Cyanide ndi Nitrile Compounds

Ma cyanides ndi nitriles ndi magulu awiri a mankhwala omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamafakitale osiyanasiyana. Ma cyanides, omwe amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwake cyanide ion (CN⁻), amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, m’makampani amigodi, cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokumba zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golidi ndi siliva. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira za cyanide kuti zisungunuke zitsulo kuchokera ku ores, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphamvu - kupanga mphamvu ya cyanide ion ndi zitsulo izi. Njirayi, yomwe imadziwika kuti cyanidation, ndiyothandiza kwambiri pakulekanitsa golide ndi siliva ku mchere wina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yofunikira kwambiri pantchito yamigodi.

Komano, ma nitriles, omwe ali ndi - CN magwiridwe antchito, ndiofunikanso pamakampani opanga mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Popanga ulusi wopangira, monga ulusi wodziwika bwino wa acrylic, nitriles ndi zida zofunika kwambiri. Polyacrylonitrile, mtundu wa polima wopangidwa kuchokera ku acrylonitrile (nitrile), ndiye chigawo chachikulu cha ulusi wa acrylic. Ulusiwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opanga nsalu chifukwa cha zinthu zofunika monga mphamvu yabwino, kukana kuwala kwa dzuwa, komanso kukonza kosavuta. Nitriles amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mapulasitiki, mphira, ndi mankhwala. M'makampani opanga mankhwala, amagwira ntchito ngati zofunikira pakupanga mankhwala ambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale chitukuko cha mankhwala omwe amachiza matenda osiyanasiyana.

Komabe, ngakhale atagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mafakitale, cyanides ndi nitriles amadziwikanso kuti ali ndi poizoni wambiri. Cyanides ndi ena mwa ziphe zomwe zimagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika kwa anthu. Ngakhale mchere wochepa wa cyanide ukhoza kupha. Cyanide ikalowa m'thupi, imamangiriza ku cytochrome c oxidase, puloteni yofunikira pakupuma kwa ma cell. Kumanga kumeneku kumasokoneza ntchito yachibadwa ya enzyme, kulepheretsa maselo kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wabwino. Zotsatira zake, maselo amalephera kupanga mphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo azifa mofulumira ndipo, povuta kwambiri, kufa kwa chamoyo. Ma nitriles, ngakhale amakhala ochepa poizoni kuposa ma cyanides, amatha kuvulaza kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Amatha kuyamwa kudzera pakhungu, dongosolo la kupuma, kapena m'mimba, ndipo kukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa nitriles kungayambitse zizindikiro monga nseru, kusanza, kupweteka mutu, ndipo nthawi zambiri, kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la mitsempha ndi ziwalo zina zofunika.

Popeza kufalikira kwawo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale komanso kuthekera kwawo kuwononga thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa bwino za ma cyanides ndi nitriles. Izi zikuphatikizapo kudziwa za mankhwala awo, ntchito zamafakitale, njira zakupha, ndi njira zotetezera zogwirira ntchito ndi kutaya. M'magawo otsatirawa, tifufuza mozama mu chilichonse mwazinthu izi kuti tiwone mozama za mankhwala ofunikira koma omwe angakhale oopsa.

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) ndi mpweya wopanda mtundu wokhala ndi fungo losawoneka bwino, lowawa - fungo la amondi. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti gawo lalikulu la anthu, pafupifupi 20 - 40% ya anthu, sangathe kuzindikira fungo ili chifukwa cha chibadwa. Amasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, mowa, ndi ether. Hydrogen cyanide ndi yosasunthika kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi malo otentha a 25.7 ° C okha. Kusakhazikika kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kumwazikana mumlengalenga. M'mlengalenga, pamene ndende yake ikufika pa 5.6% - 12.8%, imapanga chisakanizo chophulika, ndikuyika chiwopsezo chachikulu m'mafakitale omwe angakhalepo. Njira yake yamadzimadzi imadziwika kuti hydrocyanic acid, amene ndi asidi wofooka koma akadali poizoni kwambiri.

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi potassium cyanide (KCN) onse ndi zolimba zoyera za crystalline. Sodium cyanide imakhala ndi malo osungunuka a 563.7 ° C ndi malo otentha a 1496 ° C, pamene potassium cyanide ali ndi malo osungunuka a 634.5 ° C. Amasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Mu mpweya wonyowa, onse awiri Sodium cyanide ndi potaziyamu cyanide akhoza hydrolyze kupanga haidrojeni cyanide, nchifukwa chake ali ndi kukomoka owawa - amondi fungo. Mitundu iwiriyi ili m'gulu la ma cyanides odziwika bwino komanso oopsa kwambiri. Ngakhale pang'ono, pang'ono ngati mamiligalamu ochepa, akhoza kupha ngati atalowetsedwa kapena atakoka mpweya.

Acetonitrile (CH₃CN), nitrile wosavuta kwambiri, ndi madzi opanda mtundu okhala ndi mawonekedwe, onunkhira. Imasakanikirana ndi madzi komanso zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana monga methanol, ethanol, ndi acetone. Kusungunuka kwapamwamba kumeneku mu zosungunulira za polar komanso zomwe si za polar kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosungunulira zothandiza pamachitidwe ambiri amankhwala, makamaka pankhani ya chromatography ndi kaphatikizidwe ka organic. Ili ndi malo otentha otsika kwambiri a 81.6 ° C, omwe amalola kuti asungunuke mosavuta komanso kupatukana m'mafakitale ena. Komabe, imathanso kuyaka, ndipo nthunzi yake imatha kupanga zosakaniza zophulika ndi mpweya wa 3.0% - 16.0% ndi voliyumu.

Propionitrile (C₂H₅CN) ndi gulu lina la nitrile. Ndi madzi opanda mtundu okhala ndi ether - ngati fungo. Ili ndi malo osungunuka - 92.78 °C ndi malo otentha a 97.1 °C. Propionitrile imasungunuka m'madzi kumlingo wina (pafupifupi 10.3% pa ​​25 °C) komanso imasakanikirana ndi zosungunulira wamba monga ma alcohols ndi ethers. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'machitidwe osiyanasiyana a organic synthesis, mwachitsanzo, monga zosungunulira kapena zapakatikati popanga mankhwala ndi mankhwala ena abwino.

Acrylonitrile (CH₂=CHCN) ndi madzi opanda mtundu komanso onunkhira. Amasungunuka m'madzi, komanso muzosungunulira monga ethanol, ether, benzene. Acrylonitrile ndi yofunika kwambiri mafakitale mankhwala. Ili ndi malo otentha a 77.3 ° C ndipo imakhala yofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ma bond awiri ndi gulu la nitrile. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ulusi wa acrylic, mphira zopangira, ndi mapulasitiki. Mwachitsanzo, polyacrylonitrile, yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku acrylonitrile, ndiyo chigawo chachikulu cha acrylic fibers. Komabe, acrylonitrile ndi poizoni kwambiri. Nthunzi yake imakhala yovulaza ngati itakowetsedwa, ndipo imathanso kuyamwa kudzera pakhungu, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda aakulu.

Kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa ma cyanides ndi nitriles ndi kukhalapo kwa gulu la CN. Komabe, mankhwala ndi thupi lawo amasiyana mbali zina. Cyanides, makamaka ma cyanides osavuta monga hydrogen cyanide, Sodium Cyanide, ndi potaziyamu cyanide, nthawi zambiri ndi poizoni kwambiri kuposa nitriles. Ma nitriles amakhala okhazikika pamachitidwe ambiri amankhwala poyerekeza ndi ma cyanide ions omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri mumagulu a cyanide. Komanso, mawonekedwe akuthupi ndi ma solubility amatha kukhala osiyana kwambiri pakati pa cyanide ndi mankhwala a nitrile, zomwe ndizofunikira kuziganizira pakugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ndi njira zoyendetsera chitetezo.

M'makampani amigodi, ma cyanides amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, makamaka golide ndi siliva. Njirayi, yomwe imadziwika kuti cyanidation, imachokera ku mphamvu ya ayoni ya cyanide kupanga malo okhazikika okhala ndi golidi ndi siliva. Mwachitsanzo, mu ntchito ya golide wamba - migodi, golide wophwanyidwa - ores onyamula amasakanizidwa ndi yankho la dilute. sodium cyanide. Chemical reaction ikhoza kuyimiridwa motere:

Izi zimasungunula golide mu mawonekedwe a soluble complex, sodium dicyanoaurate(I). Njira ya golide yomwe ili ndi golide imatha kupatulidwa ndi zotsalira za ore, ndipo golideyo pambuyo pake amachotsedwa ku yankho, nthawi zambiri kudzera munjira ngati mvula ya zinc kapena mpweya wa carbon adsorption. Njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pochotsa golide kuchokera ku ore otsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yamakampani - njira yokhazikika m'madera ambiri a migodi padziko lonse lapansi.

M'mafakitale azitsulo ndi ma electroplating, ma cyanides amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zawo zapadera pakuyika zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, pakupanga ma electroplating monga plating yamkuwa, plating golide, ndi siliva plating, cyanide - based electrolytes nthawi zina amakonda. Mu electroplating ya siliva, potaziyamu cyanide nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito posamba. Ma cyanide ions amapanga zovuta ndi ayoni asiliva ( ), monga . Mapangidwe ovutawa amathandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa siliva pa gawo lapansi. Pamene magetsi akudutsa mu bafa electroplating, ayoni siliva mu zovuta amachepetsedwa pa cathode (chinthu chokutidwa) ndi kuika ngati wosanjikiza woonda siliva zitsulo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosalala, zofananira, komanso zokutira zasiliva. Kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide mu electroplating kumatha kukulitsa mtundu wa plating, kupereka kumamatira bwino, kuwala, komanso kukana dzimbiri poyerekeza ndi njira zina zomwe si cyanide plating.

Ma cyanides ndi nitriles ndizofunikira zomangira pakupanga mankhwala. Popanga ma resin monomers osiyanasiyana, monga ma acrylic resins ndi methacrylic resins, ma cyanides ndi nitriles amatenga nawo gawo pamachitidwe ofunikira amankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, acrylonitrile, gulu la nitrile, ndilofunika kwambiri pakupanga ulusi wa acrylic ndi mapulasitiki a polyacrylonitrile. Acrylonitrile imatha kupangidwa polima kuti ipange polyacrylonitrile (PAN) kudzera munjira yaulere - yopitilira muyeso. Zomwe zimachitika zimayambitsidwa ndi woyambitsa woyenera, ndipo mgwirizano wapawiri mu acrylonitrile umasweka, kulola kuti ma monomers agwirizane kuti apange maunyolo aatali a polima. Zotsatira za polyacrylonitrile zimakhala ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri monga mphamvu zambiri, kukana kwa mankhwala abwino, ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale a nsalu ndi mapulasitiki.

M'makampani opanga mankhwala, ma nitriles amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopatsirana popanga mankhwala ambiri. Atha kusinthidwa kukhala magulu ena ogwira ntchito monga ma amide, ma carboxylic acid, kapena ma amines kudzera pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana amankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, gulu nitrile akhoza hydrolyzed kupanga gulu carboxylic acid. Kusintha kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala pomwe gulu logwira ntchito la carboxylic acid limafunikira pakuchita kwa mankhwalawa kapena kusinthanso kwamankhwala. Kuonjezera apo, ma cyanides angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mankhwala enaake a heterocyclic, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pamankhwala ambiri amankhwala.

Nitriles amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zakudya zowonjezera. Ma nitrile ena - okhala ndi mankhwala amatha kusinthidwa kukhala zokometsera - zowonjezera kapena zoteteza. Mwachitsanzo, ma nitriles ena amatha kukhala oxidized ndikuchitanso zambiri kuti apange mankhwala okhala ndi zokometsera zokometsera, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani azakudya kuti apititse patsogolo kukoma kwazakudya zosinthidwa.

Cyanides ndi zinthu zoopsa kwambiri. Pamene kuchuluka kwa cyanide kulowetsedwa kapena mpweya wochuluka wa cyanide ukakokedwa, zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoopsa. Zikatero, thupi lachibadwa zokhudza thupi ntchito mofulumira kusokoneza. Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino komanso zaposachedwa ndi kutayika kwadzidzidzi. Wozunzidwayo akhoza kugwa pansi mkati mwa masekondi, popeza dongosolo lapakati la mitsempha limakhudzidwa kwambiri. Ana awo amafutukuka msanga, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti thupi silingathe kulamulira ntchito zake zamkati. Izi zimatsatiridwa ndi kukomoka, komwe thupi limagunda modzidzimutsa komanso mwankhanza. Kugwedezeka kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa mitsempha yachibadwa - kulankhulana kwa minofu, yomwe ndi yofunikira kuti thupi liziyenda bwino.

Njira zopumira nazonso zimawonongeka kwambiri. Wozunzidwayo amapuma mofulumira komanso mozama, kapena nthawi zina, kupuma kwathunthu. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cyanide imamangiriza ku cytochrome c oxidase m'maselo, kulepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wabwino panthawi ya kupuma kwa ma cell. Zotsatira zake, maselo amasowa mpweya wabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ziwalo zofunika kwambiri monga ubongo ndi mtima ziwonongeke. Popanda chithandizo chamankhwala mwamsanga, imfa ikhoza kuchitika mkati mwa mphindi zochepa.

Ma nitriles, makamaka akamakokedwa kapena kulowetsedwa kwambiri, amathanso kuyambitsa kawopsedwe koopsa. Mwachitsanzo, acrylonitrile, kaphatikizidwe wamba wa nitrile, angayambitse kupsa mtima msanga panjira yopuma. Zizindikiro zake ndi kutsokomola, kupuma movutikira, ndi kutentha pakhosi ndi pachifuwa. Pazovuta kwambiri, zimatha kuyambitsa edema ya m'mapapo, pomwe mapapu amadzaza ndi madzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti thupi lizisinthana bwino ndi mpweya ndi mpweya woipa. Izi zitha kupitilira mpaka kulephera kupuma komanso kufa ngati sikulandira chithandizo mwachangu.

Kuwonetsedwa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ma cyanides otsika kumatha kubweretsa chiphe chosatha. Pakapita nthawi, thupi limaunjikana cyanide popeza silimachotsedwa kwathunthu. Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zoyambirira ndi kumva dzanzi lilime ndi milomo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatsagana ndi kupweteka kwa mutu kosalekeza ndi chizungulire, chomwe chingakhale chochepa poyamba koma pang'onopang'ono chimakhala chovuta kwambiri. Ozunzidwawo amathanso kukhala ndi nseru, kusanza, ndi kusapeza bwino kumtunda kwamimba.

Matenda a tulo, monga kusowa tulo, ndi ofala. Mphamvu za thupi zimachepa, zomwe zimayambitsa kutopa ndi kufooka kwa miyendo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti munthu wokhudzidwayo azichita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi. Mitsempha yamtima imakhudzidwanso, ndikutsika kodziwika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi. Nthawi zina, kupezeka kwa cyanide kosatha kungayambitse kuwonongeka kwa chithokomiro, kusokoneza momwe thupi limayendera komanso kagayidwe kake.

