M'zigawo za Golide wa Cyanidation: Kulowera Kwakuya mu Njira Yoyipitsa Kuyimitsa

Pankhani yochotsa golide, cyanidation yakhala ikudziwika kwa zaka zopitirira zana. Chiyambireni mu 1887 pofuna kuchotsa miyala ya golide ndi siliva, njirayi yakhala ikusintha mosalekeza, kukhala imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchira kwake, kusinthasintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ore, komanso kuthekera kwa kupanga kwanuko.

1. Kumvetsetsa Cyanidation mu Kuchotsa Golide

Cyanidation ndi njira ya mankhwala yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya ma ayoni a cyanide kupanga ma complexes osungunuka ndi golide. Pakakhala mpweya ndi madzi, ma ayoni a cyanide amachitapo kanthu ndi ma atomu a golide. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala osungunuka pomwe golide amalumikizidwa ndi ma ayoni a cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti golide asungunuke mu yankho. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pochotsa golide, imabweretsanso nkhawa zazikulu pa chilengedwe ndi chitetezo chifukwa cyanide ndi chinthu chapoizoni.

2. Mitundu ya Njira za Cyanidation

Njira za cyanidation zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu: agitation cyanidation ndi percolation cyanidation.

• Kusakaniza kwa mchere : Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pochiza golide wokhuthala kapena zinthu zonse za slime cyanidation. Imafuna kusakaniza mwamphamvu pulp ya mchere ndi yankho la cyanide. Pochita izi, imawonetsetsa kuti tinthu tagolide tomwe tili mu mcherewo timakhudzana kwambiri ndi ma ayoni a cyanide, zomwe zimathandiza kuti golide atulutsidwe.

• Kupaka kwa Cyanidation : Yoyenera miyala yamtengo wapatali yagolide, kupasuka kwa cyanidation kumagwira ntchito polola kuti yankho la cyanide liziyenda pang'onopang'ono kudzera mu miyala yamtengo wapatali. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi kupasuka kwa cyanidation. Komabe, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha ndi miyala yomwe ili ndi mpweya wabwino, zomwe zimathandiza kuti yankho la cyanide liziyenda mosavuta.

3. Mukubwadamuka Cyanidation Gold m'zigawo Njira

Njira yochotsera golide ya asitikali ya Cyanidation imaphatikizapo njira ziwiri zazikulu: njira yosinthira zinc ndi sinki yosasefedwa . Njira yochotsera kaboni .

3.1 Cyanidation - Zinc Replacement Njira (CCD ndi CCF Njira)

• Kutulutsa zinthu zopangira : Gawo loyamba limaphatikizapo kukonzekera miyala kuti ichotsedwe. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuphwanya miyalayo m'zidutswa zazing'ono kenako n’kuipera bwino. Nthawi zina, chithandizo chisanachitike chimachitikanso kuti tinthu tagolide mkati mwa miyalayo tipezeke mosavuta. Cholinga chake ndikupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili mkati mwake, zomwe zimathandiza kuti miyalayo igwirizane bwino ndi njira ya cyanide.

• Kusuntha kwa Cyanidation Kutulutsa : Kenako pulp ya miyala yokonzedwayo imasamutsidwira ku matanki osakanikirana, komwe yankho la cyanide limawonjezeredwa. Matanki awa ali ndi zinthu zosakanikirana bwino zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pulp ndi yankho la cyanide zisakanikirane. Mpweya wa okosijeni umalowetsedwa m'matanki, kaya kudzera mu mpweya kapena powonjezera zinthu zosakaniza. Mpweya uwu umathandiza kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka mankhwala komwe kamasungunula golide mu yankho la cyanide.

• Kutsuka kwa Countercurrent kwa Cholimba - Kupatula Madzi : Pambuyo pa ndondomeko yotulutsa, matope omwe amatuluka amakhala ndi zotsalira zolimba ndi gawo lamadzimadzi lotchedwa yankho lokhala ndi pakati, lomwe lili ndi golide wosungunuka. Kuti mulekanitse zigawo ziwirizi, mndandanda wa zokhuthala kapena zosefera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsuka kwa countercurrent. Njira monga Continuous Counter - Current Decantation (CCD) kapena Continuous Counter - Current Filtration (CCF) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zibwezeretse yankho lokhala ndi golide wambiri momwe zingathere pamene muchepetsa kuchuluka kwa golide wotayika ndi zotsalira zolimba.

• Kuyeretsa Madzi Otuluka ndi Kuchotsa Oxidation : Yankho lochokera ku gawo lolekanitsa madzi olimba ndi olimba likhoza kukhala ndi zonyansa ndi mpweya wosungunuka. Njira zotsukira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa zinthu zolimba zomwe zapachikidwa ndi zinthu zina zodetsa zomwe zingasokoneze njira yotsatira yobwezeretsa golide. Kuchotsa oxidation n'kofunikanso chifukwa mpweya ungayambitse kubwezeretsanso kwa golide ndi cyanide, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya njira yosinthira zinc yomwe ikutsatira.

• Kubwezeretsa ndi Kusakaniza Ufa wa Zinc (Silika) : Ufa wa zinc kapena silika wa zinc umawonjezeredwa ku yankho loyeretsedwa komanso lopanda okosijeni. Zinc imagwira ntchito bwino kuposa golide, kotero imachotsa golide kuchokera ku chinthu chomwe chimapangidwa panthawi yochotsa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chotupa cholimba chokhala ndi golide ndi zinc, chomwe chimatchedwa matope agolide. Pambuyo pobwezeretsa, matope agolide nthawi zambiri amachiritsidwa ndi yankho la asidi kuti achotse zinc yochulukirapo ndi zonyansa zina.

• Ma Ingot Osungunula : Gawo lomaliza la njira yosinthira zinki ndi kusungunula matope agolide kuti apange ma ingot agolide weniweni. Matope agolide amasungunuka kutentha kwambiri mu uvuni, ndipo kudzera mu masitepe angapo oyeretsera, zonyansa zotsalazo zimachotsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma ingot agolide akhale oyera kwambiri.

3.2 Njira Yosasefedwa ya Cyanidation Carbon Slurry (Njira za CIP ndi CIL)

• Kukonzekera Kutulutsa Zinthu : Mofanana ndi njira yosinthira zinc, ntchito yoyamba ndikukonzekera miyala kuti ichotsedwe. Izi zimafuna kuchepetsa miyalayo kukhala tinthu toyenera kudzera mu ntchito zophwanya ndi kupukuta.

• Kutulutsa mpweya woipa ndi Kutulutsa mpweya woipa : Mu njira ya Carbon - in - Pulp (CIP), njira yotulutsira mpweya wa cyanide imachitika koyamba m'matanki angapo otulutsira mpweya. Golide akasungunuka mu yankho, Carbon Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito imawonjezedwa ku pulp. Carbon yogwiritsidwa ntchito imakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa golide - cyanide compound ndipo imayamwa golide wosungunuka pamwamba pake. Mu njira ya Carbon - in - Leach (CIL), kaboni wopangidwa umawonjezedwa ku thanki yotulutsira mpweya nthawi imodzi ndi yankho la cyanide, kotero njira zotulutsira mpweya ndi kutsanulira mpweya zimachitika nthawi imodzi. Mu CIP ndi CIL zonse, kayendedwe ka mpweya woipa ndi pulp kamakhalabe kosagwirizana kuti golide woponderezedwa ndi mpweyawo ukhale wambiri.

• Kutulutsa Mpweya Wodzaza ndi Golide : Pambuyo pa njira yothira, mpweya wodzaza ndi golide uyenera kulekanitsidwa ndi zamkati. Kenako, golideyo amachotsedwa mu kaboni pogwiritsa ntchito yankho lotentha la cyanide. Njirayi imaswa mgwirizano pakati pa golide ndi cyanide ndi kaboni, ndikutulutsa golideyo mu yankho.

• Kupambana kwa Electrolysis : Yankho lolemera la golide lomwe limapezeka kuchokera mu njira yochotsera madzi m'thupi limadutsa mu electrowinning. Panthawiyi, mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa mu yankho. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma ayoni agolide omwe ali mu yankholo achepe ndikuyikidwa pa cathode, ndikupanga golide wolimba womwe ungayengedwenso.

• Kusungunula Golide : Golide wopezeka pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi woyera koma angakhalebe ndi zinthu zina zosafunika. Kusungunula kumachitika kuti golideyo ayeretsedwe bwino ndikuponyedwa mu zinthu zoyera zomwe akufuna.

• Kukonzanso Mpweya : Mpweya wotayika, golide atachotsedwa, ukhoza kubwezeretsedwanso ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyika mpweyawo pa kutentha kwambiri kuti uchotse zinyalala zilizonse zomwe zachotsedwa ndikubwezeretsa mphamvu yake yoyamwa golide.

4. Kufananiza Njira za CIP ndi CIL

• Nthawi Yogwirira Ntchito : Kawirikawiri, njira ya CIP imatenga nthawi yayitali poyerekeza ndi CIL. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mu CIP, kuchotsedwa kwa madzi ndi kulowetsedwa kwa madzi ndi ntchito zosiyana. Mu CIL, popeza kuchotsedwa kwa madzi ndi kulowetsedwa kwa madzi kumachitika nthawi imodzi, njira yonseyi imatha kumalizidwa munthawi yochepa. Komabe, njira ya CIL imafuna kuwongolera kovuta kwambiri chifukwa njira zonse ziwiri zimachitika nthawi imodzi.

• Kasamalidwe ka Kaboni ndi Kusakaniza Madzi : Mu njira ya CIL, pamakhala kuchuluka kwa kaboni komwe kumayendera, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kaboni mu sakaniza ndi kochepa kuposa mu CIP. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa sakaniza komwe kumafunika kunyamulidwa kuti kaboni isamutsidwe mu CIL nthawi zambiri kumakhala kangapo kuposa CIP (pafupifupi kanayi). Izi zimakhudza kukula kwa zida ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

• Kubwerera kwa Chitsulo ndi Giredi ya Golide mu Yankho : Mu njira ya CIP, pali chitsulo chochuluka chomwe chimatsala mu dongosolo (kumbuyo kwa chitsulo), ndipo chitsulochi chimagawidwa mofanana pakati pa kaboni wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yankho. Mu CIL, chitsulo chachikulu chimalowetsedwa pa kaboni wogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa golide mu yankho mu njira ya CIL kumakhala kokwera kuposa mu CIP. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mu CIL, pamene golide akutulutsidwa, amalowetsedwanso nthawi zonse, zomwe zimabwezeretsanso golide wosungunuka mu yankho. Mu CIP, kumbali ina, ndi njira imodzi yokha yolowetsera golide wosungunuka yomwe imadzazanso golide wosungunuka pang'ono.

5. Malingaliro a Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo

Ngakhale kuti imagwira ntchito bwino, cyanidation, makamaka agitation cyanidation, imakhala ndi zoopsa zachilengedwe komanso chitetezo. Cyanide ndi yapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse kapena kusagwira bwino kungayambitse kuipitsa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe ndikuyika chiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu. Pofuna kuthana ndi zoopsazi, ntchito zamigodi ya golide zimatsatira ndondomeko zotetezeka. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusungirako ndi kusamalira bwino cyanide, kukhazikitsa zosungiramo zosungirako kuti zisatayike, komanso kuchiritsa cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wopitilirapo akufuna kupanga njira zina, zopanda poizoni zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa cyanide pochotsa golide.

6. Kutsiliza

Agitation cyanidation amatenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakampani amakono a migodi ya golide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti golide achotsedwe kumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu, cyanidation - m'malo mwa zinc ndi osasefedwa cyanidation carbon slurry, iliyonse ili ndi zabwino zake ndipo imasankhidwa kutengera zinthu monga ore katundu, kukula kwa ntchito, komanso kuthekera kwachuma. Komabe, makampaniwa akuyenera kupitiliza kuthana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide kuti zitsimikizire tsogolo lokhazikika la kuchotsa golide.