Kusiyana Pakati pa Sodium Ferrocyanide ndi Sodium Cyanide

Mu gawo la chemistry, Sodium Ferrocyanide ndi Sodium Cyanide ndi mankhwala awiri omwe, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zinthu zina zofanana, ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku n'kofunika kwambiri, kaya m'mafakitale, kafukufuku wa sayansi, kapena zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi chitetezo.

Mapangidwe a Chemical ndi Ma formula

Sodium Ferrocyanide

Sodium ferrocyanide ili ndi chilinganizo cha mankhwala Na₄Fe(CN)₆. Lili ndi atomu yachitsulo yapakati (Fe) yolumikizidwa ndi ma ligand asanu ndi limodzi a cyanide (CN), ndi ma ion anayi a sodium (Na⁺) amayang'anira kuchuluka koyipa kwa anion yovuta [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻. Mu mawonekedwe ake a hydrated, nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati Na₄Fe(CN)₆·10H₂O. Kuphatikizika kumeneku kumapereka sodium ferrocyanide yapadera yamankhwala komanso thupi.

Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide, yomwe ili ndi mawonekedwe a NaCN, ndi njira yosavuta ya ayoni. Amakhala ndi sodium ion (Na⁺) ndi ion cyanide (CN⁻). The cyanide ion ndi mtundu womwe umagwira ntchito kwambiri, womwe umathandizira kwambiri pagululi, makamaka kawopsedwe ake.

Zida zakuthupi

Maonekedwe

Sodium ferrocyanide nthawi zambiri imawoneka ngati makristalo achikasu olimba. Mtundu wachikasu ndi wodziwika bwino pa anion ya ferrocyanide. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, sodium cyanide imawoneka ngati makristalo oyera olimba, nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe a granules kapena ufa.

Kutupa

Sodium ferrocyanide imasungunuka m'madzi, koma osasungunuka mu mowa. Akasungunuka m'madzi, amasiyanitsidwa kukhala ma ions ake, kuphatikizapo zovuta [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ anion. Komano, sodium cyanide, imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi komanso imasungunuka muzitsulo zina za polar monga ethanol. Imalekanitsidwa mosavuta m'madzi kuti itulutse ayoni a sodium ndi ayoni a cyanide, omwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuyambiranso kwake komanso kawopsedwe.

Kusungunuka ndi Kuwira

Sodium ferrocyanide ilibe malo osungunuka odziwika bwino mwachikhalidwe. Ikatenthedwa, imataya madzi m'thupi. Mwachitsanzo, imayamba kutaya mamolekyu amadzi pafupifupi 50 ° C, ndipo pa 81.5 ° C, imakhala yopanda madzi. Kutentha kwina mpaka 435 ° C kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwake. Sodium cyanide imakhala ndi malo osungunuka a 564 ° C ndi kuwira kwa 1469 ° C. Malo osungunuka kwambiri ndi otenthawa ndi chifukwa cha zomangira zolimba za ayoni mu pawiri.

Chemical Reactivity

Reactivity ndi Acids

Sodium ferrocyanide imakhala yokhazikika bwino ngati pali ma asidi osungunuka, osatenthetsa. Komabe, ikayikidwa mu ma asidi osungunuka, imatha kuwola kuti ipange mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide waulere. Mwachitsanzo, m'malo okhala ndi asidi wamphamvu, zotsatirazi zimatha kuchitika: Na₄Fe(CN)₆ + 6H₂SO₄ (yosungunuka, yowira) → 6HCN + 2FeSO₄ + 3Na₂SO₄ + 6H₂O. Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi ma asidi. Ngakhale ma asidi ofooka amatha kuchita nawo kuti apange mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ndi woopsa kwambiri. Izi zimachitika motere: NaCN + HCl → NaCl + HCN↑. Kuchita bwino kumeneku ndi ma acid kumapangitsa Sodium cyanide kukhala chinthu choopsa kwambiri ngati pali zinthu za asidi.

