Kodi chidziwitso chanu cha sodium cyanide ndi chokwanira?

Sodium cyanide, yokhala ndi formula ya mankhwala NaCN, ndi gulu lomwe limachititsa chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera, ntchito zosiyanasiyana, komanso kawopsedwe kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kupereka tsatanetsatane wa Sodium cyanide, kuyang'ana kamangidwe kake, thupi ndi mankhwala, njira zopangira, ntchito, ndi chitetezo chokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.

Kapangidwe ka Chemical ndi Katundu

Sodium cyanide ndi mankhwala a ionic opangidwa ndi sodium cations (Na+) ndi cyanide anions (CN-). Iyoni ya cyanide imakhala ndi mzere wozungulira, wokhala ndi atomu ya kaboni yolumikizidwa katatu ku atomu ya nayitrogeni. Kapangidwe kameneka kamakhudza reactivity ndi kawopsedwe pawiri.

Zida zakuthupi

• Maonekedwe: Nthawi zambiri, Sodium Cyanide imawoneka ngati yoyera, yolimba ngati kristalo, koma imatha kupezekanso mu ufa kapena mtanda.

• Kutupa: Ndiwosungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, ndipo pafupifupi magalamu 400 amatha kusungunuka mu lita imodzi yamadzi pa 25 ° C. Kusungunuka kwapamwamba kumeneku kumapangitsa kukhala kothandiza m'njira zosiyanasiyana zamafakitale, komabe kumabweretsanso nkhawa za kutaya mwangozi komanso kusagwira bwino.

• Kusungunuka ndi Kuwira: Sodium cyanide imakhala ndi malo osungunuka kwambiri a 563.7 ° C ndi malo otentha a 1496 ° C, omwe amasonyeza mphamvu ya ma ionic akugwira pawiri pamodzi.

• kachulukidwe: Kachulukidwe kake ndi pafupifupi magalamu 1.6 pa kiyubiki centimita imodzi, yokulirapo kuposa ya madzi, kupangitsa kuti imire mumadzi opangira madzi.

Zakudya Zamakono

• Zofunikira: Sodium cyanide ndi maziko amphamvu kwambiri. Pamene ili mu njira yamadzimadzi, imadutsa hydrolysis. Izi zimapanga ayoni a hydroxide (OH-), kupanga yankho la alkaline.

• Reactivity ndi Zitsulo: Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za sodium cyanide ndi kugwirizana kwake kolimba kwazitsulo. M'mafakitale ngati Kukumba golide, pamaso pa mpweya ndi madzi, sodium cyanide imachita ndi golide. Izi zimapanga golide wosungunuka wa cyanide, zomwe zimathandiza kuchotsa golide kuchokera ku miyala.

• Kuchita ndi Acids: Sodium cyanide imakhudzidwa mwamphamvu ndi zidulo kupanga hydrogen cyanide, mpweya wapoizoni kwambiri. Ngakhale ma acid ofooka amatha kuyambitsa izi, kotero ndikofunikira kuti mugwiritse ntchito sodium cyanide mosamala kwambiri pozungulira zinthu za acid.

• Zochita za Oxidation ndi Kuchepetsa: Sodium cyanide amatha kutenga nawo mbali pakupanga okosijeni ndi kuchepetsa. Ma oxidizing amphamvu amatha kuyiyika muzinthu zapoizoni pang'ono, pomwe pazifukwa zina, imatha kukhala ngati chochepetsera pamachitidwe amankhwala.

Njira Zopangira

Kupanga kwa sodium cyanide kumaphatikizapo njira zingapo zamakina, ndi njira ya Andrussow ndi njira ya Castner kukhala yofala kwambiri.

Njira ya Andrussow

Iyi ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale popangira sodium cyanide. Zimaphatikizapo kuchitapo kanthu kwa methane, ammonia, ndi oxygen pa chothandizira cha platinamu pa kutentha kwakukulu, pafupifupi 1000 ° C. Zotsatira zake za hydrogen cyanide kenako zimachita ndi sodium hydroxide kupanga sodium cyanide.

