri za migodi zakhala zikuyendetsa bwino njira zothandizira mankhwala a hypochlorite kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zawo kuti agwirizane ndi chilengedwe ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yawo yonse.

Komabe, monga njira iliyonse yothandizira, chithandizo cha hypochlorite chimakhalanso ndi zovuta komanso zovuta zake. Zomwe zingatheke, zomwe zingakhudze mawonekedwe a tailings, ndi zowongolera ndi chitetezo ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala. Pomvetsetsa izi ndi kukhathamiritsa njira yochizira, migodi imatha kuonetsetsa kuti hypochlorite ikugwiritsidwa ntchito motetezeka komanso mogwira mtima pamankhwala a cyanide tailings.

Pamene ntchito ya migodi ikupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chilengedwe, kupanga ndi kukhazikitsa njira zochiritsira zokhazikika komanso zogwira mtima za cyanide, monga chithandizo cha hypochlorite, zidzathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha ntchito za migodi ndi kuteteza thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe.