Sodium Cyanide: Mankhwala Ofunika Kwambiri Pamakampani

Introduction

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha zinthu zopanda chilengedwe m'gulu lalikulu la zinthu zopangira mankhwala. Ndi mphamvu zake zapadera za mankhwala, imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo ambiri amafakitale. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za makhalidwe, ntchito, kupanga, ndi chitetezo cha Sodium cyanide , cholinga chake ndi kupereka kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kwa mankhwala ofunikira awa.

Makhalidwe a Sodium Cyanide

Zida zakuthupi

Sodium cyanide imawoneka ngati zinthu zoyera zoyera, zotupa, kapena ufa. Ndi yosalala pang'ono ndipo ili ndi fungo lowawa pang'ono la amondi. Imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, ndipo pafupifupi 0.4 kg ya Sodium Cyanide yolimba imatha kusungunuka mu 1 kg ya madzi pa 30 °C. Ilinso ndi kusungunuka pang'ono mu ethanol. Chosakanizacho chili ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a 49.007 g/mol, malo osungunuka a 564 °C, ndi malo owira a 1469 °C, ndi mphamvu ya nthunzi ya 0.1 kPa pa 800 °C.

Zakudya Zamakono

Sodium cyanide ndi mchere wamphamvu wa asidi wofooka. Madzi ake amatha kupanga ma crystalline kuti apange sodium cyanide hydrate yokhala ndi mamolekyu amodzi kapena awiri amadzi pansi pa 1.34 °C. Kutentha kukapitirira 34.7 °C, amataya madzi opangidwa ndi ma crystalline ndipo amakhala mchere wa anhydrous. Amachita zinthu mosavuta ndi ma acid, ngakhale ma acid ofooka kwambiri. Zitsulo monga chitsulo, zinc, nickel, copper, cobalt, siliva, ndi cadmium zimatha kusungunuka mu sodium cyanide solutions, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cyanide ofanana apangidwe . Pakakhala mpweya, imatha kusungunula zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva kuti apange mchere wovuta. Sizigwirizana ndi ma acid ndipo zimatha kuchita zinthu ndi carbon dioxide. Mu mpweya wonyowa kapena madzi, zimatha kuwola. Ikatenthedwa pakakhala mpweya, imapanga mpweya woopsa monga hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ndi nitrogen oxides. Imachita zinthu mwamphamvu ndi nitrates, nitrites, ndi chlorates, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo cha kuphulika.

Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide

Makampani Amigodi

Mu makampani opanga migodi , makamaka pochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva, sodium cyanide ndiyofunika kwambiri. Njira yopangira cyanide, yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothetsera sodium cyanide kuti zisungunuke golide ndi siliva kuchokera ku miyala, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kuphweka kwake komanso mtengo wake wotsika. Pa kilogalamu iliyonse ya golide yopangidwa, pangafunike matani pafupifupi anayi mpaka asanu a sodium cyanide. Kufunika kwa sodium cyanide m'munda uno kukugwirizana kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha kwa mitengo ya zitsulo zamtengo wapatali pamsika wapadziko lonse. Pamene chuma cha padziko lonse chikubwerera m'mbuyo ndipo mitengo ya zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ikukwera, kuchuluka kwa ntchito zofukula migodi kumabweretsa kufunikira kwakukulu kwa sodium cyanide.

Chemical Synthesis

1.Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala wamba komanso zowonjezera zakudya monga penicillin, vitamini B6. kupatsidwa folic acid, guanine, ndi caffeine. M'makampani opanga mankhwala, gawo lake popanga mamolekyu am'maselo amankhwala ndi lofunikira kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakupanga ndi kupanga mankhwala omwe amachiza matenda osiyanasiyana.

2.Kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo

M'makampani ophera tizilombo, sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala opha tizilombo monga glyphosate, fenvalerate, paraquat, atrazine, ndi isoprothiolane. Mankhwala ophera tizilombowa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poteteza mbewu ku tizirombo ndi udzu, ndikuonetsetsa kuti chakudya chili ndi chakudya. Njira zopangira sodium cyanide zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi mankhwala enaake.

3.Kuphatikizika kwa Ma Chemical Compounds Ena

Ndi maziko omangira kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Cyanides zosapangidwa ndi zachilengedwe . Pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mwachindunji, ma cyanides ofunikira osapangidwa monga sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocyanide, potassium cyanide, zinc cyanide, barium cyanide, cuprous cyanide, sodium thiocyanate, ndi potassium thiocyanate amatha kupangidwa. Mu gawo la organic cyanides, mankhwala monga cyanoacetic acid, malononitrile, methionine, benzyl cyanide, ndi cyanuric chloride amapangidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, kudzera mu kupanga hydrogen cyanide kuchokera ku sodium cyanide, zinthu monga methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, azobisisobutyronitrile, azobisisoheptanenitrile, nitrilotriacetic acid, ndi glycolonitrile zitha kupangidwanso. Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zopangidwa, kuphatikizapo mapulasitiki, rabara, ndi ulusi.

Makampani a Electroplating

Mu electroplating, sodium cyanide ndi gawo lofunikira pakusamba kwa electroplating kwazitsulo monga mkuwa, siliva, cadmium, ndi zinki. Itha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya anodic polarization, kuonetsetsa kusungunuka kwabwino kwa anode. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, imatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya cathodic polarization, yomwe imathandizira kupeza yunifolomu zitsulo zokutira pamwamba pa workpiece. Izi sizimangowonjezera kukana kwa dzimbiri zazitsulo komanso zimawonjezera mawonekedwe awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zopangidwa ndi electroplated zikhale zowoneka bwino komanso zolimba.

Kupanga kwa sodium cyanide

Kupanga kwa sodium cyanide ndi njira yovuta yamankhwala. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndi njira ya Andrussow, yomwe imakhudza momwe methane, ammonia, ndi okosijeni amachitira pa platinamu - chothandizira cha rhodium pa kutentha kwambiri. Njira ina ndi njira ya Castner, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito momwe sodium amide ndi carbon mu ng'anjo yamagetsi. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe komanso kuopsa kwachilengedwe kwa sodium cyanide, kupanga kwake kumayendetsedwa mokhazikika ndi madipatimenti aboma padziko lonse lapansi. Opanga amayenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zotetezedwa komanso zoteteza zachilengedwe kuti awonetsetse kuti mankhwalawa ndi otetezeka komanso okhazikika.

Chitetezo ndi Kusamalira Sodium Cyanide

Toxicity

Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri. Ngakhale pang'ono, pang'ono 100 - 200 mg, akhoza kupha ngati atalowetsedwa, kutulutsa mpweya, kapena kulowetsedwa pakhungu. Ikalowa m'thupi la munthu, imatulutsa ma cyanide ions (CN-), omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu wa ayoni wachitsulo m'maselo. Izi zimasokoneza njira yachibadwa ya okosijeni m'maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cell asphyxiation ndi hypoxia ya minofu, pamapeto pake afe. Kuwonekera kwambiri kungayambitse zizindikiro monga kufooka, chizungulire, mutu, nseru, chifuwa chomangika, kupuma movutikira, kugunda kwamtima, ndi kutaya chidziwitso.

Chitetezo

1.Kusungira

Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, owuma, omwe ali ndi mpweya wabwino, kutali ndi magwero a kutentha, kuyatsa, ndi zidulo. Iyenera kusungidwa m'mitsuko yomata mwamphamvu yopangidwa ndi zida zoyenera kuti isatayike komanso kuti isagwirizane ndi chilengedwe. Malo osungiramo zinthu ayenera kukhala ndi zida zotayikira - zotolera ndi zizindikiro zochenjeza kuti zisawonongeke mwangozi.

2.Mayendedwe

Pa zoyendera, sodium cyanide iyenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima. Magalimoto apadera oyendera omwe ali ndi chitetezo choyenera amafunikira. Kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake Mapulani achitetezo chadzidzidzi ndi zida ziyenera kukhalapo pakagwa mwadzidzidzi.

3.Handling mu Industrial Settings

Ogwira ntchito yogwira sodium cyanide m'mafakitale ayenera kuphunzitsidwa bwino za chitetezo. Ayenera kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, kuphatikizapo zopumira, zovala zodzitetezera, magolovesi, ndi magalasi. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito m'mafakitale kuyenera kutsata njira zokhazikika zochepetsera chiopsezo chowonekera. Pakatayikira kapena kutayikira, njira zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi ziyenera kuchitidwa, monga kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide kuti muchepetse sodium cyanide.

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Kutaya kosayenera kwa sodium cyanide kapena zinyalala zake kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa zachilengedwe. Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa ndi zotsalira za zinyalala zimatha kuipitsa nthaka ndi magwero a madzi, kuyika pangozi moyo wa zomera, nyama, ndi zamoyo zam'madzi. M'makampani a migodi ya golide, mwachitsanzo, ma cyanide ambiri - okhala ndi michira amapangidwa chaka chilichonse. Michira iyi, ikapanda kusamalidwa bwino, imatha kubweretsa zoopsa kwa nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, njira zolimbikitsira zoteteza zachilengedwe komanso matekinoloje ochotsera zinyalala ndizofunikira kuti muchepetse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi sodium cyanide.

Kutsiliza

Ngakhale kuti sodium cyanide ndi poizoni wambiri, ndi mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Makhalidwe ake apadera a mankhwala amamuthandiza kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakuchotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, kupanga mankhwala , ndi electroplating. Komabe, chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa thanzi la anthu ndi chilengedwe, malamulo okhwima achitetezo ndi njira zoyenera zogwirira ntchito ziyenera kutsatiridwa panthawi yonse yopanga, kunyamula, kusungira, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, kuyesetsa kuyeneranso kupangidwa kuti pakhale njira zina zotetezera chilengedwe komanso zotetezeka kapena njira zabwino zochepetsera kudalira ndi zoopsa zokhudzana ndi sodium cyanide pamene zikukwaniritsa zosowa za chitukuko cha mafakitale.