M'zigawo za Golide wa Cyanidation: Kulowera Kwakuya mu Njira Yoyipitsa Kuyimitsa

Pankhani yochotsa golide, cyanidation yakhala ikudziwika kwa zaka zopitirira zana. Chiyambireni mu 1887 pofuna kuchotsa miyala ya golide ndi siliva, njirayi yakhala ikusintha mosalekeza, kukhala imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchira kwake, kusinthasintha kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ore, komanso kuthekera kwa kupanga kwanuko.

1. Kumvetsetsa Cyanidation mu Kuchotsa Golide

Cyanidation ndi njira yamankhwala yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito luso la cyanide ma ions kuti apange zosungunuka zosungunuka ndi golide. Pamaso pa mpweya ndi madzi, ayoni cyanide amachita ndi maatomu golide. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chinthu chosungunuka chomwe golide amamangiriridwa ndi ayoni a cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti golide asungunuke muzitsulo. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ndi yothandiza kwambiri pochotsa golide, imabweretsanso zovuta zachilengedwe komanso chitetezo chifukwa cyanide ndi chinthu chapoizoni.

2. Mitundu ya Njira za Cyanidation

Njira za cyanidation zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu: agitation cyanidation ndi percolation cyanidation.

• Kusokonezeka kwa Cyanidation: Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza golide woyandama kapena muzochitika zonse za slime cyanidation. Zimaphatikizapo kusakaniza mwamphamvu zamkati mwa ore ndi cyanide solution. Pochita izi, zimawonetsetsa kuti tinthu tating'ono tokhala ndi golide mu ore timalumikizana kwambiri ndi ayoni a cyanide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti golide atulutsidwe.

• Percolation Cyanidation: Woyenera golide wocheperako, percolation cyanidation imagwira ntchito polola kuti cyanide solution idutse pa bedi la ore. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa poyerekeza ndi agitation cyanidation. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumangokhala ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali yomwe imakhala yabwino, zomwe zimathandiza kuti cyanide idutse mosavuta.

3. Mukubwadamuka Cyanidation Gold m'zigawo Njira

Chisokonezo Cyanidation Gold Extraction Njirayi imaphatikizapo njira ziwiri zazikulu: njira yosinthira zinki ndi cyanidation yosasefedwa. Carbon njira yothira madzi.

3.1 Cyanidation - Zinc Replacement Njira (CCD ndi CCF Njira)

• Kukonzekera Zopangira Zowonongeka: Gawo loyamba likukhudza kukonza miyalayo kuti ikonzekere ntchito yochotsa. Nthaŵi zambiri zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuphwanya miyalayo kukhala tizidutswa ting’onoting’ono kenaka n’kuipera kuti ifanane. Nthawi zina, chithandizo cham'mbuyomu chimapangidwanso kuti tinthu tating'ono tagolide tipezeke mosavuta. Cholinga chake ndi kupanga zamkati ndi kukula koyenera kwa tinthu, zomwe zimalimbikitsa mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa ore ndi yankho la cyanide.

• Agitation Cyanidation Leaching: Zamkati za ore zomwe zakonzedwa zimasamutsidwa ku akasinja ovutitsa, komwe yankho la cyanide limawonjezeredwa. Matanki awa ali ndi zosokoneza zomwe zimasunga zamkati ndi yankho la cyanide bwino - losakanikirana. Oxygen imalowetsedwa mu akasinja, mwina kudzera mu mpweya kapena powonjezera oxidizing. Mpweya uwu umathandizira kuyendetsa mankhwala omwe amasungunula golide mu njira ya cyanide.

• Kuchapira Kophatikizana Kwa Olimba - Kupatukana Kwamadzimadzi: Pambuyo pa ndondomeko ya leaching, slurry yomwe imachokera imakhala ndi zotsalira zolimba ndi gawo lamadzimadzi lotchedwa yankho la mimba, lomwe lili ndi golide wosungunuka. Kuti alekanitse zigawo ziwirizi, mndandanda wa thickeners kapena zosefera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera kutsuka kotsutsana. Njira monga Continuous Counter - Current Decantation (CCD) kapena Continuous Counter - Current Filtration (CCF) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apezenso golide wochuluka momwe angathere pamene akuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa golide wotayika ndi zotsalira zolimba.

