Njira Zaposachedwa Zopangira Sodium Cyanide

1. Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, monga migodi ya golide, electroplating, ndi kupanga mankhwala. Njira zopangira Sodium cyanide zakhala zikusintha nthawi zonse kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito, kuchepetsa ndalama, komanso kulimbitsa chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza njira zingapo zaposachedwa zopangira Sodium Cyanide.

2. Ammonia - Njira ya Sodium

2.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Mu njira ya ammonia ndi sodium, sodium yachitsulo ndi petroleum coke zimawonjezeredwa koyamba ku reactor mu gawo linalake. Kenako kutentha kumakwezedwa kufika pa 650 °C, ndipo mpweya wa ammonia umalowetsedwa. Pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka kufika pa 800 °C, zimachitika pakatha maola 7, pomwe sodium yachitsulo imasinthidwa kukhala sodium cyanide . Pambuyo pake, ma reactants amasefedwa pa kutentha kwa 650 °C kuti achotse petroleum coke yochulukirapo. Kenako chinthu chosungunukacho chimatulutsidwa ndikuponyedwa mu mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna kuti mupeze zinthu za sodium cyanide.

2.2 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Njirayi ili ndi mfundo yosavuta yochitira zinthu, ndipo sodium ndi ammonia zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala ndizofala kwambiri.

• Zoyipa : Kuchuluka kwa kutentha kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri. Komanso, kugwiritsa ntchito sodium yachitsulo kumabweretsa zoopsa zina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zake.

3. Njira ya Cyanide Melt

3.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Cyanide amasungunuka ndi lead oxide amawonjezeredwa ku thanki yochotsa. Chiwerengero cha cyanide melt to lead oxide ndi (500 - 700):1. Kuphatikizika kwa lead oxide kumathandizira kutulutsa sulfurization ndikupanga lead sulfide precipitate. The madzi m'zigawo ndiye amaloledwa kukhazikika, ndi chifukwa bwino madzimadzi lili 80 - 90 g/L wa NaCN. Mu jenereta, madziwa amakumana ndi sulfuric acid yokhazikika kuti apange mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Pambuyo pa condensation kuchotsa madzi, mpweya wa haidrojeni cyanide umalowa m'mayamwidwe amadzimadzi ndikuchita ndi madzi amchere (sodium hydroxide solution) kupanga sodium cyanide.

3.2 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Njirayi imatha kuchotsa bwino zinthu zonyansa za sulfure powonjezera lead oxide, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza bwino zinthu zomaliza.

• Zoyipa : Kugwiritsa ntchito lead oxide kungayambitse mavuto okhudzana ndi kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha lead. Kuphatikiza apo, njirayi imaphatikizapo magawo angapo monga kuchotsa, kuchitapo kanthu, ndi kuyamwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito ikhale yovuta.

4. Njira ya Andrussow (Njira ya Anshig)

4.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Njira ya Andrussow imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wachilengedwe, ammonia, ndi mpweya ngati zinthu zopangira. Choyamba, mpweya wachilengedwe umatsukidwa mu nsanja yotsukira madzi kuti uchotse sulfure yopanda organic ndi gawo la sulfure yachilengedwe. Pambuyo posefedwa, mpweya wachilengedwe woyengedwa uyenera kukhala ndi sulfure wokwana ≤1 mg/m³ ndipo kuchuluka kwa hydro Carbon s pamwamba pa C₂ kuyenera kukhala kochepera 2%. Ammonia yamadzimadzi imaphikidwa mu vaporizer, ndipo mpweya umasefedwa kudzera mu fyuluta. Kenako zinthu zitatuzo zimasakanizidwa mu chosakanizira pa chiŵerengero cha ammonia:methane:mpya = 1:(1.15 - 1.17):(6.70 - 6.80). Mpweya wosakaniza umalowa mu oxidation reactor yokhala ndi platinum-rhodium alloy ngati chothandizira. Pa kutentha kwa 1070 - 1120 °C, zimachitika kuti pakhale mpweya wosakaniza wokhala ndi 8.5% hydrogen cyanide.

Mpweyawo umakhazikika ndikulowa munsanja ya ammonia - mayamwidwe, pomwe ammonia otsalira amatengedwa ndi sulfuric acid. Pambuyo pake, utakhazikika ndi madzi ndipo hydrogen cyanide imatengedwa ndi madzi otsika kutentha. Mpweya wamchira umatulutsidwa pambuyo potsukidwa ndi nsanja ya alkali - wash tower. Njira ya hydrogen cyanide yomwe imatengedwa ndi madzi ndi kutentha - kusinthanitsa ndikulowa munsanja ya desorption. Pamwamba pa nsanja ya desorption, hydrogen cyanide yokhala ndi chiyero cha 98% imapezeka. Hydrogen cyanide iyi imakhudzidwa ndi njira ya alkali kupanga njira ya sodium cyanide, yomwe imakonzedwanso kudzera mu evaporation, crystallization, kuyanika, ndi kupanga kuti ipeze mankhwala omaliza a sodium cyanide.

4.2 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : M'madera omwe ali ndi gasi wachilengedwe wambiri, mtengo wa zipangizo zopangira ndi wotsika. Njirayi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale, ndipo kukula kwa kupanga kungakhale kwakukulu.

• Zoyipa : M'madera omwe alibe gasi wachilengedwe, omwe akukhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga kusowa kwa gasi wachilengedwe, mfundo, ndi mitengo, mtengo wopangira ungasinthe kwambiri. Zinthu zomwe zimachitika kutentha kwambiri zimafuna zida zolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri ndipo zimadya mphamvu zambiri.

5. Njira yamoto

5.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Gasi, mpweya, ndi ammonia amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo. Mipweya itatuyi imasefedwa padera kuti ichotse zonyansa ndikulowa mu chosakanizira pambuyo pokhazikika ndikuyezedwa. Mbali ya okosijeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpweya waukulu wolowera mu chosakanizira, ndipo gawo lina limadyetsedwa mwachindunji mumphuno kuti liwotchedwe. Zida zitatuzi zimaphatikizidwa mugawo linalake ndipo zimayaka moto kuti ziphatikize hydrogen cyanide pa kutentha kwa 1500 ° C.

Mpweyawo umazimitsidwa popopera madzi ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi kuziziritsa mu chozizira. Kenako amalowa ammonia - mayamwidwe nsanja, kumene otsalira ammonia mu anachita mpweya odzipereka ndi 15% - 20% sulfuric acid, ndi ammonium sulphate akhoza anachira. Mpweya womwe umakhala ndi hydrogen cyanide umatsitsidwa ndi madzi ndikumwedwa ndi madzi otsika kwambiri kuti apange njira ya 1.5% ya hydrogen cyanide. Njirayi imayikidwa mu distillation nsanja kuti ipeze haidrojeni cyanide yokhala ndi 98% - 99%. Potsirizira pake, imatengedwa ndi njira ya alkali, ndipo pambuyo pa nthunzi, crystallization, kuyanika, ndi kupanga, mankhwala a sodium cyanide amapezeka.

5.2 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Njirayi ingapangitse kuti pakhale hydrogen cyanide yoyera kwambiri. Kubwezeretsa ammonium sulfate monga chinthu china kungabweretse phindu linalake pazachuma.

• Zoyipa : Kutentha kwambiri kumafuna mphamvu zambiri. Njirayi imaphatikizaponso ntchito zovuta monga kusakaniza gasi, kuyaka, kuzimitsa, ndi kuyamwa, zomwe zimafuna kuwongolera kwambiri njira.

6. Njira Yopangira Mafuta a Pyrolysis

6.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Mafuta opepuka ndi ammonia amasakanizidwa mu atomizer mu gawo linalake ndikutenthedwa mpaka 280 ° C. Chosakanizacho chimalowa mu ng'anjo yamagetsi yamagetsi kuti pyrolysis ichitike. Petroleum coke imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chonyamulira, ndipo nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpweya woteteza kuteteza okosijeni pamalo otsekedwa. Pa kutentha kwa 1450 ° C, zomwe zimachitika popanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Gasi ndiye fumbi - amachotsedwa, kuziziritsidwa, ndikukonzedwanso kudzera mu njira monga kuchotsa ammonia, kutsuka madzi, kuyamwa, ndi kusungunula kuti mupeze hydrogen cyanide yoyera. Pomaliza, hydrogen cyanide imakhudzidwa ndi njira ya alkali (sodium hydroxide) kupanga sodium cyanide.