Kukumana ndi nitriles kosatha kumatha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu paumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa acrylonitrile kumatha kuwononga dongosolo lamanjenje. Izi zingayambitse matenda a peripheral neuropathy, kumene mitsempha ya m'mphepete imakhudzidwa. Zizindikiro zake ndi dzanzi, kumva kuwawa, komanso kufooka kwa manja ndi mapazi. Pakhoza kukhalanso kufooka kwa minofu ndi kuvutika kugwirizanitsa kayendedwe. Kuonjezera apo, kuwonetseredwa kosatha kwa nitriles kwakhala kukugwirizana ndi chiopsezo chowonjezereka chokhala ndi mitundu ina ya khansa, ngakhale kuti njira zenizeni zikuphunziridwabe.

Ma cyanides ndi nitriles amawopseza kwambiri chilengedwe. Akatulutsidwa m'madzi, amatha kuwononga kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi. Ngakhale pamalo otsika kwambiri, ma cyanides amakhala oopsa kwambiri ku nsomba ndi zamoyo zina zam'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi onyansa a m'mafakitale atayidwa m'mitsinje kapena m'nyanja popanda chithandizo choyenera, angayambitse kufa kwa nsomba zambiri. Cyanide imamangiriza m'matumbo a nsomba, kulepheretsa kusinthana kwabwino kwa mpweya ndi mpweya wa carbon dioxide, zomwe zimayambitsa kupuma.

Ma nitriles, monga acrylonitrile, amathanso kuwononga magwero a madzi. Zitha kukhala m'madzi kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimakhudza ubwino wa madzi ndikuwapangitsa kukhala osayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu komanso ntchito zina. Kuonjezera apo, mankhwalawa amatha kutengedwa ndi zomera za m'madzi, zomwe zimatha kupititsa poizoni m'magulu a zakudya, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zamoyo.

M'nthaka, ma cyanides ndi nitriles amatha kuwunjikana pakapita nthawi. Izi zingayambitse kuipitsa nthaka, zomwe zingalepheretse kukula kwa zomera. Poizoni amatha kusokoneza njira yachibadwa ya zomera, monga photosynthesis ndi kuyamwa kwa michere. Zotsatira zake, zokolola zaulimi zitha kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Kuonjezera apo, kukhalapo kwa mankhwala oopsawa m'nthaka kungakhudzenso tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafunikira kuti nthaka ikhale yachonde. Kusokonekera kwa chilengedwe kutha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa thanzi la chilengedwe chonse.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera uinjiniya ndikukonzanso njira yopangira. Mwachitsanzo, mumakampani opanga ma electroplating, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa cyanide - wopanda electroplating kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oopsa kwambiri a cyanide. Njira zachikhalidwe zopangira ma electroplating nthawi zambiri zimadalira ma electrolyte opangidwa ndi cyanide, koma ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo, njira zatsopano za cyanide - zopanda electroplating zapangidwa. Mayankho awa amagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zopangira zovuta komanso zowonjezera kuti akwaniritse zofananira kapena zabwinoko zokutira popanda kuopsa kokhudzana ndi cyanide.

Kuphatikiza pa kukonzanso ndondomeko, kukhazikitsa njira yotseka - loop ndiyofunikira. M'malo omwe ma cyanides ndi nitriles amagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga m'mafakitale amankhwala kapena mafakitale opangira zitsulo, zida zonse zopangira zida ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zisapitirire mpweya. Izi zimalepheretsa kutayikira kwa mpweya wapoizoni kapena zamadzimadzi m'malo ozungulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu cyanide - pogwiritsa ntchito golide - migodi, cyanide - yomwe ili ndi matanki osungiramo madzi ndi zipangizo zochotsamo ziyenera kutsekedwa mwamphamvu, ndipo mapaipi amayenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse ngati zizindikiro zatsikira.

Mpweya wabwino ndi utsi zimathandizanso kwambiri kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zili mumlengalenga. M'malo antchito momwe mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ungakhalepo, monga m'mafakitale ena opangira mankhwala, makina amphamvu olowera mpweya ayenera kuyikidwa. Makinawa amatha kuchotsa mpweya woipitsidwa mosalekeza ndikusintha mpweya wabwino. Mlingo wa mpweya wabwino uyenera kuwerengedwa mosamala potengera kukula kwa malo ogwirira ntchito, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kuthekera kotulutsa. Mwachitsanzo, pamiyeso yaying'ono yopangira ma electroplating komwe hydrogen cyanide imatha kupangidwa panthawi yopangira plating, mpweya wabwino uyenera kupangidwa kuti usunge ndende ya hydrogen cyanide mumlengalenga pansi pamlingo wovomerezeka (MAC), womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wotsika kwambiri, monga 0.3mg/m³, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito.

