Technologies Control Pollution for Sodium Cyanide mu Gold Industry

Introduction

Makampani opanga golide akhala akugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide kwa nthawi yayitali pochotsa golide chifukwa cha luso lake losungunula golide kuchokera ku miyala, ngakhale yotsika mtengo. Kuyambira pomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1887 pochotsa golide ndi siliva, njira yochotsera golide yakhala yotchuka kwambiri m'magawo apadziko lonse lapansi a migodi ya golide. Njira yoyambira ya mankhwala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂+ 2H₂O → 4Na(Au(CN)₂)+ 4NaOH, pomwe golide mu miyalayo amakumana ndi ma ayoni a cyanide pamaso pa mpweya kuti apange ma complexes a golide a cyanide osungunuka. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium Cyanide kumabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu pakuipitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsa ukadaulo wowongolera kuipitsa zikhale zofunikira.

Zokhudza Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo Zogwirizana ndi Sodium Cyanide

Poizoni ndi Kuwononga chilengedwe

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri. Sodium cyanide waste zamadzimadzi zitha kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Ngakhale pang’ono chabe, ukhoza kukhala wakupha ku zamoyo za m’madzi ndipo ukhoza kukhala wowopsa ku thanzi la munthu ngati uipitsa magwero a madzi. Pochotsa golide, kutaya kosayenera kwa cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinyalala zimatha kuwononga nthaka, madzi apansi, ndi madzi apansi. Mwachitsanzo, m’madera ena a migodi ya golidi, kutayikira kwa ma tailings olemera a cyanide kwachititsa kuti nsomba za m’mitsinje yapafupi zife komanso kutsika kwa madzi, zomwe zikusokoneza moyo wa madera omwe amadalira madzi.

Zowopsa Zachitetezo Pogwira

Kunyamula, kusunga, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Sodium cyanide kumafuna njira zotetezera zolimba. Ndi mankhwala apadera omwe amafuna chilolezo cholowetsa kunja ndi satifiketi yogwiritsira ntchito asanalowe. Posungira, sayenera kuyikidwa pamodzi ndi ma acid, ma nitrite, ma nitrate, ndi zinthu zina, chifukwa kuwonetsedwa pamalo okhala ndi asidi kungayambitse kutulutsa mpweya woopsa wa hydrogen cyanide, kuchepetsa ubwino wa chinthucho ndi momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Iyenera kusungidwa pamalo opumira mpweya komanso ouma, makamaka m'nyumba yapadera yosungiramo zinthu kapena kabati yapadera yokhala ndi malo awiri otsekedwa. Kuyang'anira nthawi zonse, kukonza, ndi kuwongolera kutentha ndi chinyezi cha malo osungira ndikofunikira, pamodzi ndi njira zoyenera zopumira mpweya kapena kuchotsa chinyezi. Malo osungiramo zinthu ayeneranso kukhala ndi zophimba mpweya, zophimba, zida zodzitetezera, ndi zida zozimitsira moto. Ngozi zikachitika pogwira ntchito, monga kutayikira kapena kutayikira, zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa kwa ogwira ntchito komanso malo ozungulira.

Pollution Control Technologies

Kuchepetsa Kwagwero

1.Kukonza Njira

• Migodi ina ya golide ikugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zochepetsera kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide. Mwachitsanzo, kakulidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka non-cyanide leaching agents akufufuzidwa. Ngakhale kuti njira ya cyanidation ndiyofala, umisiri wina monga kugwiritsa ntchito thiosulfate - based leaching agents amawonetsa kuthekera. Mankhwala omwe si a cyanide awa amatha kutulutsa golide nthawi zina popanda chiwopsezo chambiri chokhudzana ndi cyanide.

• Njira ina ndiyo kuwongolera zitsulo - kavalidwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira bwino komanso zolekanitsa, golide mu ore amatha kukhazikika kwambiri musanayambe sitepe ya leaching. Izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa miyala yomwe imayenera kuthandizidwa ndi cyanide, motero kumachepetsa kumwa kwa cyanide.

2.Zowonjezera Zida

• Kukweza zida kungathandizenso kuchepetsa magwero. Mwachitsanzo, zida zamakono zotulutsa golide zidapangidwa kuti zikhale zotsekedwa kwambiri - kuzungulira, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kutayikira kwa cyanide. Matanki apamwamba kwambiri omwe ali ndi njira zosindikizira zapamwamba amatha kupewa kuthawa kwa cyanide - okhala ndi mpweya ndi zakumwa panthawi yochotsa.