Zochita za Oxidation ndi Kuchepetsa

Sodium ferrocyanide imatha kusinthidwa kukhala oxidized pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Pakakhala zinthu zamphamvu zopangitsa oxidize, imatha kusinthidwa kukhala iron(III) complexes monga ferricyanide. Mwachitsanzo, reaction yokhala ndi oxidant yoyenera ingasinthe [Fe(CN)₆]⁴⁻ kukhala [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻. Sodium cyanide imathanso kutenga nawo mbali mu reactions za oxidation. Pakakhala mpweya ndi zinthu zina zoyambitsa, imatha kusinthidwa kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni. Mwachitsanzo, pakakhala hydrogen peroxide, reaction ikhoza kukhala: NaCN + H₂O₂ → NaCNO + H₂O (pamene hydrogen peroxide ili yochepa). Reaction yowonjezera yokhala ndi hydrogen peroxide yochulukirapo imatha kusintha sodium cyanate (NaCNO) kukhala sodium bi Carbon ate (NaHCO₃) ndi ammonia (NH₃).

Mapangidwe Ovuta

Sodium ferrocyanide palokha ndizovuta kwambiri. Itha kuchitanso ndi ma ion zitsulo zina kupanga ma coordination complexes atsopano. Mwachitsanzo, pochita ndi mchere wa iron(III), umapanga pigment yakuya - yabuluu yotchedwa Prussian blue, yokhala ndi mankhwala a Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃. Sodium cyanide imathanso kupanga ma complexes okhala ndi ayoni osiyanasiyana achitsulo. Pochotsa golide ndi siliva, mwachitsanzo, sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsulo zosungunuka - cyanide complexes. Golide (Au) amachita ndi sodium cyanide pamaso pa okosijeni kupanga ion yovuta [Au(CN)₂]⁻: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH.

Toxicity

Sodium Ferrocyanide

Ngakhale ali ndi cyanide ligands, sodium ferrocyanide ili ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono. Bungwe la World Health Organization ndi Food and Agriculture Organization atsimikiza kuti kudya kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa sodium ferrocyanide ndi 0 - 0.025 mg / kg ya kulemera kwa thupi. Chifukwa chake kawopsedwe kakang'ono ndikuti ma cyanide ligands mu sodium ferrocyanide amamangidwa mwamphamvu ku atomu yachitsulo yapakati mu anion yovuta. M'malo abwinobwino, satulutsa ma cyanide ions aulere, omwe ndi mitundu yapoizoni kwambiri. Komabe, pamaso pa asidi amphamvu kapena pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet, imatha kuwola kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ndi wakupha kwambiri.

Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi imodzi mwazinthu zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zimadziwika. Ndiwowopsa kwambiri kwa anthu ndi nyama. Mukalowetsedwa, kutulutsa mpweya, kapena kulowetsedwa pakhungu, sodium cyanide imatha kutulutsa ma cyanide ions (CN⁻) m'thupi. Ma cyanide ions awa amatha kumangirira ku maatomu achitsulo mu cytochrome c oxidase, puloteni yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kupuma kwa ma cell. Kumanga kumeneku kumalepheretsa ntchito ya enzyme, kulepheretsa maselo kuti asagwiritse ntchito mpweya wabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell asphyxiation. Ngakhale pang'ono, monga 0.1 - 0.3 magalamu, akhoza kupha anthu.

Mapulogalamu

Sodium Ferrocyanide

• Makampani Ogulitsa Chakudya : M'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo United States ndi omwe ali mu European Union, sodium ferrocyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala oletsa kutsekeka mu mchere wa tebulo. Imathandiza kuti mchere usamayende bwino mwa kupewa mapangidwe a ma clumps. Malire ololedwa a sodium ferrocyanide mu mchere amasiyana malinga ndi madera koma amalamulidwa mosamala kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi otetezeka.

