Kugwira Ntchito ndi Njira Yoyendera ya Cyanidation Vat Leaching Njira ya Migodi ya Golide

1. Introduction

Njira yochotsera golide pogwiritsa ntchito Cyanidation vat leaching ndi njira yofunika kwambiri pakufukula golide kuchokera ku miyala. Njirayi ili ndi ntchito yake yeniyeni komanso njira zingapo zodziwika bwino, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakufukula bwino golide.

2. Ntchito Yofikira

2.1 Chofunikira Chakukula kwa Particle

Mafuta a golide oyenerera njira yochotsera vat nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi golide wabwino kwambiri. Pamene tinthu tagolide mu ore ndi zabwino kwambiri, zimakhala zovuta kuzilekanitsa mwa njira zosavuta zolekanitsa thupi monga kulekanitsa mphamvu yokoka. Zikatero, njira ya cyanidation vat leaching ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu oksidi - mtundu wa golide wa ores, golide nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati njere zabwino, zomwe zimatha kuthandizidwa bwino ndi leaching ya vat.

2.2 Zofunikira za Ore

Njirayi ndi yoyenera makamaka kwa ores otsika kwambiri kapena otsika kwambiri - otsika kwambiri. Kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali ya golide, njira zogwiritsira ntchito bwino komanso zocheperapo - zowononga nthawi zitha kukhala zabwino. Komabe, kwa ore otsika pomwe golide pa yuniti imodzi ya ore ndi yocheperako, njira yotsitsa vat imathabe kutulutsa chuma pamikhalidwe ina. Kutsika mtengo kwa njira yoperekera vat kumapangitsa kukhala njira yabwino yopangira ore ngati awa.

2.3 Zofunikira za Ore Permeability

Ma mineral omwe ali ndi vuto losalowa bwino ndi oyeneranso kuchotsedwa mu migodi. Ngati mineral iyi ili ndi vuto losalowa bwino, yankho la cyanide lingayende mwachangu kwambiri kudzera mu migodi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthawi yolumikizana pakati pa cyanide ndi golide isakwane, motero kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa golide wotuluka. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kwa mineral omwe ali ndi vuto losalowa bwino, njira yochotsera migodi imatha kulamulira kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi nthawi yolumikizana ya yankho la cyanide mu migodi kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino. Mwachitsanzo, minerals ya iron oxide - capping - yokhala ndi golide wopyapyala ndi quartz - vein - mtundu wa golide wopyapyala nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi vuto losalowa bwino ndipo ndi yoyenera kuchotsedwa mu migodi. Njira yochotsera migodi imatha kupeza phindu la 70 - 90% la minerals otere.

3. Njira Yoyenda

3.1 Kukonzekera kwa Mitsuko Yoboola

Mitsuko yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga izi nthawi zambiri imakhala yopangidwa ndi zinthu monga matabwa, chitsulo, kapena konkriti. Pansi pa vat imatha kukhala yosalala kapena yopendekera pang'ono, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amatha kukhala ozungulira, amakona anayi, kapena masikweya. Mkati mwa vat, pansi zabodza zopangidwa ndi asidi perforated - mbale zosagwira zimayikidwa. Nsalu yosefera imayikidwa pansi pake, ndipo gululi lopangidwa ndi matabwa kapena dzimbiri - zitsulo zosagwira ntchito zimaphimbidwa pa nsalu yosefera. Pansi pabodza amasefa ndikuthandizira zitsulo. Musanayambe ntchito yotulutsa leaching, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti zitsulo, makamaka zotayira ndi zotayirira - zamadzimadzi, sizingalowetsedwe komanso zouma.

3.2 Ore Pretreatment - Kuphwanya ndi Kuwunika

Golide wokumbidwa - wokhala ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali amafunika kuphwanyidwa mpaka kukula kwake. Choyamba, ores amadyetsedwa mu gawo lophwanyidwa kuti adzilekanitse mosavuta. Kutengera kukula kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono, pali coarse - kuphwanya, sing'anga - kuphwanya, ndi kuphwanya bwino ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, nsagwada crusher ntchito coarse - kuphwanya, amene angathe kuchepetsa tinthu kukula pafupifupi 50 - 100mm. Kenako, chophwanya chulucho ntchito sing'anga - kuphwanya ndi zabwino - kuphwanya ntchito, kuchepetsa tinthu kukula kwa osiyanasiyana 5 - 25mm. Pambuyo kuphwanya, ores ndi kuonedwa ndi kugwedera chophimba kuonetsetsa yunifolomu tinthu kukula. Ores owoneka bwino omwe samakwaniritsa zofunikira amabwezeretsedwa ku chopondapo kuti aphwanyidwenso, ndipo ores oyenerera amalowa gawo lotsatira.