• Kuyeretsedwa kwa Leaching Liquid ndi Deoxidation: Yankho lapakati lomwe limapezeka pagawo lolimba - lolekanitsa madzi litha kukhala ndi zonyansa komanso okosijeni wosungunuka. Njira zoyeretsera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa zolimba zoyimitsidwa ndi zonyansa zina zomwe zingasokoneze ndondomeko yobwezeretsa golide. Deoxidation ndiyofunikiranso chifukwa mpweya ukhoza kuyambitsa kukonzanso kwa golide - cyanide pawiri, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya m'malo mwa zinki zomwe zimatsatira.

• Kusintha kwa Zinc Powder (Silika) ndi Kutola: Zinc ufa kapena silika wa zinki amawonjezedwa ku njira yoyeretsera komanso yochotsa oxidized mimba. Zinc imagwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa golidi, motero imachotsa golide kuchokera pagulu lomwe limapangidwa panthawi ya leaching. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale madzi olimba omwe amakhala ndi golide ndi zinki, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa matope a golide. Pambuyo posintha, matope a golide nthawi zambiri amawathira ndi asidi kuti achotse zinc ndi zonyansa zina.

• Kusungunula Ingots: Gawo lomaliza la njira yosinthira cyanidation - zinki ndikusungunula matope agolide kuti apange ma ingots agolide. Matope a golidi amasungunuka pa kutentha kwakukulu mu ng'anjo, ndipo kupyolera muzitsulo zingapo zoyenga, zonyansa zotsalira zimachotsedwa, kutulutsa mkulu - chiyero cha golide.

3.2 Njira Yosasefedwa ya Cyanidation Carbon Slurry (Njira za CIP ndi CIL)

• Kukonzekera kwa Zinthu Zoletchera: Mofanana ndi cyanidation - zinki m'malo ndondomeko, ntchito yoyamba ndi kukonzekera ore kwa leaching. Izi zimafuna kuchepetsa miyala yamtengo wapatali kuti ikhale yoyenerera tinthu ting'onoting'ono pophwanya ndi kupera.

• Agitation Leaching ndi Countercurrent Carbon AdsorptionMu njira ya Carbon - in - Pulp (CIP), njira yochotsera cyanide imachitika koyamba m'matanki angapo otsatizana. Golide akasungunuka mu yankho, Carbon Woyendetsa imawonjezeredwa ku zamkati. Mpweya wopangidwa umathandiza kwambiri pa golide ndi cyanide ndipo umayamwa golide wosungunuka pamwamba pake. Mu njira ya Carbon - in - Leach (CIL), mpweya wopangidwa umawonjezedwa ku thanki yoyamwa nthawi imodzi ndi yankho la cyanide, kotero njira zoyamwa ndi zoyamwa zimachitika nthawi imodzi. Mu CIP ndi CIL zonse, kayendedwe ka kaboni ndi zamkati zimasungidwa kuti golide woyamwa ndi kaboni achuluke.

• Golide - Wodzaza Carbon Desorption: Pambuyo potsatsa, mpweya wodzaza golide uyenera kulekanitsidwa ndi zamkati. Kenaka, golide amachotsedwa mu carbon pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotentha ya caustic - cyanide. Njira yothetsera vutoli imaphwanya mgwirizano pakati pa golide - cyanide compound ndi carbon, kutulutsa golideyo kubwerera mu yankho.

• Electrowinning Electrolysis: Yankho lolemera la golide lomwe limapezeka munjira ya desorption limakumana ndi electrowinning. Panthawi imeneyi, mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa mu njira yothetsera vutoli. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma ion a golide mu njira yothetsera vutoli achepe ndi kuikidwa pa cathode, kupanga golide wokhazikika womwe ungathe kukonzedwanso.