Zida zodzitetezera (PPE) ndizofunikira kwa ogwira ntchito omwe atha kukhala ndi ma cyanides ndi nitriles. Zopumira ndi gawo lofunikira la PPE. Kwa ogwira ntchito m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokoka mpweya wapoizoni, monga popanga acrylonitrile pomwe nthunziyo ndi yovulaza kwambiri, zida zopumira zokha (SCBA) zitha kufunidwa ngati munthu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kapena pakagwa mwadzidzidzi. Pamalo ocheperako koma osawopsa, zopumira zoyeretsera mpweya zokhala ndi zosefera zoyenera zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zoseferazi zimapangidwa kuti zichotse zowononga zenizeni, monga mpweya wa cyanide kapena nitrile, kuchokera mumpweya womwe wogwira ntchito amapuma.

Magolovesi osamva Chemical nawonso ndi ofunikira. Ogwira ntchito yonyamula cyanide - okhala ndi mankhwala kapena mankhwala opangidwa ndi nitrile ayenera kuvala magolovesi opangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kuletsa kuwononga komanso kutulutsa kwazinthu izi. Mwachitsanzo, magolovesi opangidwa ndi mphira wa butyl kapena mphira wa nitrile amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri chifukwa amalimbana bwino ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ma cyanides ndi nitriles. Magolovesiwa amatha kuletsa kuyamwa kwa poizoni kudzera pakhungu, yomwe ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yodziwira, makamaka ma nitriles omwe amatha kuyamwa ngakhale pakhungu pang'ono.

Zovala zodzitetezera ziyeneranso kuperekedwa. Zovala ziyenera kuphimba thupi lonse momwe zingathere kuti zichepetse kufalikira kwa khungu. M'mafakitale ena omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, monga kupanga mankhwala apadera omwe ma cyanides ndi nitriles amagwiritsidwa ntchito mochulukira, ogwira ntchito amatha kuvala zodzitchinjiriza zathupi. Zovala izi zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizingalowe mu mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi zina zowonjezera monga seams osindikizidwa ndi omangidwa - mu hood kuti apereke chitetezo chokwanira.

Maphunziro a chitetezo chokwanira ndi ofunikira kwa ogwira ntchito onse omwe akugwira nawo ntchito yosamalira, kusunga, kapena kuyendetsa ma cyanides ndi nitriles. Maphunzirowa akuyenera kukhudza mitu yambiri yokhudzana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera kwa mankhwalawa. Choyamba, ziyenera kuphatikizapo chidziwitso chakuya cha cyanides ndi nitriles. Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kumvetsetsa momwe zinthuzi zimakhalira komanso momwe zimapangidwira, monga kusakhazikika kwake, kusungunuka kwake, komanso kusinthika kwake. Mwachitsanzo, ayenera kudziwa kuti hydrogen cyanide imakhala yosasunthika kwambiri ndipo imatha kumwazikana mwachangu mumlengalenga, komanso kuti acrylonitrile imakhala yotakasuka kwambiri ndipo imatha kupanga polymerize pansi pazifukwa zina.

Kachiwiri, maphunzirowo ayang'ane kwambiri pa njira zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuphunzitsidwa zomwe angachite ngati kutaya, kutayikira, kapena kuwonekera mwangozi. Izi zikuphatikizapo momwe mungatulukire mwamsanga m'deralo ngati kuli kofunikira, momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito malo osamba m'maso mwadzidzidzi ndi kusamba ngati khungu kapena maso, komanso momwe mungapangire chithandizo choyamba pazigawo zoyamba za poizoni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati cyanide itatayika, ogwira ntchito ayenera kudziwa kuti adzipatula nthawi yomweyo malowa, kuvala PPE yoyenera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyamwitsa kuti ayeretse kutayikirako motsatira ndondomeko zachitetezo zomwe zakhazikitsidwa.

