Kuwulula Njira Yopangira Golide Pogwiritsa Ntchito Sodium Cyanide

I. Ndondomeko

Mu makampani amakono ofufuza golide , Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi njira zakale zofufuzira golide, njira zamakono zofufuzira golide zimatha kutulutsa golide kuchokera ku miyala yokhala ndi golide wochepa kwambiri, nthawi zina wochepa kwambiri ngati 0.005%, pomwe golideyo sangawonekere ndi maso. Sodium cyanide ndiye mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri munjira yovutayi yochotsera golide, zomwe zimathandiza kuti golide asiyanitsidwe bwino ndi miyala. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mwatsatanetsatane momwe Sodium Cyanide imagwiritsidwira ntchito pofufuza golide.

II. Zoyambira za Sodium Cyanide

A. Chemical Properties

Sodium cyanide, yokhala ndi formula ya mankhwala NaCN, ndi yoyera yolimba ya kristalo. Imawoneka ngati granules kapena ufa ndipo imakonda kusungunuka. Chosakaniza ichi chili ndi fungo lochepa la amondi owawa. Ponena za kusungunuka, imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, pomwe imasungunuka pang'ono mu ethanol. Mwa mankhwala, sodium cyanide ndi maziko olimba komanso mchere wofooka wa asidi. Madzi ake amasungunuka kuti apange hydrocyanic acid, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti yankho likhale la alkaline kwambiri. Chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti, sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri. Ngakhale pang'ono, kaya kudzera pakhungu, kupuma, kapena kumeza, kungayambitse poizoni wambiri ndipo kumatha kupha. Imakhala ndi mphamvu yoopsa potulutsa ma cyanide ions (CN-) omwe ali ndi mphamvu yolumikizana kwambiri ndi ma ions achitsulo kuposa mpweya. Izi zimasokoneza njira zachibadwa za okosijeni m'maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo asamagwire bwino ntchito komanso kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi.

B. Kufunika kwa Industrial

Kupatula gawo lake pamigodi ya golide, sodium cyanide imakhala yofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana amakampani. M'makampani opanga ma electroplating, imakhala ngati gawo lofunikira pakuyika mkuwa, siliva, cadmium, ndi zinki. Zimathandizira kuchepetsa anodic polarization, kuonetsetsa kusungunuka kwabwino kwa anode, kukhazikika kwa plating yankho, komanso kupititsa patsogolo cathodic polarization kuti mupeze zigawo zofananira komanso zapamwamba kwambiri. Mu metallurgy, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mankhwala popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma cyanides ndikupanga hydrocyanic acid. Imagwiranso ntchito yofunikira pakuphatikizika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga magalasi achilengedwe, zida zosiyanasiyana zopangira, mphira wa nitrile, ndi ma copolymers opangira fiber. M'makampani opanga utoto, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga cyanuric chloride, chinthu chapakati chofunikira pakupangira utoto komanso kalambulabwalo wa zinthu zoyera. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide popanga zinthu monga cyanoacetic acid methyl ester ndi diethyl malonate. Ponseponse, kusinthasintha kwa sodium cyanide ndikuchitanso kwina kumapangitsa kukhala mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale amakono.

III. Njira Yopangira Golide ndi Sodium Cyanide

A. Kukonzekera Ore

Gawo loyamba logwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide pochotsa Golide ndikukonza miyala. Zidutswa zazikulu za miyala yokhala ndi golide poyamba zimaphwanyidwa m'zidutswa zazing'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zotsukira zolemera. Kuphwanya koyamba kumeneku kumachepetsa kukula kwa miyala kukhala kosavuta kulamulira, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi mamilimita 150-300. Pambuyo pake, miyala yophwanyidwayo imaphwanyidwanso kachiwiri, nthawi zambiri ndi zotsukira za cone kapena zotsukira zokhutiritsa, zomwe zimachepetsanso kukula kwa tinthu kufika pa mamilimita pafupifupi 20-50. Pambuyo pake, miyalayo imaphwanyidwa kukhala ufa wabwino kudzera m'mafakitale a mpira kapena mipiringidzo ya ndodo, kuonetsetsa kuti tinthu tambirimbiri ndi tosakwana mamilimita 0.074. Kupera kocheperako ndikofunikira chifukwa kumawonjezera kwambiri malo a pamwamba pa miyalayo, zomwe zimathandiza kukhudzana bwino ndi kuyankhidwa ndi yankho la cyanide mu njira yotsatira yotulutsira. Kuphatikiza apo, miyalayo imatha kudutsa mu njira yowunikira kuti ilekanitse kukula kwa tinthu tosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimathandiza kuwongolera bwino mankhwala ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yotulutsira.