Njira Yothandizira

1.Kuwunika ndi Kusintha Kugwiritsa Ntchito Cyanide

• Njira zenizeni zowunikira nthawi zikuyikidwa muzinthu zambiri za golide - migodi kuti athe kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa cyanide yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Machitidwewa amatha kusanthula kapangidwe ka miyalayi ndikusintha mlingo wa cyanide moyenerera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati golide mu ore ndi wotsika, dongosololi likhoza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide yowonjezeredwa, ndikuonetsetsa kuti achotsedwa bwino.

• Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira kosalekeza kwa ndende ya cyanide mu njira ya leaching kumathandizira kusintha mwachangu. Ngati kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndikwambiri, sikungowononga chuma komanso kumawonjezera chiwopsezo cha kuipitsa. Mwa kusunga ndende mulingo woyenera cyanide, m'zigawo Mwachangu akhoza kwambiri pamene kuchepetsa kukhudza chilengedwe.

2.Kusamalira Zinyalala Zapakatikati

• Ukadaulo wotsuka zinyalala zapakati zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yochotsa golide - ndi gawo limodzi la kayendetsedwe kazinthu. Mwachitsanzo, pankhani ya zothetsera zinyalala zomwe zili ndi cyanide ndi zonyansa zina, njira monga ion - kusinthanitsa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuchotsa ndi kubwezeretsanso zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndikuchepetsa cyanide. Izi sizimangothandiza pakubwezeretsa zinthu komanso zimachepetsa kawopsedwe ka zinyalala musanalandire chithandizo kapena kutaya.

Chithandizo Chinyalala

1.Chemical Oxidation

• Kusungunuka kwa mankhwala ndi njira yodziwika bwino yochizira madzi otayira omwe ali ndi cyanide. Chithandizo cha hydrogen peroxide chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Pamene hydrogen peroxide imagwirizana ndi madzi otayira a sodium cyanide, sodium bi Carbon ate ndi mpweya wa ammonia zimapangidwa. Njira yosungunuka ndi kuwononga iyi ndi yothandiza komanso yotsika mtengo. Zinthu zina zosungunuka monga ozoni zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Ozone ili ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yosungunuka ndipo imatha kuswa mwachangu mankhwala a cyanide m'madzi otayira, kuwasandutsa zinthu zosavulaza kwenikweni.

2.Kuchiza kwachilengedwe

• Njira zochiritsira zachilengedwe zikutulukanso ngati njira yotheka. Mabakiteriya ena ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titha kusokoneza mankhwala a cyanide. M'dongosolo lokonzekera bwino lachilengedwe, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti titha kukulitsidwa mu riyakitala pomwe cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oyipa amadutsamo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timaphwanya cyanide kukhala carbon dioxide, ammonia, ndi zinthu zina zopanda vuto. Njirayi ndi yabwino kwambiri pa chilengedwe chifukwa sichiyambitsa mankhwala owonjezera owononga mankhwala, koma imafunika kulamulira mosamala za chilengedwe monga kutentha, pH, ndi kupezeka kwa michere kuti zitsimikizire kukula bwino ndi ntchito za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kusamalira Zowonongeka

1.Kutaya kwachitetezo kwa Cyanide - Kumakhala ndi Michira

• Kwa cyanide - yokhala ndi michira, kutaya koyenera ndikofunikira. Njira imodzi ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito zotayiramo zotetezedwa zomwe zimapangidwira kuti cyanide isatayike m'chilengedwe. Malo otayiramo pansiwa amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo za zinthu zosatha, monga dongo ndi nembanemba zopangira, kuti aletse kusamuka kwa cyanide - yokhala ndi zonyansa.

• Njira ina ndikuchiza ma tailings kuti achepetse zomwe zili mu cyanide asanatayidwe. Njira monga kukhazikika kwamankhwala zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumangirira cyanide m'michira, kuwapangitsa kuti asalowe m'malo.

2.Resource Recovery ku Tailings

• Kuphatikiza pa kutaya kotetezedwa, kuyesayesa kukuchitika kuti apezenso zinthu zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku cyanide - yokhala ndi michira. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba zolekanitsa, golidi ndi zitsulo zina zomwe zingakhalepobe muzitsulo zingathe kuchotsedwa. Izi sizimangochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe cha michira komanso zimapereka phindu lina lazachuma. Mwachitsanzo, migodi ina ikugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyandama komanso zolekanitsa maginito kuti itenge golide ndi mchere wina kuchokera ku michira, kuchepetsa zinyalala komanso kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu.

