Kuwulula Njira Yopangira Golide Pogwiritsa Ntchito Sodium Cyanide

I. Ndondomeko

M'masiku ano Kukumba golide makampani, Sodium cyanide amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi njira zakale zopangira golide, njira zamasiku ano zopangira migodi ya golide zimatha kuchotsa golide m'miyala yokhala ndi golide wochepa kwambiri, nthawi zina wocheperako ngati 0.005%, pomwe golideyo sawoneka ndi maso. Sodium cyanide ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zovutazi, zomwe zimathandiza kulekanitsa golide ku miyala yamtengo wapatali. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mmene Sodium Cyanide amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumigodi ya golide.

II. Zoyambira za Sodium Cyanide

A. Chemical Properties

Sodium cyanide, yokhala ndi chilinganizo chamankhwala NaCN, ndi cholimba cha crystalline choyera. Amawoneka ngati ma granules kapena ufa ndipo amakonda kusokoneza. Chigawochi chimakhala ndi fungo lochepa la maamondi owawa. Pankhani ya solubility, imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, pomwe imasungunuka pang'ono mu ethanol. Chemical, sodium cyanide ndi maziko amphamvu ndi mchere wofooka wa asidi. Yake amadzimadzi njira hydrolyzes kupanga hydrocyanic acid, kupanga njira kwambiri zamchere. Mwachidziwikire, sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri. Ngakhale kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kaya kukhudza khungu, kutulutsa mpweya, kapena kuyamwa, kumatha kubweretsa poyizoni komanso kupha. Imakhala ndi mphamvu yowononga potulutsa ma cyanide ions (CN-) omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wolimba kwambiri ndi ayoni wachitsulo kuposa mpweya. Izi zimasokoneza kayendedwe kabwino ka okosijeni m'maselo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cell asphyxia ndi minofu hypoxia.

B. Kufunika kwa Industrial

Kupatula gawo lake pamigodi ya golide, sodium cyanide imakhala yofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana amakampani. M'makampani opanga ma electroplating, imakhala ngati gawo lofunikira pakuyika mkuwa, siliva, cadmium, ndi zinki. Zimathandizira kuchepetsa anodic polarization, kuonetsetsa kusungunuka kwabwino kwa anode, kukhazikika kwa plating yankho, komanso kupititsa patsogolo cathodic polarization kuti mupeze zigawo zofananira komanso zapamwamba kwambiri. Mu metallurgy, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga mankhwala popanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma cyanides ndikupanga hydrocyanic acid. Imagwiranso ntchito yofunikira pakuphatikizika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga magalasi achilengedwe, zida zosiyanasiyana zopangira, mphira wa nitrile, ndi ma copolymers opangira fiber. M'makampani opanga utoto, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga cyanuric chloride, chinthu chapakati chofunikira pakupangira utoto komanso kalambulabwalo wa zinthu zoyera. Kuphatikiza apo, makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide popanga zinthu monga cyanoacetic acid methyl ester ndi diethyl malonate. Ponseponse, kusinthasintha kwa sodium cyanide ndikuchitanso kwina kumapangitsa kukhala mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale amakono.

III. Njira Yopangira Golide ndi Sodium Cyanide

A. Kukonzekera Ore

Njira yoyamba yogwiritsira ntchito sodium cyanide kwa Kuchotsa golide akukonzekera miyala. Zigawo zazikulu za ore wokhala ndi golidi poyambilira zimaphwanyidwa kukhala tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono pogwiritsa ntchito ma crushers olemera kwambiri. Kuphwanyidwa koyambiriraku kumachepetsa kukula kwa miyala kuti ikhale yotheka kutha, nthawi zambiri mozungulira mamilimita 150-300. Pambuyo pake, ore wophwanyidwawo amaphwanyidwa kachiwiri, nthawi zambiri ndi ma cone crushers kapena ma crushers amphamvu, kuchepetsa kukula kwa tinthu pafupifupi 20-50 millimeters. Pambuyo pake, miyalayo imasiyidwa kukhala ufa wabwino kudzera mu mphero za mpira kapena ndodo, kuonetsetsa kuti tinthu tambirimbiri tikhala tochepera mamilimita 0.074. Kupera bwino kumeneku ndikofunikira chifukwa kumawonjezera kwambiri pamwamba pa ore, kumathandizira kulumikizana bwino komanso kuchitapo kanthu ndi yankho la cyanide pakadutsa matope. Kuphatikiza apo, miyalayi imatha kudutsa njira yowunikira kuti isiyanitse kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kulola kuti muzitha kuwongolera bwino mankhwalawo komanso kukulitsa luso lochotsa.

B. Njira ya Leaching

Miyalayo ikakonzedwa bwino, imalowa m'malo otulutsa golide, womwe ndi mtima wa njira yochotsa golide ndi sodium cyanide. Miyala ya ufa imasakanizidwa ndi mankhwala opangidwa bwino a cyanide, nthawi zambiri ndi sodium cyanide ndende kuyambira 0.05% mpaka 0.1%. Munthawi imeneyi, kachitidwe ka mankhwala kumachitika pomwe golide mu ore amakumana ndi ma cyanide ions (CN-) pamaso pa okosijeni. Zotsatira zonse zitha kuyimiridwa ndi equation: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Apa, maatomu agolide amapanga chosungunuka chosungunuka ndi ma cyanide ions, kupanga sodium golide cyanide (Na[Au(CN)₂]), yomwe imasungunuka mu yankho. The leaching ndondomeko amafuna kulamulira okhwima magawo osiyanasiyana. PH ya yankho imasungidwa mozungulira 10-11 kuonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa cyanide ndikuletsa mapangidwe a poizoni wa hydrogen cyanide. Kutentha kumathandizanso kwambiri; M'nyengo yozizira, kutentha kumasungidwa pa 20-30 ° C. Kutentha kwambiri kumachepetsa momwe zimachitikira, pamene kutentha kwakukulu kungapangitse kuti njira yothetsera vutoli ikhale nthunzi komanso kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo. Kugwedezeka kokwanira ndi mpweya kumaperekedwa mosalekeza kuti zitsimikizire kusakanikirana kofanana kwa ore ndi yankho la cyanide, kulimbikitsa kusungunuka kwa golide.

C. Gawo la Mvula

Pambuyo pa ndondomeko ya leaching, golide tsopano ali mu mawonekedwe a golide wosungunuka wa cyanide complexes mu yankho. Kuti apezenso golide, siteji yamvula imachitika. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezera ufa wa zinc kapena activated carbon ku yankho. Zinc ufa ukagwiritsidwa ntchito, kusamuka kumachitika. Zinc, pokhala yotakasuka kwambiri kuposa golide, imachotsa golide kuchokera ku golide wa cyanide. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimatha kufotokozedwa motere: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Ma atomu a golidi amasinthidwa kukhala mawonekedwe ake achitsulo ndipo amatuluka muzitsulo. Ngati activated carbon ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, malo ake okwera pamwamba ndi katundu wa adsorption amayamba. Zomera zagolide za cyanide zimakongoletsa pamwamba pa kaboni, kulekanitsa bwino golide ku yankho. Mpweya wodzaza mpweya umakonzedwanso kuti upeze golide wonyezimira. Mvula ikatha, slurry imasefedwa kapena centrifuged kuti ilekanitse mpweya wolimba wa golide ndi madzi otsalawo, omwe angakhale ndi cyanide yotsalira ndi zonyansa zina.

D. Njira Yoyenga

Golide wopezedwa panyengo yamvula akadali ndi zonyansa zina ndipo akuyenera kuyengedwa kuti akwaniritse chiyero chachikulu chomwe chimafunikira pamsika. Ntchito yoyenga imayamba ndi kusungunula, pomwe mpweya wa golide umatenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri mung'anjo. Izi zimasungunula golideyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zonyansa zozama kwambiri zimire pansi pomwe golide wosungunula amatha kuchotsedwa kapena kutsanuliridwa mu nkhungu. Pambuyo pake, electrolysis ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ayeretsedwenso. Mu selo la electrolytic, golide wodetsedwa amapangidwa ndi anode, ndipo pepala lochepa la golide woyenga limakhala ngati cathode. Mphamvu yamagetsi ikadutsa mu cell, ma ion agolide ochokera ku anode amasamukira ku cathode ndikuyika ngati golide woyenga, ndikusiya zonyansa zotsalira pa anode. Kupyolera mu njira zoyenga izi, golidi amatha kufika pachiyero cha 99.99%, kukwaniritsa miyezo ya mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kupanga zodzikongoletsera, ndi ntchito zogulitsa ndalama.