Kuyeserera kokhazikika kwachitetezo kuyeneranso kuchitidwa. Kubowoleza kumeneku kumatha kutengera zochitika zadzidzidzi zosiyanasiyana, monga kutayikira kwa gasi kapena kutayikira kwa mankhwala, kuwonetsetsa kuti ogwira ntchito angathe kuyankha mwachangu komanso moyenera pazochitika zenizeni pamoyo. Pochita masewerawa nthawi zonse, ogwira ntchito amatha kudziwa bwino njira zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi ndikuchepetsa kuthekera kwa mantha kapena chisokonezo pazochitika zenizeni. Izi zitha kupulumutsa miyoyo ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha ngozi zomwe zimaphatikizapo ma cyanides ndi nitriles.

Ngati munthu akuganiziridwa kuti ali ndi poizoni wa cyanide kapena nitrile, njira zothandizira mwamsanga ndi zofunika kwambiri. Chinthu choyamba ndicho kuchotsa mwamsanga munthu amene wavulalayo pamalo amene amatuluka mpweya wabwino. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera wa poizoni. Mwachitsanzo, ngati poyizoniyo ichitika mufakitale momwe hydrogen cyanide ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, wozunzidwayo ayenera kuchotsedwa pamalo opangirako kupita kumalo otseguka ndi mpweya wabwino mwamsanga.

Akakhala pamalo otetezeka, ngati kupuma kwa wovulalayo kwasiya kapena kufooka kwambiri, kupuma kochita kupanga kuyenera kuyambika nthawi yomweyo. Komabe, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti kupuma kwapakamwa pakamwa kuyenera kupewedwa ngati pali poyizoni wa cyanide, chifukwa pali chiopsezo cha wopulumutsayo pokoka utsi wapoizoni. M'malo mwake, kugwiritsa ntchito thumba - valve - mask chipangizo kapena zida zina zoyenera zothandizira kupuma zimalimbikitsidwa.

Kupereka okosijeni ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la chithandizo choyamba. Mpweya wothamanga kwambiri ukhoza kuperekedwa kwa wovulalayo pogwiritsa ntchito chigoba cha oxygen kapena cannula yamphuno. Izi zimathandiza kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa okosijeni m'magazi ndikuthana ndi zotsatira za cyanide kapena nitrile, zomwe zimasokoneza mphamvu ya thupi kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya.

Ngati khungu la wovulalayo lakhudzana ndi zinthu zapoizoni, chovalacho chiyenera kuchotsedwa mwamsanga. Khungu lomwe lakhudzidwa liyenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi madzi ochulukirapo kwa mphindi 15-20. Izi zimathandiza kuchotsa mankhwala otsala pakhungu ndi kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwina. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wogwira ntchito atayira acrylonitrile pakhungu, ayenera kuvula zovala zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka ndikutsuka malo omwe akhudzidwa ndi madzi oyenda.

Pamene muyang'ana m'maso, maso ayenera kutsukidwa ndi madzi ambiri aukhondo kapena mankhwala a saline osabala. Zikope ziyenera kutsegulidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti diso lonse latsukidwa bwino. Izi ziyenera kuchitika mosalekeza kwa mphindi zosachepera 15 kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa maso.

Pamene wovulalayo atumizidwa ku chipatala, chithandizo chamankhwala chokwanira chingaperekedwe. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chithandizo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera. Poyizoni wa cyanide, sodium thiosulfate ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zimagwira ntchito pophatikizana ndi ma cyanide ions m'thupi kupanga thiocyanate yopanda poizoni, yomwe imatha kutulutsidwa m'thupi kudzera mumkodzo. Muyezo wovomerezeka wamankhwala nthawi zambiri umaphatikizapo kubaya pang'onopang'ono mtsempha wa sodium thiosulfate, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumatsimikiziridwa malinga ndi momwe wodwalayo alili komanso kulemera kwa thupi lake.

