Njira ndi Njira Zochepetsera Misala ya Cyanide

Introduction

Mitsempha ya Cyanide ndi zinyalala zolimba zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yokonza migodi ya golide ndi migodi ina. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ma cyanide otsala ndi zitsulo zina zolemera, ngati sizikusamalidwa bwino, zidzawononga kwambiri chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu. Kuopsa kwakukulu kwa ma Cyanide kumatha kufalikira kudzera mumlengalenga, m'madzi, ndi m'nthaka, kuipitsa chilengedwe chozungulira ndikuyika pachiwopsezo kupulumuka kwa nyama ndi zomera. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchotsa poizoni ku Cyanide Tailings . Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira ndi njira zochotsera poizoni ku mitsempha ya cyanide .

Makhalidwe ndi Kuopsa kwa Misala ya Cyanide

Kapangidwe ka michira ya cyanide ndizovuta. Kuphatikiza pa ma cyanides osakhudzidwa, mulinso zitsulo zolemera monga mkuwa, lead, zinki, ndi mercury. Zitsulo zolemerazi zimakhala zovuta kuzichepetsa m'chilengedwe ndipo zimawunjikana kwa nthawi yayitali. Cyanides akhoza ziletsa ntchito ya kupuma michere mu kwachilengedwenso maselo, zikubweretsa asphyxiation ndi imfa ya zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, madzi otayira okhala ndi ma cyanide tailings atayidwa m'mitsinje, izi zipangitsa kufa kwazamoyo zam'madzi monga nsomba, kuwononga chilengedwe chamadzi. Zitsulo zolemera zikalowa m'thupi la munthu, zimawunjikana m'ziwalo za anthu ndikuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, poizoni wa mtovu amakhudza kukula kwa dongosolo lamanjenje, ndipo poizoni wa mercury amawononga impso ndi ubongo.

Njira Zochepetsera Thupi

Chemical Oxidation Njira

1. Njira Yochotsera Madzi a Alkaline Chlorination : Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yochotsera madzi a oxidation. Pakakhala vuto la alkaline (nthawi zambiri pH imayendetsedwa pa 10 - 11), ma oxidants monga chlorine gasi kapena hypochlorites amawonjezedwa ku cyanide tailings. Mfundo yake yochitira izi ndi iyi: Choyamba, ma cyanide ions (CN⁻) amasungunuka kukhala ma cyanate ions (CNO⁻), ndipo equation ya reaction ndi CN⁻ + ClO⁻ + H₂O → CNO⁻ + Cl⁻ + 2H⁺. Kenako, cyanate imasungunuka kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto monga nayitrogeni ndi Carbon dioxide pansi pa oxidation yowonjezera, 2CNO⁻ + 3ClO⁻ + H₂O → N₂↑ + 3Cl⁻ + 2HCO₃⁻. Ubwino wa njira iyi ndikuti liwiro la reaction ndi lachangu ndipo zotsatira za detoxification ndizodziwikiratu, koma vuto ndilakuti zinthu zina zoipitsa monga chlorine - zomwe zili ndi mpweya wotulutsa utsi zimatha kupangidwa.

2. Njira Yokonzera Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation : Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) imatha kusungunuka ndikuwola cyanides pamaso pa chothandizira choyenera. Ma Catalysts monga ma ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa. Panthawi yochita reaction, hydrogen peroxide imawola kuti ipange hydroxyl radicals (·OH), omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochulukitsa kwambiri ndipo amatha kusungunuka mwachangu cyanides. Equation ya reaction ndi CN⁻ + H₂O₂ → CNO⁻ + H₂O. Ubwino wa njira ya hydrogen peroxide oxidation ndikuti zinthu zomwe hydrogen peroxide imawola pambuyo pa kuwonongeka ndi madzi ndi mpweya, ndipo palibe zoipitsa zatsopano zomwe zimayambitsidwa, koma mtengo wake ndi wokwera, ndipo zofunikira pazochitika za reaction ndizokhwima kwambiri.

Biological Oxidation Njira

1. Njira Yochotsera Tizilombo Toyambitsa Matenda : Tizilombo tina tapadera, monga Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, timagwiritsidwa ntchito. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti tingagwiritse ntchito cyanides ngati magwero a nayitrogeni ndi kaboni panthawi yomera ndipo timawasakaniza ndi kuwawononga. Kudzera mu ntchito zawo za kagayidwe kachakudya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasintha cyanides kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto monga carbon dioxide, madzi, ndi ammonia. Ubwino wa njira iyi ndikuti ndi yoteteza chilengedwe ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, koma vuto ndilakuti kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha ndi pH, ndipo nthawi yochizira ndi yayitali.

2. Njira ya Biofilm : Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhazikika pamwamba pa chonyamuliracho kuti tipange biofilm. Pamene matope a cyanide akhudzana ndi biofilm, cyanides amawonongeka ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Biofilm ili ndi mphamvu zolimba zoyamwa ndi kuwonongeka, zomwe zingathandize kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ...

Njira Zina

1. Njira Yopangira Mpweya Wotentha Kwambiri : Masamba a Cyanide amasungunuka kutentha kwambiri (nthawi zambiri kuposa 800℃), ndipo ma cyanide amasungunuka kukhala mpweya monga nayitrogeni ndi carbon monoxide. Njira yopangira mpweya wotentha kwambiri imatha kuchotsa ma cyanide bwino, koma imafuna mphamvu zambiri, ndipo zitsulo zolemera zimatha kusungunuka kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zochizira mpweya wotuluka m'mbuyo.

