Njira Yopanga ndi Kupita Kwaukadaulo kwa Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga kuchotsa migodi yagolide, kupanga ma electroplating, komanso kupanga mankhwala ophatikizana. Njira Yopangira Yake yakhala ikusintha ukadaulo kwa zaka zoposa zana, ndipo pakadali pano, njira yamafakitale yomwe ikulamulidwa ndi njira yopangira yapangidwa. Nkhaniyi idzakonza njira zazikulu zopangira Sodium Cyanide ndi kupita patsogolo kwawo kwaukadaulo, ndikukambirana njira zamtsogolo zopangira.

I. Kusintha kwa Njira Zopangira Sodium Cyanide

1. Njira Zoyambilira (Kumapeto kwa Zaka za m'ma 19 - Pakati pa 20th Century)

Kale kwambiri, kupanga sodium cyanide kunkadalira kwambiri kuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, njira yopangira "cyanidation for gold extraction" yomwe idapangidwa mu 1887 idatulutsa ma cyanide pokonza zomera zomwe zili ndi cyanide (monga ma amondi owawa). Komabe, njira iyi sinali yothandiza, yokwera mtengo, komanso yovuta kukwaniritsa zosowa za mafakitale. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, katswiri wa zamankhwala waku Germany Friedrich Kahlbaum adapanga njira yosungunula cyanide, yomwe idakonza Sodium cyanide posintha calcium cyanide ndi sodium carbonate. Chifukwa cha mtengo wotsika wa zinthu zopangira komanso kuphweka kwa njirayi, njira iyi idakhala ukadaulo wodziwika bwino m'masiku oyambirira.

2. Kukwera kwa Njira Yophatikizira (Mid-20th Century mpaka Panopa)

Ndi chitukuko cha makampani petrochemical, kaphatikizidwe njira pang'onopang'ono m'malo miyambo chikhalidwe. Pakadali pano, 90% ya sodium cyanide padziko lonse lapansi imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu izi:

• Andrussow Process

Pogwiritsa ntchito methane, ammonia, ndi okosijeni ngati zida zopangira, kutulutsa kwa okosijeni kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi chothandizira cha platinamu-rhodium alloy:

Mpweya wopangidwa ndi hydrogen cyanide (HCN) umatengedwa ndi sodium hydroxide kuti apeze yankho la sodium cyanide. Njirayi ili ndi ubwino wa zipangizo zotsika mtengo komanso zofulumira kuchitapo kanthu, koma kutentha kwakukulu (1000 - 1200 ° C) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zopangira zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kumabweretsa ndalama zambiri.

• Njira Yopangira Mafuta a Pyrolysis

Pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta opepuka (monga naphtha) monga zopangira, HCN imapangidwa kudzera mu pyrolysis pa kutentha kwakukulu (1400 - 1500 ° C), ndipo chithandizo chotsatira chimakhala chofanana ndi ndondomeko ya Andrussow. Njirayi ndi yoyenera kupanga zazikulu koma imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo imatulutsa mpweya wakuda wakuda ngati wopangidwa mwachilengedwe.

• Methanol Ammonia Oxidation Njira

Pogwiritsa ntchito methanol, ammonia, ndi mpweya monga zopangira, HCN imapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi chothandizira (monga V₂O₅-MoO₃):

Njirayi imakhala ndi ndalama zotsika mtengo komanso momwe zimakhalira pang'ono (400 - 500 ° C), ndipo pang'onopang'ono yakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira zida zatsopano.

II. Kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi Njira Zatsopano

1. Kupanga Njira Zobiriwira

Njira zachikhalidwe zimakhala ndi zovuta zakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso kuipitsa kwakukulu. M'zaka zaposachedwa, ofufuza afufuza njira zobiriwira zotsatirazi:

• Njira ya Biosynthesis

Kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga Pseudomonas) kuti tithandize kupanga ma cyanide , koma izi zikadali mu labotale.

• Electrochemical Synthesis

Kubwezeretsanso sodium cyanide pogwiritsa ntchito electrolyzing madzi otayidwa okhala ndi cyanide kuti akwaniritse zobwezeretsanso, koma magwiridwe antchito ndi mtengo wake uyenera kukonzedwanso.

2. Intelligent Control and Safety Technologies

Kupanga kwa sodium cyanide kumaphatikizapo zinthu zapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kuwongolera chitetezo ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mafakitole amakono nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito Distributed Control System (DCS) kuti akwaniritse zonse zomwe zikuchitika, ndikuyambitsa ukadaulo wowunikira pa intaneti kuti aziwunika kuchuluka kwa HCN munthawi yeniyeni, kuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kutayikira.

3. Circular Economy Model

Konzani kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopangira limodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya wa carbon dioxide womwe umapangidwa mu njira ya Andrussow ungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga urea, ndipo mpweya wakuda womwe umapangidwa mu Njira ya Light Oil Pyrolysis ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera mphamvu ya rabara, kupanga unyolo wa mafakitale wozungulira wa "zinthu - zinthu - zinyalala - zinthu zobwezerezedwanso".

III. Mavuto ndi Zochitika Zamtsogolo

1. Kusinthasintha kwa Ndalama Zopangira Zinthu

Njira ya Andrussow ndi njira ya methanol imadalira gasi (methane) ndi malasha (monga zopangira methanol). Kusinthasintha kwamitengo yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi kumakhudza mwachindunji ndalama zopangira. Kupanga njira zopangira zinthu zopanda mafuta (monga biomass kupita ku methanol) ndi nkhani yotentha kwambiri m'tsogolomu.

2. Kuchulukirachulukira Kupanikizika kwa Chitetezo Chachilengedwe

Ndi kukhwimitsidwa kwa malamulo oteteza chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, kupanga sodium cyanide kuyenera kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwa nitrogen oxides (NOx) ndi madzi onyansa okhala ndi cyanide. Ukadaulo wolekanitsa mamembrane, catalytic oxidation denitrification, ndi njira zina zayesedwa m'mafakitale ena.

3. Kukula kwa Mapulogalamu Apamwamba

Kufunika kwa sodium cyanide yoyera kwambiri (kuyera ≥ 99.9%) pakuphatikizika kwa zinthu zoyambira za cathode zamabatire a lithiamu-ion kukukula mwachangu, kulimbikitsa kukweza kwa njira yopangira kuti ikhale yoyenga komanso yoyera kwambiri.

Kutsiliza

Kukula kwa njira zopangira sodium cyanide zakhala zikusintha mozungulira zolinga zazikulu zitatu za "chitetezo, kuchita bwino, ndi kubiriwira". M'tsogolomu, ndikupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo watsopano wamagetsi ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe, komanso kuphatikizika kozama kwa kupanga digito, makampani a sodium cyanide apitiliza kukulitsa njira yochepetsera mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, kuwononga pang'ono, komanso kuwonjezereka kwamtengo wapatali.