B. Njira ya Leaching

Miyalayo ikakonzedwa bwino, imalowa m'malo otulutsa golide, womwe ndi mtima wa njira yochotsa golide ndi sodium cyanide. Miyala ya ufa imasakanizidwa ndi mankhwala opangidwa bwino a cyanide, nthawi zambiri ndi sodium cyanide ndende kuyambira 0.05% mpaka 0.1%. Munthawi imeneyi, kachitidwe ka mankhwala kumachitika pomwe golide mu ore amakumana ndi ma cyanide ions (CN-) pamaso pa okosijeni. Zotsatira zonse zitha kuyimiridwa ndi equation: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Apa, maatomu agolide amapanga chosungunuka chosungunuka ndi ma cyanide ions, kupanga sodium golide cyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]), yomwe imasungunuka mu yankho. The leaching ndondomeko amafuna kulamulira okhwima magawo osiyanasiyana. PH ya yankho imasungidwa mozungulira 10-11 kuonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa cyanide ndikuletsa mapangidwe a poizoni wa hydrogen cyanide. Kutentha kumathandizanso kwambiri; M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumasungidwa pa 20-30 ° C. Kutentha kwambiri kumachepetsa momwe zimachitikira, pamene kutentha kwakukulu kungapangitse kuti njira yothetsera vutoli ikhale nthunzi komanso kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo. Kugwedezeka kokwanira ndi mpweya kumaperekedwa mosalekeza kuti zitsimikizire kusakanikirana kofanana kwa ore ndi yankho la cyanide, kulimbikitsa kusungunuka kwa golide.

C. Gawo la Mvula

Pambuyo pa ndondomeko ya leaching, golide tsopano ali mu mawonekedwe a golide wosungunuka wa cyanide complexes mu yankho. Kuti apezenso golide, siteji yamvula imachitika. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezera ufa wa zinc kapena activated carbon ku yankho. Zinc ufa ukagwiritsidwa ntchito, kusamuka kumachitika. Zinc, pokhala yotakasuka kwambiri kuposa golide, imachotsa golide kuchokera ku golide wa cyanide. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimatha kufotokozedwa motere: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Ma atomu a golidi amasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe ake achitsulo ndipo amatuluka muzitsulo. Ngati activated carbon ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, malo ake okwera pamwamba ndi katundu wa adsorption amayamba. Zomera zagolide za cyanide zimakongoletsa pamwamba pa kaboni, kulekanitsa bwino golide ku yankho. Mpweya wodzaza mpweya umakonzedwanso kuti upeze golide wonyezimira. Mvula ikatha, slurry imasefedwa kapena centrifuged kuti ilekanitse mpweya wolimba wa golide ndi madzi otsalawo, omwe angakhale ndi cyanide yotsalira ndi zonyansa zina.

D. Njira Yoyenga

Golide wopezedwa panyengo yamvula akadali ndi zonyansa zina ndipo akuyenera kuyengedwa kuti akwaniritse chiyero chachikulu chomwe chimafunikira pamsika. Ntchito yoyenga imayamba ndi kusungunula, pomwe mpweya wa golide umatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri mung'anjo. Izi zimasungunula golideyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zonyansa zozama kwambiri zimire pansi pomwe golide wosungunula amatha kuchotsedwa kapena kutsanuliridwa mu nkhungu. Pambuyo pake, electrolysis ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ayeretsedwenso. Mu selo la electrolytic, golide wodetsedwa amapangidwa ndi anode, ndipo pepala lochepa la golide woyenga limakhala ngati cathode. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikadutsa mu cell, ma ion agolide ochokera ku anode amasamukira ku cathode ndikuyika ngati golide woyenga, ndikusiya zonyansa zotsalira pa anode. Kupyolera mu njira zoyenga izi, golidi amatha kufika pachiyero cha 99.99%, kukwaniritsa miyezo ya mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kupanga zodzikongoletsera, ndi ntchito zogulitsa ndalama.