• Ntchito Zamakampani : Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chokhazikika pa utoto pa ndodo zolumikizira. Mu makampani opanga mafuta, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa mercaptans, zomwe ndi mankhwala okhala ndi sulfure omwe angayambitse fungo loipa komanso mavuto a dzimbiri.

• Kupanga Mankhwala : Sodium ferrocyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chinthu choyambira popanga mankhwala ena ovuta komanso utoto, monga buluu wa Prussian.

Sodium Cyanide

• Makampani Ogulitsa Migodi : Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga golide ndi siliva. Pakupanga cyanidation, miyala ya golide ndi siliva imakonzedwa ndi yankho lochepetsedwa la sodium cyanide. Golide ndi siliva zimasungunuka mu yankho la cyanide ngati zitsulo - cyanide complexes, zomwe zimatha kulekanitsidwa ndikukonzedwanso kuti zipeze zitsulo zoyera.

• Kupanga Mankhwala : Kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu choyambira popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala achilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambitsa gulu la cyanide (-CN) kukhala mamolekyu achilengedwe, omwe amatha kusinthidwa kukhala magulu ena ogwira ntchito monga ma carboxylic acid, amines, kapena aldehydes kudzera muzochita zotsatirazi.

• Kupaka Ma Electroplating : Mu njira zopangira ma electroplating, sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chopangira zinthu zovuta. Imathandiza kuwongolera kuyika kwa ma ayoni achitsulo pa substrate, kuonetsetsa kuti plating yosalala komanso yofanana ikupezeka. Komabe, chifukwa cha poizoni wake wambiri, njira zina zopangira ma electroplating zomwe sizili za cyanide zikuchulukirachulukira.

Chitetezo ndi Kusamalira

Sodium Ferrocyanide

Pogwira sodium ferrocyanide, njira zokhazikika za labotale kapena chitetezo cha mafakitale ziyenera kutsatiridwa. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera zoyenera, monga magolovesi ndi magalasi odzitetezera. Ngakhale ili ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono m'mikhalidwe yabwinobwino, iyenera kusungidwa pamalo ozizira, owuma kutali ndi zidulo ndi magwero a kuwala kwa ultraviolet kuteteza kupangidwa kwa mpweya wapoizoni wa hydrogen cyanide. Ngati wakhudzidwa mwangozi pakhungu kapena m'maso, malo okhudzidwawo ayenera kutsukidwa bwino ndi madzi, ndipo ayenera kufunidwa chithandizo chamankhwala ngati mkwiyo ukupitirira.

Sodium Cyanide

Kusamalira sodium cyanide kumafuna njira zotetezera. Imaikidwa ngati chinthu chapoizoni kwambiri, ndipo kasungidwe kake, kayendetsedwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake kamakhala kolamulidwa mwamphamvu. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zovala zapadera zodzitetezera, kuphatikiza zida zodzitetezera zokha, masuti osamva mankhwala, ndi magolovesi. Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo otetezeka, olowera mpweya wabwino kutali ndi zidulo, oxidizing agents, ndi magwero a kutentha. Pakatayika kapena kutulutsidwa, kuthamangitsidwa mwachangu kwa malo ndikofunikira, ndipo magulu oyankha mwadzidzidzi ayenera kuyitanidwa. Njira zapadera, monga kugwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide kuti achepetse sodium cyanide pakatayika, ziyenera kutsatiridwa kuti muchepetse chiopsezo chokumana ndi mpweya wapoizoni wa hydrogen cyanide.

Pomaliza, sodium ferrocyanide ndi sodium cyanide, ngakhale onse ali ndi cyanide - zigawo zogwirizana, ali ndi kusiyana kwakukulu mu kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, thupi ndi mankhwala, kuchuluka kwa kawopsedwe, ntchito, ndi zofunikira zachitetezo. Kumvetsetsa koyenera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ndikofunikira m'magawo osiyanasiyana kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera.