Sodium Cyanide: Kuyang'ana Mozama pa Mmene Imakhudzira Thanzi Laumunthu

Introduction

Sodium cyanide, ndi chilinganizo cha mankhwala NaCN, ndi pawiri kuti ali ndi malo ofunika mu zonse mafakitale ntchito ndi dziko la toxicology. Ndi yoyera, yolimba ya crystalline yomwe imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Chifukwa cha mankhwala ake, makamaka kukhalapo kwa cyanide ion (CN-), Sodium Cyanide amawonetsa kawopsedwe wowopsa, womwe umakhudza kwambiri thanzi la munthu.

Ma Chemical Properties a Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ndi mchere wopangidwa ndi sodium cations (Na+) ndi cyanide anions (CN-). Ili ndi kulemera kwa molar pafupifupi 49.01 g/mol. Mu njira zamadzimadzi, zimasiyana mu ma ions awa. Cyanide ion ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimayambitsa kawopsedwe ake. Ndi nucleophile yamphamvu ndipo imagwirizana kwambiri ndi ayoni achitsulo, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazakudya zake zonse. Zogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ndi zotsatira zake zoipa pa biological systems.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mafakitale a Sodium Cyanide

1.Migodi Makampani

• Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa golide ndi zitsulo zina zamtengo wapatali. Munjira ya golide migodi, imapanga zovuta ndi golidi, zomwe zimalola kuti zitsulo zisungunuke ndikulekanitsidwa ndi miyala. Njira imeneyi, yotchedwa cyanidation, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zake komanso mtengo wake wotsika. Mwachitsanzo, mu golide wamba - cyanide reaction, golide (Au) amachitira ndi sodium cyanide (NaCN), mpweya (O₂), ndi madzi (H₂O) kupanga golide wosungunuka - cyanide complex: 4Au + 8NaCN+O₂ + 2H₂O→4Na[Au(CN)₂]+4NaOH.

2.Chemical Synthesis

• Imakhala ngati chipika chomangira pakuphatikizika kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zama organic ndi inorganic. Pakupanga ma nitriles, omwe ndi ofunikira pakati pa kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala, agrochemicals, ndi ma polima, Sodium cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu kaphatikizidwe ka acrylonitrile (monomer popanga ulusi wopangidwa ngati acrylic), zomwe zingaphatikizepo sodium cyanide monga cholumikizira munjira zina zopangira.

3. Electroplating

• Ma electrolyte opangidwa ndi cyanide, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi sodium cyanide, amagwiritsidwa ntchito Pachikuz njira. Ma cyanide ions amathandizira pakuyika zitsulo monga mkuwa, siliva, ndi zinki m'njira yofananira komanso yotsatizana. Izi ndichifukwa choti cyanide imatha kupanga zinthu zokhazikika zokhala ndi ayoni achitsulo, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa chitsulo panthawi ya electroplating.

Momwe Sodium Cyanide Imakhudzira Thanzi Lamunthu

1.Toxicokinetics

• Sodium cyanide ikalowa m'thupi la munthu, imatha kuyamwa kudzera m'njira zingapo. Kukoka mpweya wa fumbi kapena utsi wokhala ndi sodium cyanide kumapangitsa kuti ayoni a cyanide alowe mwachangu m'magazi kudzera mu alveoli m'mapapo. Kulowetsedwa, kaya mwangozi kapena poyizoni, kumabweretsa kuyamwa m'matumbo am'mimba. Kukhudzana ndi khungu kungayambitsenso kuyamwa, ngakhale kuti khungu lokhazikika limapereka chitetezo cholepheretsa. Kamodzi m'magazi, ayoni a cyanide amagawidwa m'thupi lonse.

2.Njira ya Poizoni

• Cholinga chachikulu cha kawopsedwe ka cyanide m'thupi la munthu ndi mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, yomwe ndi puloteni yofunika kwambiri pamayendedwe a ma elekitironi a kupuma kwa ma cell. Cyanide imamanga ku chitsulo (Fe) mu cytochrome c oxidase complex ndi kuyanjana kwakukulu. Kumangiriza kumeneku kumalepheretsa kusamutsidwa kwa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku cytochrome c kupita ku okosijeni, ndikutsekereza gawo lomaliza la kupuma kwa aerobic. Zotsatira zake, maselo sangathe kupanga adenosine triphosphate (ATP) kudzera mu oxidative phosphorylation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma cell awonongeke.

• Kuphatikiza apo, cyanide imathanso kukhudzanso ma chitsulo ena - okhala ndi michere m'thupi, ndikusokoneza kagayidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, imatha kusokoneza ntchito ya myoglobin, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kusungirako okosijeni m'maselo a minofu, ndi ma peroxidases ena omwe ali ofunikira pa njira zotetezera antioxidant.