3.3 Njira ya Leaching

1. Kuyika Ma Ore mu Vat : Ma Ore ophwanyika ndi otetezedwa amaikidwa mu vat yotulutsa madzi.

2. Kukonzekera Njira Yochotsera Madzi : Mu chidebe chamadzimadzi chosauka, yankho la alkaline cyanide limakonzedwa ngati chotulutsira madzi. Kuchuluka kwa yankho la cyanide nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa mkati mwa mtundu winawake, nthawi zambiri 0.05% - 0.1%, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa kudzera mu zoyeserera malinga ndi mawonekedwe enieni a miyala. Kuchuluka kumeneku kumatha kuonetsetsa kuti golide akuchotsedwa bwino komanso kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

3. Ntchito Yochotsa Madzi : Yankho lokonzedwa lochotsa madzi limapopedwa mu chidebe chochotsera madzi. Panthawi yochotsa madzi, yankho lochotsa madzi limalowa pang'onopang'ono mu gawo la miyala. Golide mu miyalayo amakumana ndi cyanide mu yankholo pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya (nthawi zambiri, mpweya umalowetsedwa mu chidebecho). Equation yayikulu ya mankhwala ndi: \(4Au + 8NaCN+O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Au(CN)_2]+4NaOH\). Mu yankholi, golide amapanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes ndipo amasungunuka mu yankholo. Nthawi yochotsa madzi imakhala yayitali, nthawi zambiri kuyambira masiku angapo mpaka masabata angapo, kutengera zinthu monga mtundu wa miyalayo, kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono ta miyalayo, ndi kuchuluka kwa yankho lochotsa madzi. Panthawi yochotsa madzi, ndikofunikira kuzindikira nthawi zonse kuchuluka kwa yankho lochotsa madzi, pH ya yankholo, ndi kuchuluka kwa golide mu yankholo kuti muwonetsetse kuti yankho lochotsa madzi likuyenda bwino.

3.4 Kupatukana kwa Golide - Bearing Solution (Rich - Liquid)

Pamene leaching ifika nthawi inayake komanso kupyolera mu kuzindikira, pamene ndende ndi kalasi ya madzi akukumana ndi zofunika, golide - kubala njira (wolemera - madzi) amatulutsidwa pansi pa vat. Madzi olemera - amakhala ndi golide wosungunuka - cyanide complexes ndipo akuyenera kukonzedwanso kuti apezenso golide.

3.5 Kubwezeretsa Golide

1. Njira Yosinthira Ufa wa Zinc (Pepala) : Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino yobwezeretsanso Golide ndi njira yosinthira ufa wa zinc (pepala). Zinc ili ndi mphamvu yochepetsera mphamvu kuposa golide. Ufa wa zinc kapena pepala la zinc likawonjezedwa ku madzi olemera, kusintha kwa kayendedwe kake kumachitika. Equation ya reaction ya mankhwala ndi: \(2Na[Au(CN)_2]+Zn = 2Au+Na_2[Zn(CN)_4]\). Golide amachotsedwa ku golide-cyanide complex ndi zinc ndipo amatuluka ngati tinthu tolimba. Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa kayendedwe kake, kusakaniza kwa madzi olimba kumasefedwa kuti apeze zinthu zolimba zagolide, zomwe zimakonzedwanso kuti zisungunuke.

2. Njira Yothira Kaboni Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito : Njira ina ndi kuthira Kaboni Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito . Kaboni Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito ili ndi malo akuluakulu komanso mphamvu yamphamvu yothira. Madzi olemera amadutsa mu mzere wodzazidwa ndi Kaboni Yogwiritsidwa Ntchito . Ma complexes a golide ndi cyanide omwe ali mu yankho amathira pamwamba pa kaboni yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pothira, kaboni yogwiritsidwa ntchito yokhala ndi golide wothira (yothira - kaboni) imalekanitsidwa ndi yankho. Kenako, kaboni yothira imayikidwa kuti ichotsedwe. Nthawi zambiri, yankho lothira (monga chisakanizo cha sodium hydroxide ndi Sodium Cyanide ) limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa golide kuchokera ku kaboni yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika kwina. Yankho lothira golide lothira limasinthidwa kukhala electrolyze kuti lipeze golide.

3.6 Chithandizo cha Michira ndi Zinyalala Zamadzimadzi

1. Chithandizo cha Misomali : Pambuyo pobwezeretsa golide, misomali yotsalayo imakhalabe ndi cyanide ndi zinthu zina zodetsa. Kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe, misomaliyo iyenera kukonzedwa. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndi kuwonjezera zinthu monga sodium metabisulfite ndi copper sulfate ku misomaliyo kuti iwonongeke ndikuchotsa cyanide. Pambuyo pokonza, misomaliyo ikhoza kusungidwa bwino kapena kukonzedwanso.

2. Kukonza Zinyalala ndi Madzi : Zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa panthawiyi zimakhalanso ndi cyanide ndi zinthu zina zovulaza. Zimafunika kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kusinthana kwa ma ion, ndi mankhwala achilengedwe kuti zichepetse kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza kuti zikwaniritse miyezo ya dziko lonse yotulutsira madzi isanatulutsidwe.

4. Kutsiliza

Njira ya cyanidation vat leaching ili ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera pantchito yamigodi ya golide, makamaka pazitsulo zagolide zowoneka bwino, zotsika, komanso zotsika kwambiri. Kupyolera mu njira zingapo zokhwima, njira iyi imatha kuchotsa golide kuchokera ku ore. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito cyanide pochita izi, chitetezo chokhazikika komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe chiyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndikuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa chilengedwe. Ndi chitukuko chosalekeza chaukadaulo wa migodi, kuwongolera kwina ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa njirayi kukuyembekezeka kupititsa patsogolo kutulutsa kwa golide ndikuchepetsa mtengo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe chimagwirizana.