IV. Ntchito Zoganizira Zachitetezo ndi Zachilengedwe

A. Chitetezo cha Ogwira Ntchito

Chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa sodium cyanide, kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito pamigodi ya golide pogwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mokwanira zachitetezo. Ayenera kudziŵa bwino kagwiridwe ka mankhwalawo, kumvetsetsa kuopsa kwake, ndi kudziŵa njira zolondola zangozi. Zida zodzitetezera (PPE) sizingakambirane. Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala magolovesi osatha kuti asakhudze khungu, magalasi oteteza maso awo, ndi zopumira kuti asapume mpweya wa cyanide womwe ungatuluke. Kuphatikiza apo, ma protocol olimba achitetezo ayenera kukhalapo. Mwachitsanzo, malo ogwirira ntchito amayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kuti cyanide iliyonse yowuluka musakhale ndi mpweya. Ogwira ntchito ayeneranso kuletsedwa kudya, kumwa, kapena kusuta m'madera omwe sodium cyanide ilipo kuti asalowe mwangozi. Muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa thanzi la ogwira ntchito, makamaka omwe akugwira nawo mankhwalawo, kuti azindikire zizindikiro zoyamba za cyanide.

B. Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa sodium cyanide mu migodi ya golidi kumadzetsanso nkhawa kwambiri zachilengedwe. Pambuyo pochotsa golide, zida zotsalira zotsalira, zomwe zimadziwika kuti Mitundu ya cyanide, ali ndi cyanide yotsalira. Ngati sichisamalidwa bwino, michira iyi imatha kuwononga chilengedwe. Cyanide imatha kulowa m'nthaka ndi m'madzi apansi, kuwononga magwero amadzi ndikuwononga zamoyo zam'madzi. M'madzi, ngakhale cyanide yaying'ono imatha kusokoneza zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kupha nsomba komanso kuwononga zachilengedwe. Pofuna kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa chilengedwechi, makampani amigodi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zolimba zoyendetsera chilengedwe. Njira imodzi ndiyo kuchiza michira ya cyanide kuti muchepetse cyanide kuti ikhale yotetezeka. Izi zitha kuphatikizira njira zochizira mankhwala, monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni kapena njira zamvula, kuti asinthe cyanide wapoizoni kukhala mankhwala osavulaza kwambiri. Njira ina yofunika ndiyo kutayira koyenera ndi kusunga tailings zokonzedwa. Malo otayirapo pansi otetezedwa kapena maiwe otsekera okhala ndi zomangira zoyenera zitha kuletsa kutayikira kwa zotsalira zilizonse zomwe zatsala m'chilengedwe. Kuwonjezela apo, kuyang’anila kosalekeza kwa malo ozungulira, kuphatikizapo mmene madzi alili komanso mmene nthaka ilili, n’kofunika kuti tidziŵe kuonongeka kulikonse kumene kungachitike mwamsanga ndi kukonza zinthu mwamsanga.

V. Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide ndi mankhwala ofunikira kwambiri pamigodi yamakono ya golide, yomwe imathandiza kuchotsa golide kuchokera ku miyala yamtengo wapatali yokhala ndi golide wochepa. Wakhala mwala wapangodya wa golide Makampani opanga migodi kwa zaka zambiri, kuthandizira kupanga golide yemwe amawonjezera mafuta m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kupanga zodzikongoletsera mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumafuna chidwi chachikulu pachitetezo komanso chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Makampani amigodi akuyenera kugulitsa zida zamakono zachitetezo, kupereka maphunziro okwanira kwa ogwira ntchito, ndikukhazikitsa njira zotetezeka zoteteza miyoyo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ali ndi udindo wosamalira zachilengedwe, kusamalira michira ya cyanide moyenera ndi kuyang'anira zachilengedwe kuti ziteteze kuwonongeka kwa nthawi yaitali. Pamene luso lamakono likupita patsogolo, kufufuza kwa njira zotetezeka komanso zowononga zachilengedwe m'malo mwa sodium cyanide ziyenera kupitiriza. Pokhapokha pokhazikitsa malire pakati pa kuchotsa golide moyenera, chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito, ndi kuyang'anira zachilengedwe m'pamene bizinesi yamigodi ya golide idzayenda bwino m'tsogolomu.