Njira ya Castner

Mu njira ya Castner, sodium amide imakhudzidwa ndi carbon pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuzungulira 800 - 1000 ° C, kupanga sodium cyanide ndi mpweya wa haidrojeni. Komabe, njirayi sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano chifukwa imafuna mphamvu zambiri ndipo imapanga mankhwala okhala ndi chiyero chochepa poyerekeza ndi ndondomeko ya Andrussow.

Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide

Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito mosiyanasiyana m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, makamaka chifukwa chamankhwala ake apadera.

Golide ndi Silver Mining

Chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri za sodium cyanide ndikuchotsa golide ndi siliva ku ores. Njirayi, yotchedwa cyanidation, imaphatikizapo kusungunula zitsulo zamtengo wapatali mu sodium cyanide solution pamene mpweya ulipo. Izi zimapanga zitsulo zosungunuka za cyanide zomwe zimatha kupatulidwa ndi ore ndikukonzedwanso kuti zipeze golide weniweni kapena siliva. Cyanidation ndi yothandiza kwambiri pochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yofunikira kwambiri pamakampani amigodi.

Chemical Synthesis

Sodium cyanide ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zama mankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma nitriles, omwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga mankhwala, mapulasitiki, ndi ulusi wopangira. Mwachitsanzo, mu kaphatikizidwe ka acrylonitrile, monomer yofunika kwambiri popanga ulusi wa polyacrylonitrile womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nsalu ndi kupanga mpweya wa kaboni, sodium cyanide imakhala ngati reactant.

Pachikuz

Mu Pachikuz mafakitale, sodium cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osambira ena kuti apititse patsogolo kukhazikika komanso kumamatira kwa zokutira zachitsulo. Zimathandizira kuyika zitsulo monga mkuwa, siliva, ndi golidi pazigawo zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zofanana komanso zolimba. Komabe, chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kake, njira zina zosapanga cyanide zikupangidwa ndikutengera.

Kudula tizilombo

Sodium cyanide yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati rodenticide komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mbuyomu. Kuchuluka kwake kawopsedwe kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yogwira mtima pakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa tizilombo. Koma mayiko ambiri aletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'derali chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zingabweretse ku thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.

Mapulogalamu a Laboratory

Mu labotale zoikamo, sodium cyanide ntchito ngati reagent zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira mankhwala. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga organic synthesis kuti awonetse gulu la cyanide (-CN) mumagulu achilengedwe, omwe amatha kusinthidwanso kuti apange zinthu zambiri.

Kuganizira za Kawopsedwe ndi Chitetezo

Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri ndipo imayika chiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.

Toxicity Mechanism

Sodium cyanide ikalowa m'thupi, imasweka kuti itulutse ayoni a cyanide (CN-). Ma ions awa amamangiriza ku atomu yachitsulo mu cytochrome c oxidase, puloteni yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi tcheni choyendera ma elekitironi. Kumanga kumeneku kumalepheretsa ntchito ya enzyme, kulepheretsa maselo kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wabwino. Zotsatira zake, maselo sangathe kupanga mphamvu kudzera mu kupuma kwa aerobic, zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa selo ndipo, zikavuta kwambiri, kufa kwa chamoyo.

Njira Zowonetsera

• Kutsegula: Kukoka fumbi la sodium cyanide kapena utsi kumatha kuyambitsa poizoni mwachangu. Ngakhale pang'ono pokoka mpweya ukhoza kupha moyo.

• Kusakaniza: Kumeza sodium cyanide ndikoopsa kwambiri. Mlingo wochepa kwambiri, womwe nthawi zambiri wochepera 50 - 100 milligrams kwa munthu wamkulu, ukhoza kupha.

• Dermal Contact: Kukhudzana ndi khungu ndi sodium cyanide kumatha kulola kuti pawiri kulowa m'thupi, makamaka ngati pali mabala kapena mikwingwirima. Kulumikizana kwapakhungu nthawi yayitali kapena mobwerezabwereza kungayambitse kuyabwa kwa khungu, kuyaka, ndi kawopsedwe kazinthu.

