Kusankha Masamba a Milu ya Leaching ndi Kuyika Pansi Pansi

Kupanga mulu kumaphatikizapo kuyika miyala kapena miyala yolumikizidwa pansi pa malo otayira miyala ya Heap malinga ndi miyeso yopangidwa. Mulu wa miyala womangidwawo uyenera kukhala ndi malo abwino komanso ofanana olowera, komanso kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti panthawi yotayira miyala, chotulutsira miyala chimatha kulowa mofanana mu gawo lonse la mulu wa miyala yamtengo wapatali pamlingo wofunikira wa kugawa kwa madzi. Pakadali pano, zimaletsa zochitika monga kugwa m'mphepete mwa mulu wa miyala yamtengo wapatali kapena madzi otayira m'deralo. Chifukwa chake, chisamaliro chachikulu chiyenera kuperekedwa panthawi yogwira ntchito. Pakupanga, pali njira ina yotayira miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mchere wochotsedwa umanyamulidwa mwachindunji ku nsanja yotayira miyala yamtengo wapatali kuti uchotsedwe popanda kuphwanyidwa kale. Nthawi zina, kuchotsa miyala yamtengo wapatali kumachitika ngakhale pamalo ophulitsira. Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta miyala yamtengo wapatali nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 100 mpaka 200 mm kapena kupitirira apo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuzungulira kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali komwe kumatha kutenga theka la chaka kapena kupitirira apo. Popeza mtundu uwu wa kuchotsa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi wosavuta, nthawi zambiri suphunziridwa ngati njira yachizolowezi yochotsera miyala yamtengo wapatali.

Kusankha Masamba a Milu ya Leaching ndi Kuyika Pansi Pansi

Kusankha malo osungiramo zinthu zolemera (Heap leaching) kukugwirizana ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zinthu, kuphatikizapo kukonza malo, misewu yoyendera, ndi kapangidwe ka mapaipi. Choyikapo pansi pa malo osungiramo zinthu zolemera (heap leaching) ndi malo ake oikamo ndi zofunika kwambiri popanga malo osungiramo zinthu zolemera (heap leaching), makamaka pa malo akuluakulu osungiramo zinthu. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa choyikapo pansi uyenera kutsimikiziridwa.

1. Zofunikira Zofunikira pa Masamba a Mulu Leaching

Malowa ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira zopirira kuti athe kupirira kulemera kwa ore ndi zipangizo zonyamulira.

Iyenera kukhala ndi malo enaake otsetsereka, omwe amathandizira kudulidwa kwa malo ndi kutuluka kwa leachate.

Payenera kukhala malo okwanira kumanga milu ndi mayendedwe. Kwa migodi yomwe ili ndi kuthekera kwachitukuko, zotheka kukulitsa mtsogolo ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa.

2. Kusankha ndi Kuyika kwa Zingwe za Pansi pa Mapulatifomu a Milu Yodutsira

2.1 Kusankhidwa Kwa Miyando Yapansi pa Mapulatifomu a Milu Yodutsira

Zitsanzo zapansi pa nsanja za leaching zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: okhazikika komanso osakhalitsa. Zakale zimafuna nthawi yayitali yomanga komanso yokwera mtengo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera migodi yapakati - mpaka - ikuluikulu yokhala ndi moyo wautali wautumiki. Mosiyana ndi izi, zingwe zapansi zosakhalitsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha, zimafuna nthawi yochepa yomanga, ndipo ndizotsika mtengo. Iwo ndi oyenera migodi ndi moyo utumiki zosakwana 5 zaka. Kuphatikiza apo, malo ozungulira nawonso amathandizanso. Ngati malo omangirapo miluyo ndi ochepa, pakhoza kumangidwanso mulu wokhazikika. Mosiyana ndi izi, ngati pali malo otsetsereka pafupi ndi malo otsetsereka ndipo miyala - mtunda wa mayendedwe ndi waufupi, nsanja yocheperako ingamangidwe.

2.2 Zambiri Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pansi Pansi

• Dongo ndi Bentonite : Ngati pali dongo lalikulu pafupi ndi malo otulutsira dongo, kugwiritsa ntchito dongo pansi ndi chisankho choyenera. Dongo pansi limatha kupakidwa m'magawo atatu, lililonse limakhala ndi makulidwe pafupifupi 150 mm. Kuchuluka kwa kulowerera kwa dongo pansi ndi 1.0×10−7 cm/s, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe. Popeza bentonite (makamaka mtundu wa sodium) ili ndi mphamvu zoyamwa madzi ndipo imatha kukula nthawi 10 - 30 mu voliyumu ikatha kuyamwa madzi, kuwonjezera kuchuluka koyenera (pafupifupi 4%) kwa bentonite ku dongo kungachepetse kwambiri kulowerera kwa dongo. Mtundu uwu wa dongo pansi ndi wosavuta kuyika ndipo uli ndi mtengo wotsika. Maziko ayenera kupakidwa, ndipo malo otsetsereka ayenera kukhala ofewa kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa dongo pansi panthawi yotulutsira dongo.

