Njira zochizira misala ya cyanide ndi hydrogen peroxide

Introduction

Zovala za cyanide ndizopangidwa ndi migodi ya golide ndi mafakitale ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito cyanide m'kati mwa m'zigawo. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa ma cyanide a poizoni, Mitundu ya cyanide kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Chithandizo cha hydrogen peroxide ndi njira yothandiza yothanirana ndi michira iyi. Nkhaniyi ifufuza njira yochizirayi mwatsatanetsatane.

Mfundo ya Chithandizo cha Hydrogen Peroxide

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) ndi mankhwala amphamvu okosijeni. Pochiza michira ya cyanide, mfundo yayikulu ndi yakuti Hyrojeni peroxide imakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala a cyanide m'malo amchere (nthawi zambiri okhala ndi pH ya 10 - 11). Zopangidwa ndi zinthu (nthawi zambiri ma ion a copper, Cu²⁺), zotsatirazi zimachitika:

Cyanide (CN⁻) ndi okosijeni kukhala cyanate (CNO⁻). Zomwe zingachitike zitha kufotokozedwa motere:

2CN⁻ + 5H₂O₂ + 2OH⁻ → 2CNO⁻ + 6H₂O

Pazifukwa zinazake, cyanate imatha kuchitapo kanthu ndikuwola kukhala zinthu zosavulaza kwenikweni, monga ammonia (NH₃), Carbon mpweya woipa (CO₂), ndi nayitrogeni (N₂).

CNO⁻ + 2H₂O → NH₃ + HCO₃⁻

Pambuyo pake, ammonia akhoza kuwonjezeredwa oxidized kapena volatilized pansi pa malo oyenera.

Njira Zochizira

Kukonzekera kwa Tailings Slurry: Choyamba, michira ya cyanide iyenera kupangidwa kukhala slurry. Izi zimachitika pothira madzi ku michira ndikusakaniza bwino mu chidebe choyenera (monga thanki yaikulu yosanganikirana). Kusasinthasintha kwa slurry kumasinthidwa kuonetsetsa kukhudzana kwabwino pakati pa hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide - munali particles.

PH Kusintha: pH ya cyanide tailings slurry imasinthidwa kuti ikhale ya alkaline yoyenera, nthawi zambiri pH 10 - 11. Njira imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide amadalira kwambiri pH mtengo. Laimu (Ca(OH) ₂) kapena sodium hydroxide (NaOH) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera pH.

Kuwonjezera kwa Catalyst: Zothandizira zamkuwa, monga copper sulfate (CuSO₄), zimawonjezeredwa ku slurry. Ma ion a mkuwa amatha kuyambitsa zomwe zimachitika pakati pa hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide, ndikufulumizitsa momwe zimachitikira. Kuchuluka kwa ayoni amkuwa mu slurry nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa mozungulira 50 mg/L. Komabe, ngati ma tailings ali kale ndi mkuwa wokwanira kapena zinthu zina zothandizira, zowonjezera zowonjezera sizingakhale zofunikira.

Hydrogen Peroxide KuwonjezeraKenako, hydrogen peroxide amawonjezedwa ku slurry. Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide wowonjezera kumadalira kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'michira. Chiŵerengero cha molar cha hydrogen peroxide ku cyanide nthawi zambiri chimakhala pa 3:1 - 8:1. Mwachitsanzo, ngati cyanide ili m'miyendo ndi yochuluka, chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha hydrogen peroxide chimafunika. Hydrogen peroxide iyenera kuwonjezeredwa pang'onopang'ono ndikugwedeza mosalekeza kuti zitsimikizire kugawidwa kofanana ndi kuchitapo kanthu.

Kuchita ndi Kugwedeza: The slurry ndi mosalekeza anasonkhezereka pa anachita kuonetsetsa kukhudzana mokwanira pakati pa reactants. Zomwe zimachitika zimasiyanasiyana kutengera ndende yoyambira ya cyanide ndi zolinga zamankhwala, nthawi zambiri osachepera 1 - 2 hours. Panthawi imeneyi, hydrogen peroxide imathira cyanide kukhala zinthu zosavulaza.

Zolimba - Kupatukana kwamadzi: Pambuyo anachita wathunthu, olimba - madzi kulekana ikuchitika pa ankachitira slurry. Izi zitha kutheka kudzera mu njira monga sedimentation mu thickener kenako kusefera pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira. Zolimba zolekanitsidwa (mwachitsanzo, tailings) zitha kutayidwa bwino, mwachitsanzo, kusungidwa mu dziwe lokhala ndi mizere bwino komanso loyang'aniridwa bwino. Sefayi, yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi zinthu zina, imatha kuthandizidwanso kapena kugwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ngati zinthu zilola.

Zomwe Zimakhudza Kuchita Bwino kwa Chithandizo

Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration: Kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide kumapangitsa kuti cyanide ikhale yabwino. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso wa hydrogen peroxide sikumangowonjezera ndalama komanso kungayambitsenso mavuto ena azachilengedwe.

PH Mtengo: Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, pH mtengo wa machitidwe amakhudza kwambiri momwe zimachitikira komanso kuchita bwino. Kupatuka kuchokera ku mulingo woyenera wa pH wa 10 - 11 kudzachedwetsa kachitidwe ka okosijeni wa cyanide ndi hydrogen peroxide.

Catalyst Concentration: The ndende ya mkuwa - zochokera chothandizira amakhudza anachita mlingo. Ngati chothandizira ndende ndi otsika kwambiri, zimene zingakhale wodekha kwambiri; ngati ili yokwera kwambiri, imatha kuyambitsa zovuta zina zamakina komanso kuonjezera ndalama.