Zizindikiro za Poizoni

Zizindikiro za poyizoni wa sodium cyanide zimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera njira komanso kuchuluka kwa kukhudzidwa. Zizindikiro zoyambirira zingaphatikizepo kupweteka kwa mutu, chizungulire, kufooka, nseru, kusanza, kupuma mofulumira, ndi kumverera kolimba m'chifuwa. Zizindikiro zazikulu zimatha kukhala kukomoka, kukomoka, kulephera kupuma, komanso kumangidwa kwa mtima. Zikavuta kwambiri, imfa imatha kuchitika pakangotha ​​mphindi zochepa chabe.

Chitetezo

Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kake, njira zotetezera ziyenera kutsatiridwa pogwira sodium cyanide. Ogwira ntchito onse okhudzidwa ndi kasamalidwe kake, kasungidwe, kapena kayendetsedwe kake ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira za katundu wake, zoopsa zake, ndi njira zoyendetsera bwino. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala zida zodzitetezera zoyenera, kuphatikizapo magolovesi osamva mankhwala, magalasi, makina opumira, ndi zovala zodzitetezera. Malo ogwirira ntchito akuyenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kuti achepetse chiopsezo chokoka utsi kapena fumbi. Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa bwino pamalo olowera mpweya wabwino kutali ndi zidulo, oxidizing agents, ndi zinthu zina zosagwirizana. Pakatayika, njira zoyenera zosungira ndi kuyeretsa ziyenera kuchitika nthawi yomweyo kuti utsi wapoizoni usatuluke. Malo ogwiritsira ntchito kapena kusunga sodium cyanide ayenera kukhala ndi ndondomeko zoyankhira zadzidzidzi, kuphatikizapo njira zothanirana ndi kutaya, kuwonekera, ndi ngozi zadzidzidzi. Zida zothandizira zoyamba ndi mankhwala oletsa antidote, monga hydroxocobalamin kapena sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate, ziyenera kupezeka mosavuta pochiza poizoni wa cyanide.

Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Kutulutsidwa kwa sodium cyanide m'chilengedwe kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa. Ikalowa m’madzi, ikhoza kukhala yovulaza kwambiri zamoyo za m’madzi. Ma cyanide ions ndi poizoni ku nsomba, zamoyo zopanda msana, ndi zamoyo zina za m'madzi, zomwe zimasokoneza chilengedwe cha m'madzi. Kuonjezera apo, sodium cyanide ikalowa m’madzi, imatha kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, womwe ungalowe mumlengalenga ndi kuwononga mpweya. Sodium cyanide itatayikira pamtunda imatha kuipitsa nthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosayenera kukula kwa mbewu. Cyanide imatha kumangirira ku dothi ndipo imatha kukhalabe pamalopo kwa nthawi yayitali, kutengera momwe nthaka ilili komanso kukhalapo kwa tizilombo tomwe titha kuwononga. Monga tanenera kale, sodium cyanide ikakumana ndi asidi kapena chinyezi mumpweya, imatha kutulutsa mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide, wowononga mpweya wapoizoni kwambiri womwe ungawononge anthu, nyama, ndi zomera zomwe zili pafupi.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zothandiza m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Komabe, kawopsedwe kake kwambiri komanso kuthekera kowononga chilengedwe sikunganyalanyazidwe. Ndikofunikira kuti mafakitale onse omwe amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide agwiritse ntchito njira zotetezeka zotetezera ogwira ntchito, anthu, komanso chilengedwe. Komanso, kuyesetsa kosalekeza kuyenera kupangidwa kuti pakhale njira zina ndi mankhwala omwe angathe kukwaniritsa zolinga zamakampani zomwezo popanda kuopsa kwa sodium cyanide. Pomvetsetsa zomwe zili, ntchito zake, ndi zoopsa zake, titha kuyesetsa kuti tichepetse zovuta zake pomwe tikugwiritsabe ntchito zofunikira zake pakafunika.