Chinthu chinanso chothandizira poyizoni wa cyanide ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi nitrite. Mankhwalawa amagwira ntchito potembenuza hemoglobin m'magazi kukhala methemoglobin. Methemoglobin imalumikizana kwambiri ndi ayoni a cyanide ndipo imatha kumangika kwa iwo, ndikupanga zovuta zokhazikika. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ayoni a cyanide m'thupi ndikuchepetsa zizindikiro zakupha. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ma antidotes okhala ndi nitrite kumafuna kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala, chifukwa amathanso kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa, monga kutsitsa kuthamanga kwa magazi.

Poyizoni wa nitrile, mankhwalawa amayang'ana kwambiri pakuchepetsa zizindikiro ndikuthandizira ntchito za thupi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wodwala akuwonetsa zizindikiro za kupuma chifukwa cha poizoni wa acrylonitrile, mpweya wabwino umafunika kuti uthandizire kupuma. Pakakhala kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje, mankhwala akhoza kuperekedwa kuti athetse zizindikiro monga kufooka kwa minofu, dzanzi, kapena kupweteka.

Ngati wodwalayo wamwa cyanide kapena nitriles, amatha kutsuka m'mimba kuti achotse zinthu zilizonse zakupha zomwe zatsala m'mimba. Izi zimachitidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenera, monga njira yothetsera potassium permanganate kapena saline solution. Komabe, chisankho kuchita chapamimba otsuka ndi kusankha njira kutchinjiriza ayenera kuganiziridwa mosamala potengera mmene wodwalayo alili ndi mtundu wa poizoni mankhwala ingested.

Kuwonjezera pa machiritso enieni ameneŵa, zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri za wodwala, monga kugunda kwa mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi kupuma kwake, zimayang’aniridwa mosamala kwambiri. Njira zina zothandizira, monga kusintha madzimadzi kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu ya electrolyte, zingaperekedwenso. Ngati wodwala wayamba kukhala ndi zovuta, monga chibayo chifukwa cholakalaka panthawi yapoizoni, maantibayotiki oyenera amatha kuperekedwa kuti athetse matendawa.

Cyanides ndi nitriles ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale amakono. Ntchito zawo zimayambira pochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali m’migodi mpaka pakupanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana m’mafakitale a mankhwala, mankhwala, ndi nsalu. Komabe, kawopsedwe wochuluka wa mankhwalawa amawopseza kwambiri thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.

Kuwopsa komanso kosalekeza kwa ma cyanides ndi nitriles kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zathanzi, kuyambira nthawi yomweyo - zowopsa mpaka kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kwamanjenje, dongosolo lamtima, ndi ziwalo zina zofunika. Komanso, kutulutsidwa kwawo m'chilengedwe kungayambitse kuipitsa madzi ndi nthaka, kuyika moyo wa m'madzi pangozi ndi kuchepetsa zokolola zaulimi.

Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyika patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso kusamalira ma cyanides ndi nitriles. Mafakitale akuyenera kuyikapo ndalama m'njira zowongolera mainjiniya kuti achepetse kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zapoizonizi. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kupatsidwa zida zoyenera zodzitetezera ndikuphunzitsidwa mokwanira zachitetezo. Pakachitika ngozi, njira zoyankhira zadzidzidzi ndi njira zochizira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa.

Pochita izi, titha kupitiriza kupindula ndi ntchito za mafakitale za cyanides ndi nitriles pamene tikuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, anthu, ndi chilengedwe. Ndi udindo wa mafakitale, mabungwe olamulira, ndi onse okhudzidwa kuti agwire ntchito limodzi kuti ateteze zotsatira zovulaza za mankhwala omwe angakhale oopsa.