Kuwongolera Zinthu Zochita mu Cyanide Waste Water Treatment

Introduction

Madzi otayira okhala ndi Cyanide amapangidwa kuchokera ku njira zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale monga kuyika zitsulo, kuuma kwa chivundikiro chachitsulo, ndi kuyenga miyala yagolide ndi siliva. Chifukwa cha poizoni wambiri wa Cyanide , womwe ungakhale woopsa kwa zamoyo ngakhale pakakhala zochepa, kuchiza bwino madzi otayira amenewa ndikofunikira kwambiri. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuchiza bwino madzi otayira a cyanide ndikuwongolera bwino momwe zinthu zimachitikira. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza momwe zinthu zimachitikira komanso momwe mungawalamulire panthawi yochiza madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide.

Kuwongolera pH

Kufunika Kwa Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zochizira

1.Alkaline Chlorination Process

• Alkaline chlorination ndi njira yodziwika bwino yoyeretsera madzi a cyanide, ndipo kuwongolera pH kumachita gawo lofunikira. The mankhwala anachita kumachitika masitepe awiri. Mu gawo loyamba, cyanide ndi oxidized kuti cyanate ndi sodium hypochlorite kapena osakaniza chlorine mpweya ndi sodium hydroxide. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa pH pagawo loyamba la okosijeni nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 10 ndi 11. Ngati pH ili yotsika kwambiri, ikasanduka acidic, zomwe zimachitika zimatha kutulutsa poizoni wa cyanogen chloride, zomwe zingayambitse ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene pH imatsika pansi pa 8. izi zovulaza ndi - mankhwala akhoza kupanga. Kumbali inayi, ngati pH ndi yokwera kwambiri, zomwe zimachitika zimachepa kwambiri. Makhalidwe apamwamba a pH amatha kusokoneza kusungunuka ndi kuyambiranso kwa ma reactants, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makutidwe ndi okosijeni asamayende bwino.

2.Hydrogen Peroxide Njira

• Mu hydrogen peroxide - zochokera mankhwala cyanide madzi oipa, mulingo woyenera pH osiyanasiyana zambiri lagona pakati 9 ndi 11. Mu njira imeneyi, hydrogen peroxide kuwola pamaso pa chothandizira (monga chitsulo mchere) kupanga kwambiri zotakasika hydroxyl ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira kuti oxidize sianidi. PH mkati mwamtunduwu imalimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwa hydrogen peroxide ndikupanga ma radicals ofunikirawa. Ngati pH ili kunja kwamtunduwu, kuwonongeka kwa hydrogen peroxide kudzalephereka, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya okosijeni yonse.

3.Biodegradation Njira

• Kuti cyanide iwonongeke - yomwe imakhala ndi madzi oipa, pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaphwanya cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto, pH iyenera kusungidwa pakati pa 6.5 ndi 8.5. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ta pH timakhala ndi mulingo woyenera wa pH pazochita zawo zama metabolic. Ngati pH ili ya acidic kwambiri kapena yamchere kwambiri, imatha kusokoneza ma enzymes omwe amakhudzidwa ndi cyanide - kusokoneza kagayidwe kake ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pH imatsika pansi pa 6.5. ma cyanide ambiri - mabakiteriya oyipa adzapeza kuchepa kwa kukula kwawo ndi cyanide - kuwononga mphamvu.

Njira zosinthira pH

Kuti muwongolere pH, zinthu zoyenera za acidic kapena zamchere zimawonjezeredwa kumadzi otayidwa. Ma acid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi sulfuric acid ndi hydrochloric acid, pomwe ma alkali ambiri ndi sodium hydroxide ndi calcium hydroxide. Kuchuluka kwa asidi kapena zamchere zomwe ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa zimawerengedwa kutengera pH yoyambirira yamadzi otayidwa ndi cholinga cha pH cha njira yochizira. Muyezo wolondola wa pH umachitika pogwiritsa ntchito masensa a pH, ndipo makina a dosing atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera mankhwala ofunikira molondola.