Nthawi Yodzikanira: Nthawi yokwanira yochitapo kanthu imafunika kuonetsetsa kuti cyanide ikukwanira bwino momwe mungathere. Kusakwanira kwa nthawi yochitapo kanthu kumapangitsa kuti cyanide yotsalira mumichira yothandizidwa.

Kukhazikika kwa Cyanide Koyamba: Kukwera koyambirira kwa cyanide ndende m'michira, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kupeza chithandizo chokwanira, komanso hydrogen peroxide yambiri komanso nthawi yayitali ingafunike.

Ubwino wa Chithandizo cha Hydrogen Peroxide

High Oxidation Mwachangu: Hirojeni peroxide amatha bwino oxidize mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sianidi, kuphatikizapo sianidi ufulu ndi ena zitsulo - cyanide maofesi, kuchepetsa kwambiri kawopsedwe wa sianidi michira.

Njira Yosavuta Kwambiri: Poyerekeza ndi njira zina zochizira cyanide (monga mvula yovuta yamankhwala kapena njira zochizira zamoyo), njira yochizira ya hydrogen peroxide ndiyosavuta komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

Chiwopsezo Chochepa cha Kuwonongeka Kwachiwiri: Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction sizowopsa. The wapakatikati mankhwala cyanate akhoza zina kuwola mu sanali poizoni zinthu, ndi hydrogen peroxide palokha kuwola mu madzi ndi mpweya, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha yachiwiri kuipitsa.

Kugwiritsa Kwakukulu: Njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito pa migodi yaing'ono komanso m'mafakitale akuluakulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chisankho chosinthasintha pochiza michira ya cyanide.

Mlanduwu Studies

Golide Mining Company: Kampani yopanga migodi ya golide yomwe ili ku [malo enieni] inali ndi michira yambiri ya cyanide yokhala ndi cyanide yambiri. Iwo anatengera njira yothetsera hydrogen peroxide. Ndi kukhathamiritsa magawo ndondomeko, kuphatikizapo kusintha pH kwa 10.5. kuwonjezera mkuwa sulphate pa ndende ya 50 mg/L monga chothandizira, ntchito hydrogen peroxide - kuti - cyanide molar chiŵerengero cha 5: 1. ndikuchita kuyankha kwa ola la 1.5, adachepetsa bwino ndende ya cyanide m'mizere yocheperako kwambiri. Michira yoyeretsedwayo inasungidwa bwino mu dziwe la tailings, ndipo filtrate inagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyendetsa migodi, kuchepetsa kumwa madzi.

Ntchito Yang'ono Yang'ono Yamigodi: Ntchito yaing'ono ya migodi ya golide kudera lakutali idakumananso ndi vuto la cyanide - yokhala ndi michira. Chifukwa cha zinthu zochepa, poganizira kuphweka kwake, adasankha njira yothandizira hydrogen peroxide. Mwa kulamulira mosamala kuchuluka kwa hydrogen peroxide anawonjezera malinga ndi akuti cyanide zili mu michira, kusintha pH ndi laimu kwanuko, ndi ntchito yosavuta makina stirrer kusakaniza, iwo bwinobwino kuchepetsa cyanide kawopsedwe a michira. Ngakhale kuti chithandizocho chinali chaching'ono, chinali chokwanira kukwaniritsa zofunikira za chilengedwe kuti ziwononge michira, kuteteza malo ozungulira kuti asaipitsidwe ndi cyanide.

CHENJEZO

Kusamalira Bwino kwa Hydrogen Peroxide: Hydrogen peroxide ndi mankhwala amphamvu okosijeni ndipo akhoza kukhala owopsa kwambiri ngati sagwiridwa bwino. Ogwira ntchito pachipatalacho ayenera kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, monga magolovesi, magalasi, ndi zovala zodzitetezera. Kusungidwa kwa hydrogen peroxide kuyeneranso kutsatira mosamalitsa malamulo oteteza chitetezo kuti zisawonongeke mwangozi kapena kukhudzana ndi zinthu zoyaka moto.

Kuwunika Molondola: Kuwunika mosalekeza momwe zimachitikira ndikofunikira. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuwunika pH mtengo wa slurry pa zomwe zimachitika, ndende ya hydrogen peroxide ndi cyanide, komanso momwe kutentha kumachitikira. Zitsanzo ndi kusanthula nthawi zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti chithandizo chamankhwala chikuyenda monga momwe akuyembekezeredwa ndikusintha panthawi yake ngati kuli kofunikira.

Kutaya Michira Yodulidwa: Ngakhale pambuyo pa chithandizo, michira yolimba iyenera kusungidwa mu dziwe lokhazikika la tailings lomwe limakwaniritsa miyezo ya chilengedwe. Damu la tailings liyenera kukhala ndi mpanda woyenera kuti zinthu zotsalira zowononga zilowe m'nthaka ndi pansi pa nthaka.

Kuyesa Kwokhudza Zachilengedwe: Musanagwiritse ntchito njira yopangira mankhwala a hydrogen peroxide, kuunika kokwanira kwa chilengedwe kuchitike kuti awone momwe angakhudzire mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka, komanso chilengedwe chozungulira. Kuunikaku kumathandizira kukhathamiritsa njira ya chithandizo ndikuwonetsetsa kutsatira malamulo a chilengedwe.

Pomaliza, njira yothandizira ya hydrogen peroxide imapereka njira yotheka komanso yothandiza pochiza michira ya cyanide. Pomvetsetsa mfundo yake, kutsata njira zochiritsira zolondola, kuganizira zokhudzidwa, ndi kusamala koyenera, njirayi ingachepetse kwambiri zoopsa za chilengedwe zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha cyanide tailings, zomwe zimathandizira kuti chitukuko cha migodi chikhale chokhazikika komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.