Njira ya Chlorination Yochizira Cyanide Gold Sludge

Introduction

M'makampani opanga golide, golide wa cyanide ndi - mankhwala opangidwa panthawi ya cyanidation. Dothi limeneli silingokhala ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga golide ndi siliva komanso zinthu zovulaza monga cyanide. Kuchiza kwa golide wa cyanide sludge ndikofunikira pakubwezeretsanso zinthu komanso kuteteza chilengedwe. Njira yopangira chlorine yatulukira ngati njira yothandiza yochizira matope awa, ndikupereka njira yolekanitsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndikuchotsa cyanide - zomwe zili ndi zinthu.

Mfundo za Chlorination Process

Oxidation ndi Selective Dissolution

The chlorine ndondomeko amatengera mwayi wosiyanasiyana wa okosijeni - kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa zitsulo mu sing'anga inayake. Pankhani yochizira matope a golide wa cyanide, pamene chlorinating agent (monga sodium chlorate mu acidic medium) imawonjezeredwa, zitsulo zokhala ndi oxidation yotsika - zochepetsera, monga zinki, chitsulo, lead, ndi mkuwa, zimasinthidwa kukhala okosijeni ndikusungunuka mu yankho. Mwachitsanzo, mu hydrochloric acid sing'anga, zitsulo mu sludge golide zimachita ndi yankho. Pambuyo pake, sodium chlorate ikawonjezeredwa, imawonjezera mphamvu yothetsera vutoli, kulola mkuwa ndi zonyansa zina zomwe sizisungunuka mu hydrochloric acid kuti zisungunuke ndi kusungunuka. Poyang'anira bwino njira yothetsera vutoli, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali monga siliva ndi golidi zikhoza kusiyidwa mu zotsalira.

Kuwonongeka kwa Cyanide

Cyanide mu matope a golide ndi poizoni kwambiri. Chlorination ingathandizenso kuwononga cyanide. M'malo amchere, pamene chlorine - based oxidant (monga chlorine gasi, sodium hypochlorite, etc.) imawonjezeredwa, cyanide imayamba kupangidwa ndi okosijeni kuti ikhale cyanate ndiyeno imawonjezeredwa ku carbon dioxide ndi nitrogen. Kachitidwe kachitidwe kake ndi motere: Pamaso pa njira ya alkaline, chlorine wowonjezera - wokhala ndi okosijeni amapanga mitundu monga OCl⁻. Cyanide (CN⁻) imakhudzidwa ndi OCl⁻, ndipo kudzera muzotsatira za okosijeni, imasinthidwa kukhala zinthu zosavulaza.

Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Chlorination Pochiza Cyanide Gold Sludge

Kudzimbidwa

Asanayambe kuthira chlorine, matope a golide wa cyanide nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuthandizidwa. Izi zingaphatikizepo njira monga akupera kuchepetsa tinthu kukula kwa sludge, amene kuonjezera kukhudzana m'dera pakati pa sludge ndi chlorinating wothandizira, potero kuwongolera anachita dzuwa. Komanso, ngati sludge lili lalikulu kuchuluka kwa zonyansa zimene zingasokoneze chlorination anachita, monga kuchuluka kwa zitsulo oxides kapena sulfides, chisanadze leaching ndi reagents yoyenera akhoza kuchitidwa kuchotsa kusokoneza zinthu.

Chlorination Reaction

1. Choyamba - siteji ya Chlorination (Kuchotsa Zonyansa)

• Mu gawo loyamba la chlorination reaction, cholinga chachikulu ndikuchotsa zitsulo zoyambira pamatope agolide a cyanide. Dothilo limayikidwa mu chotengera choyenera chokhala ndi acidic sing'anga (nthawi zambiri hydrochloric acid). Kenako, chlorinating agent, monga sodium chlorate, imawonjezeredwa pang'onopang'ono. Kutentha kochita, acidity, ndi kuchuluka kwa chlorinating agent ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala. Mwachitsanzo, kutentha komwe kumachitikira kutha kusungidwa mosiyanasiyana, pafupifupi 40 - 60 ° C, ndipo acidity ya hydrochloric acid yankho imasinthidwa kukhala ndende yoyenera, nthawi zambiri mozungulira 1 - 3 mol / L.

• Panthawi imeneyi, makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa machitidwe amachitidwe amayang'aniridwa. Zomwe zingatheke zikafika pamtundu wina (mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa zitsulo zina zoyambira, zomwe zingathe kuyendetsedwa pakati pa 400 - 450 mV), zitsulo zoyambira monga zinki, chitsulo, ndi gawo la mkuwa zimatulutsidwa ndi kusungunuka mu yankho. Nthawi yochitira zimasiyanasiyana kutengera kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa tinthu ta matope, nthawi zambiri kuyambira maola 2 - 4.

2.Second - stage Chlorination (Gold and Silver Separation)

• Pambuyo pa gawo loyamba la kuchotsa zonyansa, zotsalirazo zimakhala ndi golidi, siliva, ndi zina zotsalira. Chachiwiri - siteji ya chlorination, zinthu zimasinthidwa kuti zisungunuke golide kapena siliva. Ngati cholinga ndikusungunula golide, zomwe zimasinthidwa zimasinthidwa kuti ziwonjezere makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kuchepetsa kuthekera. Mwachitsanzo, powonjezera sodium chlorate ndikusintha acidity ndi kutentha moyenera, kuthekera kutha kuonjezedwa mpaka kusiyanasiyana komwe golide amatha kuthiridwa oxid ndi kusungunuka (nthawi zambiri mozungulira 1000 - 1050 mV).