3.Acute Poizoni

• Kutsika - Kuwonekera kwa Mlingo

• Ngakhale pa mlingo wochepa kwambiri, kukhudzana ndi sodium cyanide kungayambitse zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Zizindikiro zoyamba zingaphatikizepo mutu, chizungulire, kufooka, ndi nseru. Wozunzidwayo angakhalenso ndi kumverera kwachifuwa ndi kupuma movutikira. Nthawi zina, pangakhale khalidwe la "amondi - ngati" fungo la mpweya, ngakhale kuti si aliyense amene angazindikire fungo ili.

• Kuwonekera Kwambiri Mlingo

• Mlingo wambiri wa sodium cyanide ukhoza kupha kwambiri. Zizindikiro zimakula mofulumira mpaka kuvutika kupuma kwakukulu, ndi kupuma mofulumira komanso movutikira. Zotsatira zamtima zimaphatikizapo kutsika kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kugunda kwa mtima kosakhazikika (arrhythmias), ndipo pamapeto pake kumangidwa kwa mtima. Mwa minyewa, wovulalayo akhoza kukomoka, kukomoka, ndi kukomoka. Zikafika poipa kwambiri, imfa imatha kuchitika mkati mwa mphindi zazikulu - kukhudzana ndi mlingo.

4.Kuopsa Kwambiri

• Kuwona kwa nthawi yayitali sodium cyanide, monga m'mafakitale ena komwe kulibe ukhondo, kungayambitse matenda aakulu. Kuwonekera kosatha kungayambitse kufooka, kutopa, ndi kuwonda. Zitha kukhudzanso dongosolo lamanjenje, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mukhale ndi zizindikiro monga dzanzi ndi kumangirira m'malekezero, kulephera kukumbukira, komanso kuvutika kuika maganizo. Kuonjezera apo, kuwonetseredwa mobwerezabwereza kungakhudze chithokomiro, monga cyanide ikhoza kusokoneza kuyamwa kwa ayodini ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mahomoni a chithokomiro.

5.Effects pa Specific Ziwalo

• Njira Yopumira

• Njira yopuma ndi imodzi mwazoyamba kukhudzidwa ndi sodium cyanide. Monga tanena kale, kulepheretsa kwa cytochrome c oxidase m'maselo a minofu yopuma ndi malo apakati opuma mu ubongo kumabweretsa kupuma movutikira. Izi zingayambitse kupuma mofulumira pamene thupi likuyesera kubwezera kusowa kwa ntchito ya okosijeni, kutsatiridwa ndi kupuma kwa kupuma ndipo pamapeto pake kupuma kulephera.

• Mtima wamtima

• Cyanide - kusowa kwa mphamvu zama cell kumakhudza minofu ya mtima (myocardium). Mtima ukhoza kukhala ndi kuchepa kwa mgwirizano, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtima ukhale wochepa. Arrhythmias amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka magetsi mu mtima. Kuphatikiza kwa zotsatirazi kungayambitse kutsika kwakukulu kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, zomwe zimasokonezanso kutumiza kwa okosijeni ndi zakudya ku minofu ya thupi.

• mantha System

• Mitsempha yamanjenje imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira za sodium cyanide. Kuphatikiza pa zotsatira zoyipa za kuchuluka kwa mlingo monga kukomoka ndi chikomokere, kuwonekera kosatha kungayambitse kusintha kwa neurodegenerative. Ma Neuroni amatha kuwonongeka chifukwa chosowa mphamvu komanso kupsinjika kwa okosijeni. Izi zingayambitse kuperewera kwa minyewa kwanthawi yayitali, kuphatikiza kuwonongeka kwa chidziwitso, kulephera kwagalimoto, ndi kusokonezeka kwamalingaliro.

• Chidutswa

• Kulowetsedwa kwa sodium cyanide kungayambitse mkwiyo komanso kuwonongeka kwa m'mimba. Zizindikiro zingaphatikizepo nseru, kusanza, kupweteka m'mimba, ndi kutsegula m'mimba. Zikavuta kwambiri, pakhoza kuwonongeka mucosal akalowa m'mimba ndi matumbo, kumabweretsa magazi ndi zilonda.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide, ngakhale ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale, imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la anthu. Kuopsa kwake koopsa, komwe kumakhala kowopsa komanso kosatha, kumatha kuyambitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana azaumoyo, kuyambira kuzizindikiro zochepa mpaka kuwopseza moyo. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kuvulaza, njira zotetezera ndizofunikira m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide. Njirazi zikuphatikizapo kusamalira bwino, kusungirako, ndi kutaya katundu, komanso kupereka chitetezo chokwanira ndi maphunziro kwa ogwira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira zachilengedwe ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kutulutsidwa kwa sodium cyanide m'chilengedwe, komwe kumatha kuyikanso chiwopsezo ku thanzi la anthu kudzera mu kuipitsa madzi ndi mpweya.