• Asphalt ndi Konkriti : Pamene phula kapena konkriti ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholumikizira chapansi, mphamvu yake yoletsa kutuluka kwa madzi ndi kupsinjika imakhudzana ndi makulidwe ake. Nthawi zambiri, makulidwe ake amakhala pakati pa 150 mpaka 200 mm. Ikapangidwa bwino, mphamvu yolowera imakhala pakati pa 1.0 × 10−9 cm/s ndi 1.0 × 10−10 cm/s. Komabe, mtundu uwu wa cholumikizira chapansi ndi wokwera mtengo ndipo umakhala ndi ming'alu.

• Mafilimu a Polyethylene Okhala ndi Kachulukidwe Kakakulu (Mapepala) (HDPE) : Pamene polyethylene yokhala ndi kachulukidwe kakakulu ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choyika pansi, makulidwe ake ndi 1 - 2 mm yokha. Kuchuluka kwake kolowera ndi kochepera 1.0 × 10−13 cm/s, ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yolimba yapakati. Ndi yoyenera miyala yokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosakwana 20 mm ndipo ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kangapo. Mapepala ofewa a polyethylene okhala ndi kachulukidwe kakakulu amatha kulumikizidwa pamalopo pogwiritsa ntchito cyclohexanone. Njira yomangira ndi yosavuta, koma zofunikira kwambiri zimayikidwa pa mtundu wa ma weld. M'maiko akunja, zinthuzi nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazitsulo zapansi pa malo olowera madzi (kuphatikizapo maiwe amadzimadzi omalizidwa).

2.3 Zomangamanga Zapansi Pansi

• Zitsulo Zoyambira Pansi pa Chigawo Chimodzi : Dongo, phula, kapena konkriti zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zitsulo zoyambira pansi za chigawo chimodzi, zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo zimatha kulamulira kukhazikika kwa mulu wa miyala pamodzi ndi maziko. Zipangizo zopangidwa zikagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka pamene zipangizo zopangidwazo zayikidwa pa maziko a zinthu zopyapyala, mphamvu yolumikizana imakhala yochepa kwambiri, zomwe zingatsimikizire kukhazikika kwa mulu wa miyala.

• Ma Layer Awiri : Ma Layer awiri pansi amakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya zinthu zogwirira ntchito pansi. Ma Layer awiriwa amatha kukhudzana mwachindunji kapena kukhala ndi drainage kapena buffer pakati. Drainage yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira kutayikira kwa madzi imatha kusonkhanitsa ndikubwezeretsanso leachate. Drainage ikhoza kupangidwa ndi zinthu monga mchenga wabwino, ndipo kuwonjezera kwake kungathandizenso kukhazikika kwa mulu wa miyala. Dayalo lapamwamba la double-layer pansi nthawi zambiri limakhala dayalo logwirira ntchito kuti litsimikizire kuti leachate ikubwerera, pomwe dayalo lapansi ndi dayalo lothandizira kuti madzi asatuluke m'chilengedwe. Dayalo logwira ntchito la double-layer pansi limapangidwira ndi zinthu zopangidwa monga HDPE ndi PVC, ndipo dayalo lothandizira limapangidwa ndi dongo.

• Ma Layer Pamunsi Okhala ndi Zigawo Zitatu : Ma Layer Pamunsi okhala ndi zigawo zitatu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo limodzi la mbale yofewa ya PVC kapena HDPE ndi zigawo ziwiri za dongo, kapena zigawo ziwiri za PVC ndi gawo limodzi la dongo. Pali kuthekera kwakukulu kwa miyala yamtengo wapatali kutsetsereka ndi zingwe zitatu zapansi. Pofuna kupewa kutsetsereka, gawo limodzi lokha la madzi liyenera kuperekedwa pakati pa zigawo zitatu za pansi. Ma Layer Pamunsi okhala ndi zigawo zitatu sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.

2.4 Kuyika Pansi Pansi

Ukadaulo woyika ndi mtundu wa mzere wapansi umakhudza kwambiri ntchito yake. Poyala dongo pansi, m'pofunika kupewa mvula kapena nyengo youma kuti nsonga zapansi zisagwedezeke chifukwa cha kutaya madzi. Njira yeniyeni ndi choyamba kuyala wosanjikiza dongo, bentonite, kapena tailings zabwino pa maziko, yaying'ono izo, ndiye kuyala pulasitiki mafilimu kapena mphira mapepala, kuwonjezera wosanjikiza dongo kapena mchenga wabwino, ndipo potsiriza kuphimba wosanjikiza lalikulu - kakulidwe miyala ngati wosanjikiza zoteteza.

Pakakhala kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa maziko, kuyika kwa zopangira - zomangira pansi ziyenera kuyamba kuchokera pansi ndikupitilira mmwamba. Pewani kupanga makwinya. Makina odzigudubuza opanda msoko angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyika, ndipo kuwotcherera kumayenera kuchitika pamalowo. Zowotcherera ziyenera kukhala zofananira, ndipo kachitidwe kawo kachitidwe kayenera kukhala kogwirizana ndi njira yomwe mungayendere mulu wa miyala. Kuonjezera apo, malo oyikapo mzere wapansi pa malo obowolera muluwo akuyenera kukhala okulirapo pang'ono kuposa pansi kwenikweni pa mulu wa zitsulo.