• Kusungunula Ingots: Golide wopezedwa kuchokera ku electrowinning ndi wangwiro koma akhoza kukhalabe ndi zonyansa. Kusungunula kumachitidwa kuti ayeretsenso golideyo ndikumuponyera muzitsulo za chiyero chomwe akufuna.

• Kusintha kwa Carbon: Mpweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito, golide utasungunuka, ukhoza kupangidwanso ndi kugwiritsidwanso ntchito. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyika mpweya ku kutentha kwambiri kuti athetse zonyansa zilizonse za adsorbed ndikubwezeretsanso mphamvu yake yotsatsa golide.

4. Kufananiza Njira za CIP ndi CIL

• Kutalika kwa Ntchito: Nthawi zambiri, ndondomeko ya CIP imatenga nthawi yayitali poyerekeza ndi CIL. Izi ndichifukwa mu CIP, leaching ndi adsorption ndi ntchito zosiyana. Ku CIL, popeza leaching ndi kutsatsa kumachitika nthawi imodzi, ntchito yonseyo imatha kumalizidwa munthawi yochepa. Komabe, njira ya CIL imafuna kuwongolera kovutirapo popeza njira zonsezi zimachitika nthawi imodzi.

• Carbon ndi Slurry Management: Mu ndondomeko ya CIL, pali mpweya wochuluka wa carbon mu kuzungulira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa carbon mu slurry kumakhala kochepa kusiyana ndi CIP. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa slurry komwe kumafunika kunyamulidwa kuti asamutsire mpweya mu CIL nthawi zambiri kumakhala kangapo kuposa CIP (pafupifupi kanayi). Izi zimakhudza kukula kwa zida ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

• Metal Backlog ndi Gold Grade mu Solution: Mu ndondomeko ya CIP, pali zitsulo zambiri zomwe zimakhalabe mu dongosolo (zitsulo zotsalira), ndipo chitsulo ichi chimagawidwa mofanana pakati pa carbon activated ndi yankho. Mu CIL, zitsulo zambiri zimatulutsidwa pa carbon activated. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa golide mu njira ya CIL ndikokwera kuposa ku CIP. Izi zili choncho chifukwa ku CIL, pamene golide akugwedezeka, amakhalanso adsorbed mosalekeza, zomwe zimawonjezeranso golide wosungunuka mu yankho. Ku CIP, kumbali ina, ndi njira imodzi yotsatsira ndikuwonjezeranso golide wosungunuka.

5. Malingaliro a Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo

Ngakhale kuti imagwira ntchito bwino, cyanidation, makamaka agitation cyanidation, imakhala ndi zoopsa zachilengedwe komanso chitetezo. Cyanide ndi yapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse kapena kusagwira bwino kungayambitse kuipitsa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe ndikuyika chiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu. Pofuna kuthana ndi zoopsazi, ntchito zamigodi ya golide zimatsatira ndondomeko zotetezeka. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusungirako ndi kusamalira bwino cyanide, kukhazikitsa zosungiramo zosungirako kuti zisatayike, komanso kuchiritsa cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oipa. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wopitilirapo akufuna kupanga njira zina, zopanda poizoni zomwe zingalowe m'malo mwa cyanide pochotsa golide.

6. Kutsiliza

Agitation cyanidation amatenga gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakampani amakono a migodi ya golide, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti golide achotsedwe kumitundu yosiyanasiyana. Njira ziwiri zazikuluzikulu, cyanidation - m'malo mwa zinc ndi osasefedwa cyanidation carbon slurry, iliyonse ili ndi zabwino zake ndipo imasankhidwa kutengera zinthu monga ore katundu, kukula kwa ntchito, komanso kuthekera kwachuma. Komabe, makampaniwa akuyenera kupitiliza kuthana ndi zovuta zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cyanide kuti zitsimikizire tsogolo lokhazikika la kuchotsa golide.