2. Njira Yokopera Madzi : Ma Adsorbents monga Activated Carbon ndi zeolite amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukopera ma cyanides. Ma Adsorbents ali ndi malo akuluakulu apadera ndipo amatha kukopera ma cyanides pamwamba pawo, motero amakwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa poizoni m'thupi. Njira yokopera madzi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, koma mphamvu yokopera madzi ya adsorbent ndi yochepa, ndipo adsorbent iyenera kusinthidwa nthawi zonse. Kuphatikiza apo, chithandizo cha adsorbent yokopera madzi ndi chovuta kwambiri.

Njira yochotsera poizoni

Kudzimbidwa

1. Kuphwanya ndi Kuwunika : Matako akuluakulu a cyanide amaphwanyidwa kuti achepetse kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuti zotsatira zake zipitirire bwino. Matako wamba ophwanyidwa amaphatikizapo matako ophwanyidwa, matako ophwanyidwa, ndi zina zotero. Matako ophwanyidwawo amawunikiridwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira monga zotchingira zogwedezeka kuti achotse tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapatsa zipangizo kukula koyenera kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timachizidwa pambuyo pake.

2. Kutulutsa : Kuti ma cyanide agwirizane bwino ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi reagent yochotsa poizoni, madzi kapena zinthu zina zoyenera zosungunulira nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa ma cyanide. Njira yotulutsira imachitika mu thanki yosakanikirana, ndipo ma tailings ndi solvent zimasakanizidwa mokwanira posakaniza. Zinthu monga nthawi yotulutsira, kutentha, ndi chiŵerengero cha madzi - mpaka - solid zimakhudza mphamvu ya kutulutsa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafunika kukonzedwa bwino malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili.

Ntchito ya Detoxification

1. Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Mankhwala Osakaniza : Potengera njira ya alkaline chlorination monga chitsanzo, mu njira yochotsera madzi pambuyo pochotsa madzi, sodium hydroxide imawonjezedwa kaye kuti isinthe pH ya yankho kukhala 10 - 11. Kenako, mpweya wa chlorine umalowetsedwa pang'onopang'ono kapena yankho la sodium hypochlorite limawonjezedwa, ndipo kusakaniza kumachitika nthawi yomweyo kuti yankho lipitirire mokwanira. Panthawi yochitapo kanthu, kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu yankho kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi yeniyeni. Pamene kuchuluka kwa cyanide kwachepetsedwa kufika pamlingo wotchulidwa, kuwonjezera kwa oxidant kumayimitsidwa.

2. Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Njira Yochotsera Mabakiteriya : Ngati njira yochotsera mabakiteriya ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, ma Thiobacillus ferroxidans ndi mabakiteriya ena obzalidwa bwino amaikidwa mu yankho lochotsa mabakiteriya okhala ndi cyanide tailings. Kutentha kwa dongosolo lochitira zinthu kumayendetsedwa mkati mwa kukula koyenera kwa mabakiteriya (nthawi zambiri 25 - 35℃), ndipo pH imasinthidwa kukhala yoyenerera (nthawi zambiri 2 - 4). Panthawi yochita zinthu, michere iyenera kubwezeretsedwanso nthawi zonse kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za mabakiteriya okulira. Kupita patsogolo kwa kuchita zinthu zochotsa mabakiteriya kumayesedwa poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi kukula kwa mabakiteriya.

Chithandizo Chotsatira

1. Kulekanitsa Madzi Olimba : Pambuyo poti njira yochotsera poizoni yatha, matope omwe akonzedwa ayenera kuyikidwa m'malo olekanitsidwa amadzimadzi ndi olimba. Njira zodziwika bwino zolekanitsira madzi ndi olimba zimaphatikizapo kusefa ndi kugawa madzi m'maselo. Kudzera mu zida zosefera monga makina osefera a mbale ndi chimango, matope olimba amalekanitsidwa ndi madzi. Madzi olekanitsidwawo ayenera kuyesedwanso kuti awone ngati ali ndi cyanide ndi zitsulo zolemera kuti atsimikizire kuti akhoza kutulutsidwa atakwaniritsa miyezo yotulutsira madzi.

2. Kutaya Misozi : Pambuyo pochotsa poizoni m'thupi ndi kulekanitsa madzi olimba, ngati zitsulo zolemera zomwe zili m'misoziyo zikadali zambiri, chithandizo china chikufunika. Mwachitsanzo, ukadaulo wolimbitsa ndi kukhazikika umagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo misoziyo imasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zolimbitsa monga simenti ndi laimu kuti zikhazikitse zitsulo zolemera m'thupi lolimba ndikuchepetsa kuyenda kwawo m'chilengedwe. Misozi yokonzedwa ikhoza kudzazidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, monga kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipangizo zomangira.

Kutsiliza

Chithandizo cha detoxification cha cyanide tailings ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakuteteza chilengedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu. Njira zosiyanasiyana zochotsera poizoni zili ndi ubwino ndi zovuta zawo. Muzochita zenizeni, njira zoyenera zochotsera poizoni ndi njira ziyenera kusankhidwa mozama molingana ndi zinthu monga mawonekedwe a ma cyanide tailings, mtengo wamankhwala, komanso zofunikira zachilengedwe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndi kupita patsogolo kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi luso lamakono, matekinoloje atsopano a detoxification ndi njira zikuwonekera nthawi zonse. M'tsogolomu, akuyembekezeka kupanga njira zogwirira ntchito bwino, zokondera zachilengedwe, komanso zochepetsera ndalama za cyanide tailings, zomwe zimapereka njira zothetsera mavuto achilengedwe omwe amadza chifukwa cha michira ya cyanide.