Kuwongolera Kutentha

Zokhudza Zochita

1.Alkaline Chlorination ndi Hydrogen Peroxide Njira

• Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezeka kutentha akhoza imathandizira zimene mitengo onse zamchere chlorination ndi hydrogen peroxide - zochokera mankhwala. Komabe, kutentha kumafunika kuwongolera mosamala. Mu alkaline chlorination, kutentha kwabwino kwambiri ndi 20 - 30 ° C. Ngati kutentha kuli kotsika kwambiri, momwe zimakhalira zimachedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cyanide ikhale yosakwanira. Mwachitsanzo, pa kutentha pansi pa 15 ° C, zomwe zimachitika pakati pa cyanide ndi sodium hypochlorite zidzatenga nthawi yotalikirapo kuti zitheke. Kumbali ina, ngati kutentha kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, pamene pali chlorine yamchere, mpweya wa chlorine ukhoza kuthawa mu yankho, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya oxidizing agent. Mu njira ya hydrogen peroxide, kutentha pamwamba pa 35 ° C kungayambitse kuwonongeka kofulumira kwa hydrogen peroxide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wa oxygen m'malo mwa ma hydroxyl radicals omwe amafunidwa a cyanide oxidation.

2.Biodegradation Njira

• Mu biodegradation ya cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa, kutentha kwabwino kwa ma cyanide - tizilombo towononga ndi 20 - 35 ° C. Kutentha kunja kwamtunduwu kumatha kukhudza kwambiri ntchito ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Pakutentha (pansi pa 20 ° C), kagayidwe kachakudya kameneka kamachepa, ndipo sangathe kuphwanya bwino cyanide. Kutentha kwakukulu (kupitirira 35 ° C) kungathe kuwononga ma cell membranes ndi ma enzymes a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa selo ndi kutaya mphamvu ya cyanide - yowononga.

Njira Zowongolera Kutentha

Kuti mukhale ndi kutentha koyenera, makina otenthetsera kapena ozizira amatha kuikidwa muzitsulo zopangira madzi onyansa. Powotcha, makina otenthetsera opangidwa ndi nthunzi kapena ma heater amagetsi angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pozizira, madzi - zotenthetsera zozizira kapena mpweya - zoziziritsa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kutentha kumayang'aniridwa mosalekeza pogwiritsa ntchito masensa a kutentha, ndipo makina otenthetsera kapena ozizira amasinthidwa moyenera kuti asunge kutentha mkati mwa njira yabwino yothetsera chithandizo.

Kuwongolera Mlingo wa Oxidant

Kusankha Ndalama Zoyenera

1.Alkaline Chlorination

• Mu alkaline chlorination, kuchuluka kwa okosijeni (sodium hypochlorite kapena chlorine mpweya) kumawerengedwa potengera zomwe stoichiometry ndi cyanide zimachita. M'malo mwake, kuchuluka kwa okosijeni, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala 10 - 20% kuposa kuchuluka kwamalingaliro, kumawonjezeredwa. Izi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti cyanide ikhale ndi okosijeni wathunthu, chifukwa pakhoza kukhala zinthu zina m'madzi oyipa zomwe zimatha kuwononga okosijeniyo. Ngati mlingo wa okosijeni uli wochepa kwambiri, cyanide sadzakhala oxidized kotheratu, ndipo madzi otayira oyeretsedwa angakhale akadali ndi poizoni wambiri wa cyanide. Komano, ngati mlingowo uli wochuluka kwambiri, sikuti umangowonjezera mtengo wamankhwala komanso ungayambitsenso kupanga zosafunika ndi - mankhwala, monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi - mankhwala pamene klorini yochuluka imachita ndi zinthu zina zamoyo m'madzi onyansa.

2.Hydrogen Peroxide Njira

• Mu njira yochizira ya hydrogen peroxide, mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa hydrogen peroxide umatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyezetsa kwa labotale. Mlingo umatengera zinthu monga kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi onyansa, kupezeka kwa zinthu zina zosokoneza, komanso mtundu wa chothandizira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mofanana ndi chlorination yamchere, kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide kosakwanira kumapangitsa kuti cyanide oxidation ikhale yosakwanira. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa ma radicals opangidwa ndi hydroxyl, kuchepetsa mphamvu yamankhwala ndikuwonjezera mtengo wake.

Mlingo Control Zida

Kuti muwongolere molondola mlingo wa okosijeni, mapampu a metering amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mapampuwa amatha kupereka voliyumu yofunikira ya yankho la okosijeni mu choyatsira madzi oyipa. Makina owongolera okha amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mapampu a metering, omwe amasintha mlingo kutengera kuwunika kwenikweni kwa nthawi ya cyanide m'madzi onyansa kapena kupita patsogolo kwa ma oxidation reaction (monga kudzera muyeso la ORP, lomwe tidzakambirana pambuyo pake).

Oxidation - Reduction Potential (ORP) Control

Ntchito Yoyang'anira Zomwe Zikuchitika

1.Alkaline Chlorination

• Mu njira ya alkaline chlorination, kuwunika kwa ORP ndikofunikira kuti muwone momwe ma oxidation akuyendera. Pamene makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa cyanide kukhala cyanate ndiyeno kuwonjezereka kwa okosijeni kwa cyanate kuzinthu zopanda vuto kumachitika, mtengo wa ORP wamadzi oyipa umasintha. Pa gawo loyamba la okosijeni wa cyanide kukhala cyanide, ORP nthawi zambiri imawonjezeka. Cholinga cha ORP pa sitejiyi ndi pafupifupi 300 - 500 mV (kutengera momwe zimachitikira). ORP ikafika pamtunduwu, zikuwonetsa kuti gawo loyamba la okosijeni latsala pang'ono kutha. Mu gawo lachiwiri - makutidwe ndi okosijeni a cyanate kupita ku zinthu zopanda vuto, ORP imachulukirachulukira, ndipo chandamale chimakhala chozungulira 600 - 700 mV. Poyang'anira ORP, ogwiritsira ntchito amatha kudziwa nthawi yoti asiye kuwonjezera oxidant, kuonetsetsa kuti zomwe zachitikazo zatha popanda kupitirira - kuthira madzi oipa kapena kutaya oxidant.

2.Hydrogen Peroxide Njira

• Pa chithandizo cha hydrogen peroxide, ORP imagwiranso ntchito ngati chizindikiritso cha momwe zinthu zikuyendera. ORP yoyamba ya cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa ndi yochepa. Pamene hydrogen peroxide ikuwonjezedwa ndipo ma oxidation reaction amapitilira, ORP imawonjezeka. Chandamale cha ORP chamankhwala a hydrogen peroxide amadzi onyansa a cyanide nthawi zambiri amakhala mozungulira 400 - 500 mV. ORP ikafika pamtengo umenewu, zimasonyeza kuti cyanide yapangidwa kuti ikhale yopanda poizoni.

ORP Monitoring and Control Systems

Masensa a ORP amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira mosalekeza mtengo wa ORP wamadzi otayira pamagetsi opangira mankhwala. Masensa awa amalumikizidwa ndi dongosolo lowongolera lomwe limatha kukonzedwa kuti lisinthe kuwonjezera kwa okosijeni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ORP ili pansi pa zomwe mukufuna, dongosolo lolamulira likhoza kuonjezera mlingo wa okosijeni (monga hydrogen peroxide kapena sodium hypochlorite) akuwonjezeredwa kumadzi onyansa. Mosiyana ndi izi, ngati ORP ipitilira mulingo womwe mukufuna, makina owongolera amatha kuchepetsa kapena kuyimitsa kuwonjezera kwa okosijeni.

Kutsiliza

Kuwongolera momwe zinthu zimachitikira mumadzi otayira a cyanide ndikofunikira kuti mukwaniritse bwino komanso mwachitetezo madzi atayipi akuphawa. Kuwongolera molondola pH, kutentha, mlingo wa okosijeni, ndi ORP kungawonetsetse kuti mankhwalawa amasintha bwino cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni kapena zopanda poizoni. Poyang'anira mosamala zomwe zikuchitikazi, mafakitale sangangokwaniritsa malamulo a chilengedwe komanso kukhathamiritsa mtengo - kuchita bwino kwa njira zawo zoyeretsera madzi a cyanide. Kuwunika pafupipafupi ndikusintha magawowa ndikofunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamadzi otayira komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito pamafakitale.