Sodium Cyanide: Chemical Properties ndi Reaction Mechanisms

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale komanso amakhudza chitetezo chifukwa cha poizoni wake. Kumvetsetsa momwe mankhwala ake amagwirira ntchito komanso njira zake zochitira zinthu ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu azitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito m'mafakitale, komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kupereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha momwe mankhwalawo amagwirira ntchito komanso njira zomwe Sodium cyanide imachitira zinthu.

Ma Chemical Properties a Sodium Cyanide

Kuwoneka Kwawo

Sodium cyanide ndi woyera, crystalline olimba kutentha firiji. Ili ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo wa cubic ndipo nthawi zambiri imawoneka ngati yaing'ono, yopanda fungo (youma) granules kapena ufa. Komabe, ikakumana ndi chinyezi kapena asidi, imatha kutulutsa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe uli ndi fungo lodziwika bwino la amondi. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti si aliyense amene angazindikire fungo ili, chifukwa luso la kununkhiza limadziwika ndi majini.

Kutupa

NaCN imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Ikasungunuka m'madzi, imasiyanitsidwa kukhala sodium ions (Na⁺) ndi cyanide ions (CN⁻) molingana ndi equation iyi:

NaCN(s) H2O, Na+(aq) Na+ (aq) + CN-(aq)

Kusungunuka kwakukulu kumeneku m'madzi kumapangitsa kukhala kowopsa kwa chilengedwe chifukwa kumatha kuipitsa magwero amadzi mosavuta. Amasungunukanso mu zosungunulira za polar organic monga methanol ndi ethanol.

Kukhazikika

Sodium cyanide imakhala yokhazikika bwino pa nthawi yabwinobwino. Komabe, imakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, chinyezi, ndi ma acid. Ikatenthedwa, imatha kuwola, kutulutsa mpweya woopsa kwambiri wa hydrogen cyanide. Pakakhala ma acid, ngakhale ma acid ofooka monga Carbon ic acid (opangidwa pamene carbon dioxide isungunuka m'madzi), zotsatirazi zimachitika:- NaCN + H2O + CO2 → NaHCO3 + HCN↑

Izi zikusonyeza kufunika kosunga Sodium Cyanide pamalo ouma komanso ozizira, kutali ndi zinthu za acidic.

Njira Zochitira za Sodium Cyanide

Kuchita ndi Zitsulo

Sodium cyanide imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha luso lake lopanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kuchotsa golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku miyala yawo m'migodi. Pakakhala mpweya ndi madzi, sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito ndi golide (Au) mu miyala kuti ipange golide wosungunuka ndi cyanide. Zonsezi zitha kufotokozedwa motere:

4Au+8NaCN+O2+2H2O→4Na[Au(CN)2]+ 4NaOH

Pochita izi, ma cyanide ions amalumikizana ndi maatomu agolide, kutembenuza golide wosasungunuka mu ore kukhala chinthu chosungunuka chomwe chimatha kupatukana mosavuta ndi mwala wotsala ndi zonyansa zina. Kachitidwe kameneka kamakhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa golide ndi okosijeni, kutsatiridwa ndi kusakanikirana kwa golide wopangidwa ndi okosijeni ndi ayoni a cyanide.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

Ma ioni a Cyanide (CN⁻) ndi ma nucleophile amphamvu. Mu organic chemistry, amatha kutenga nawo mbali mu ma nucleophilic substitution reactions. Mwachitsanzo, pamene alkyl halide (R - X, pomwe R ndi gulu la alkyl ndipo X ndi halogen) imachita ndi sodium cyanide mu aprotic solvent monga dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), zotsatirazi zimachitika: RX + NaCNR-CN + NaX

Cyanide ion imaukira atomu ya kaboni yolumikizidwa ku halogen, ndikuchotsa atomu ya halogen m'malo mwake. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma nitriles, omwe ndi ofunikira pakati pakupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagulu monga ma carboxylic acid, ma amines, ndi mankhwala a heterocyclic.

Kuchita ndi Madzi (Hydrolysis)

Monga tanenera kale, sodium cyanide imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi madzi mu hydrolysis reaction. Pakakhala madzi, cyanide ion imatha kulandira pulotoni kuchokera kumadzi kuti ipange hydrogen cyanide ndi hydroxide ion: CN-(aq) + H2O(l) HCN (aq) + OH-(aq)

Dongosolo la hydrolysis limasinthidwa, ndipo malo omwe amafanana amatengera zinthu monga pH ndi kutentha. M'mayankho a acidic, mgwirizano umasinthira ku mapangidwe a mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, pomwe munjira zoyambira, ion cyanide imakhalabe mu mawonekedwe ake anionic.