6.2 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Ukadaulo wa njira imeneyi ndi wachikulire. Ukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opepuka, omwe ndi zinthu zofala kwambiri mumakampani opanga mafuta.

• Zoyipa : Pali zovuta pakuchotsa hydrogen cyanide m'madzi ndi kuchotsa zinthu zodetsedwa. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, ndipo kukonza "zinyalala zitatu" (mpweya wonyansa, madzi otayira, ndi zinyalala) n'kovuta. Mtengo wopangira ndi wokwera.

7. Acrylonitrile Mwa - Njira Yopangira

7.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Popanga acrylonitrile ndi ammoxidation ya propylene, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide umapangidwa ngati mankhwala (kuchuluka kwake ndi kofanana ndi 4% - 10% ya kupanga acrylonitrile). Mpweya wokhala ndi hydrogen cyanide umatengedwa ndi njira ya alkali. Pambuyo pa evaporation, ndende, kupatukana, ndi kuyanika, mankhwala a sodium cyanide amapezeka.

7.2 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Iyi ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu pang'ono, yomwe ingagwiritse ntchito bwino zinthu ndikuchepetsa ndalama zopangira mpaka pamlingo winawake.

• Zoyipa : Kupanga kwa sodium cyanide kumachepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa acrylonitrile. Ubwino wa hydrogen cyanide yomwe imachokera ku chinthucho ungakhudzidwe ndi njira yayikulu yopangira acrylonitrile, yomwe imafuna kuwongolera ndi kuyeretsa kwambiri.

8. Methanol Ammoxidation Njira

8.1 Mfundo Yoyendetsera Ntchito

Mpweya umadutsa mu fyuluta ndi chotenthetsera choyambirira ndikulowa m'ng'anjo yamoto. Ammonia yamadzimadzi imatenthedwa ndipo methanol imatuluka. Iwo kulowa kusakaniza chisanadze chotenthetsera ndiyeno anachita ndi mpweya mu anachita ng'anjo. Pansi pa chothandizira chopangidwa makamaka ndi Fe - Mo oxide, zomwe zimapanga hydrogen cyanide. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide umalowa mu nsanja ya de - ammonia kuchotsa ammonia kenako ndikupeza hydrogen cyanide. Pomaliza, imatengedwa ndi njira ya alkali kukonzekera sodium cyanide.

8.2 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Kugwiritsa ntchito methanol ndi ammonia ngati zinthu zopangira n'kofala kwambiri, ndipo chothandiziracho chikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito pamlingo winawake. Njirayi ikhoza kusinthidwa malinga ndi zosowa zopangira.

• Zoyipa : Chothandizirachi chimakhudzidwa ndi momwe zinthu zimachitikira, ndipo kusintha pang'ono kwa kutentha, kuthamanga, ndi chiŵerengero cha zinthu zopangira kungakhudze ntchito ndi kusankha kwa chothandizira, motero kukhudza zokolola ndi ubwino wa chinthucho.

9. Kutsiliza

Kapangidwe ka sodium cyanide aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe ake. Kusankhidwa kwa njira zopangira kutengera zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kupezeka kwa zinthu zopangira, mtengo, zofunikira zachilengedwe, komanso kukula kwake. Ndi chitukuko chosalekeza chaukadaulo, njira zatsopano zopangira zitha kubwera mtsogolomo, ndicholinga chofuna kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito komanso chilengedwe cha kupanga sodium cyanide. Pomwe kufunikira kwa sodium cyanide m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana kukukulirakulira, kukhathamiritsa ndi luso lazopangapanga zitenga gawo lofunikira pakukwaniritsa zosowa zamsika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chitukuko chikuyenda bwino.