IV. Ntchito Zoganizira Zachitetezo ndi Zachilengedwe

A. Chitetezo cha Ogwira Ntchito

Chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa sodium cyanide, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito pamigodi ya golide pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira zachitetezo. Ayenera kudziŵa bwino kagwiridwe ka mankhwalawo, kumvetsetsa kuopsa kwake, ndi kudziŵa njira zolondola zangozi. Zida zodzitetezera (PPE) sizingakambirane. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala magolovesi osatha kuti asakhudze khungu, magalasi oteteza maso awo, ndi zopumira kuti asapume mpweya wa cyanide womwe ungatuluke. Kuphatikiza apo, ma protocol olimba achitetezo ayenera kukhalapo. Mwachitsanzo, malo ogwirira ntchito amayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kuti cyanide iliyonse yowuluka musakhale ndi mpweya. Ogwira ntchito ayeneranso kuletsedwa kudya, kumwa, kapena kusuta m'madera omwe sodium cyanide ilipo kuti asalowe mwangozi. Muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa thanzi la ogwira ntchito, makamaka omwe akugwira nawo mankhwalawo, kuti azindikire zizindikiro zoyamba za cyanide.

B. Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide mu migodi ya golide kumabweretsanso nkhawa zazikulu pazachilengedwe. Pambuyo pochotsa golide, zinyalala zotsala, zomwe zimadziwika kuti Cyanide tailings , zimakhala ndi cyanide yotsala. Ngati sizisamalidwa bwino, tailings izi zitha kukhala zoopsa kwambiri ku chilengedwe. Cyanide imatha kulowa m'nthaka ndi pansi pa nthaka, kuipitsa magwero a madzi ndikuvulaza zamoyo zam'madzi. M'madzi apamwamba, ngakhale cyanide yochepa ingasokoneze chilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba ziphedwe komanso zotsatira zina zoyipa pa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Pofuna kuchepetsa zoopsa zachilengedwe, makampani opanga migodi ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zolimba zoyendetsera zachilengedwe. Njira imodzi ndi kuchiza tailings za cyanide kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa cyanide kukhala kotetezeka. Izi zitha kuphatikizapo njira zochizira mankhwala, monga oxidation kapena njira zopumira, kuti asinthe cyanide ya poizoni kukhala mankhwala osavulaza kwambiri. Njira ina yofunika ndi kutaya bwino ndi kusunga tailings yokonzedwa. Maiwe otetezedwa otayira zinyalala kapena tailings okhala ndi zingwe zoyenera amatha kupewa kutayikira kwa zodetsa zilizonse zotsala m'chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyang'anira nthawi zonse zachilengedwe zozungulira, kuphatikizapo ubwino wa madzi ndi momwe nthaka ilili, ndikofunikira kuti mudziwe kuwonongeka kulikonse komwe kungachitike pasadakhale komanso kuti mukonze zinthu mwachangu.

V. Kutsiliza

Mosakayikira, sodium cyanide ndi mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri pa migodi ya golide yamakono, zomwe zimathandiza kuti golide atulutsidwe m'migodi yokhala ndi golide wochepa. Kwa zaka zambiri wakhala maziko a makampani opanga migodi ya golide , zomwe zimathandiza kupanga golide yemwe amayendetsa mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kupanga zodzikongoletsera mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba. Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumafuna chisamaliro chachikulu pa chitetezo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. Makampani opanga migodi ayenera kuyika ndalama mu zida zamakono zotetezera, kupereka maphunziro okwanira kwa ogwira ntchito, ndikukhazikitsa njira zodzitetezera kuti ateteze miyoyo. Nthawi yomweyo, ali ndi udindo wamakhalidwe abwino komanso walamulo woyang'anira kuwononga chilengedwe, kusamalira bwino matope a cyanide ndikuyang'anira chilengedwe kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yayitali. Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, kafukufuku wa njira zina zotetezeka komanso zosawononga chilengedwe m'malo mwa sodium cyanide ayenera kupitilira. Pokhapokha ngati pali kusiyana pakati pa kuchotsa golide bwino, chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, ndi kusamalira chilengedwe, makampani opanga migodi ya golide angakule bwino mtsogolo.