Mlanduwu Studies

Ntchito ya Zijin Mining

Zijin Mining yagwiritsa ntchito bwino njira ya cyanidation pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mu Zijinshan Gold Mine. Popopera mankhwala a cyanide (sodium cyanide solution) pazitsulo zagolide zophwanyidwa, apeza golide wotsika mtengo. Komabe, amalabadiranso kwambiri kuwongolera kuwononga chilengedwe. Akhazikitsa njira zapamwamba zoyeretsera madzi onyansa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zophatikizira za okosijeni ndi mankhwala achilengedwe kuti awonetsetse kuti cyanide - yomwe ili ndi madzi oyipa ikukwaniritsa miyezo yokhazikika yachilengedwe isanatulutsidwe. Pankhani ya kayendetsedwe ka zinyalala zolimba, akhazikitsa malo osungiramo michira otetezedwa okhala ndi mizere yoyenera ndi njira zowunikira kuti cyanide isatayike.

Western Arid Region Gold Mine

Mumgodi wa golide kudera louma lakumadzulo, mulu wa mbiri yakale - leaching michira ya cyanide inali vuto lalikulu la chilengedwe. Michira, yomwe idasiyidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, idayika chiwopsezo chowononga nthaka yozungulira ndi madzi apansi. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, njira yotsekera ndi kutsekereza in-situ idakhazikitsidwa. Michirayo inali yokutidwa ndi zigawo zingapo za zinthu zosatha, kuphatikizapo dongo ndi geomembranes. Izi zinalepheretsa kufalikira ndi kutuluka kwa zowononga chifukwa cha mvula. Ntchitoyi itakhazikitsidwa, zotsatira zowunikira zidawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi zoipitsa zina m'malo ozungulira kunatsika kwambiri, kukwaniritsa zolinga zaumisiri zomwe zikuyembekezeka.

Tsogolo Zochitika

1.Kukula kwa Non - Cyanide Extraction Technologies

• Makampani opanga golide akuyembekezeka kuwona ntchito zambiri zofufuza ndi chitukuko zikuyang'ana kwambiri paukadaulo wosatulutsa cyanide. Pamene malamulo a chilengedwe akuchulukirachulukira komanso kuzindikira kwa anthu zachitetezo cha chilengedwe kukukulirakulira, kufunikira kwa njira zopanda poizoni kumawonjezeka. Izi zitha kupangitsa kutsatsa kwazinthu zatsopano za non-cyanide leaching agents ndi njira posachedwa.

2.Kuphatikizika kwa Advanced Monitoring and Control Systems

• Njira zowunikira komanso zowongolera zapamwamba zitenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamakampani agolide. Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa intaneti wa Zinthu (IoT), mwachitsanzo, kumatha kuwunikira nthawi yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito cyanide, mtundu wamadzi onyansa, komanso momwe malo osungiramo michira amakhalira. Izi zitha kuwunikidwa munthawi yeniyeni, kulola kusintha kwakanthawi kachitidwe kochotsa kuti kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo.

3.Njira Zozungulira Zachuma

• Padzakhala kutsindika kwakukulu pa njira zozungulira zachuma mu malonda a golide. Izi zikuphatikiza osati kubweza golide ndi zitsulo zina zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku michira komanso kukonzanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito madzi ndi zinthu zina pochotsa. Pochepetsa zinyalala komanso kukulitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zinthu, malonda a golide amatha kukhala okhazikika komanso okonda zachilengedwe.

Pomaliza, matekinoloje owongolera kuipitsidwa kwa sodium cyanide mumakampani agolide ndi ofunikira kuti achepetse ziwopsezo za chilengedwe ndi chitetezo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kuchotsa golide. Kupyolera mu kuphatikizika kwa kuchepetsa magwero, kuwongolera ndondomeko, kuyeretsa madzi onyansa, ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinyalala zolimba, malonda a golide akhoza kupitiriza kugwira ntchito pamene akuchepetsa mphamvu zake pa chilengedwe. Ndi chitukuko cha matekinoloje atsopano ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa machitidwe okhazikika, tsogolo la malonda a golide likhoza kukhala logwirizana ndi chilengedwe komanso lokhazikika.