• Zomwe zimachitika, golide amasinthidwa kukhala ma soluble gold chloride complexes mu yankho. Silver imatha kupanga insoluble silver chloride pansi pamikhalidwe ina ndikukhalabe zotsalira. Nthawi yochitira siteji iyi ikhoza kukhala pafupifupi 0.5 - 1 ora, kutengera kuchuluka kwa golide mumatope.

Kubwezeretsa Chitsulo

1.Gold Recovery

• Golidi atasungunuka mu njira yothetsera golide wa chloride, akhoza kubwezeretsedwanso mwa kuchepetsa. Mankhwala ochepetsera monga sodium sulfite, oxalic acid, kapena hydrazine angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito sodium sulfite ngati chochepetsera, yankho limasinthidwa kukhala pH mtengo woyenerera (nthawi zambiri kuzungulira 1 - 2), kenako sodium sulfite imawonjezeredwa pang'onopang'ono. Zomwe zimachitika pakuchepetsa kwa golide chloride complexes ndi sodium sulfite ndi: 3H₂O + 3Na₂SO₃+2HAuCl₄ = 3Na₂SO₄ + 8HCl + 2Au.

• Njira yochepetsera imayang'aniridwanso poyesa makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa yankho. Mapeto - mfundo yochepetsera ikhoza kutsimikiziridwa pamene kuthekera kufika pamtengo wina (mwachitsanzo, choyamba - siteji ya kuchepetsa ntchito sodium sulfite, mapeto - mfundo angathe kukhala mozungulira 590 - 730 mV). Kenako golidi wonyezimirayo amasefedwa, kutsukidwa, ndi kuumitsa kuti apeze golide weniweni.

2.Silver Recovery

• Ngati siliva atsalira muzotsalira pambuyo pa gawo lachiwiri la chlorination, akhoza kukonzedwanso kuti apezenso siliva. Njira imodzi yodziwika bwino ndikuthira zotsalirazo ndi reagent yoyenera kusungunula siliva, monga kugwiritsa ntchito nitric acid kusungunula siliva chloride kupanga njira ya silver nitrate. Kenako, siliva amatha kubwezeredwa ku njira ya silver nitrate pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga electrolysis kapena kuchepetsa ndi njira yoyenera yochepetsera.

Cyanide - yomwe ili ndi Chithandizo cha Madzi a Waste

Madzi onyansa omwe amapangidwa panthawi ya chlorination ya cyanide gold sludge amakhala ndi cyanide yotsalira. Kuti akwaniritse miyezo yotulutsa zachilengedwe, madzi otayirawa amayenera kukonzedwa. Alkaline chlorination ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopangira madzi otayira amtunduwu. Pamalo a alkaline (pH> 10), chinthu chochokera ku klorini chimawonjezeredwa kumadzi otayidwa. Cyanide m'madzi otayidwa ndi oxidized kuti cyanate poyamba kenako oxidized kukhala sanali poizoni carbon dioxide ndi asafe. Zomwe zimachitikazo zimachitika pansi pa kusanganikirana koyenera komanso nthawi yochitira zinthu kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti cyanide ikhale ndi okosijeni wathunthu.

Ubwino wa Chlorination Process

High Metal Recovery Rate

Njira yothira chlorine imatha kupeza zitsulo zamtengo wapatali mumatope a cyanide golide. Ndi bwino kulamulira mmene zinthu ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kuchepetsa angathe, n`zotheka kusankha kupasuka ndi achire golide ndi siliva, pamene mogwira kuchotsa m`munsi zitsulo zosafunika. Mwachitsanzo, m'njira zokongoletsedwa bwino, kubweza golide kumatha kupitilira 95%, ndipo kubweza siliva kumathanso kukhala kwakukulu, kutengera momwe matopewo adayambira.

Kuwononga Bwino kwa Cyanide

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, njira yothira chlorination imatha kuwononga cyanide wapoizoni kwambiri mumatope agolide. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuteteza chilengedwe, chifukwa zimatha kuletsa kutulutsidwa kwa cyanide m'chilengedwe, kuchepetsa kuvulaza komwe kungachitike paumoyo wa anthu komanso chilengedwe.

Kusinthasintha kwa Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Sludge

Njira yopangira chlorine ikuwonetsa kusinthika kwabwino kwa matope a golide a cyanide okhala ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana. Kaya sludge ali mkulu kapena otsika zili golide, siliva, ndi zitsulo zosiyanasiyana m'munsi, koyenera kusintha zinthu anachita monga mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa chlorinating wothandizila, kutentha anachita, acidity, ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kuchepetsa angathe kutheka kuti tikwaniritse chithandizo chamankhwala.

Mavuto ndi Mayankho mu Njira ya Chlorination

Zida Corrosion

Malo a acidic ndi oxidizing mu njira ya chlorination amatha kuwononga kwambiri zida. Kugwiritsa ntchito klorini - munali okosijeni ndi acidic TV, makamaka asidi hydrochloric, akhoza dzimbiri anachita ziwiya, mapaipi, ndi zipangizo zina. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, dzimbiri - zida zosagwira ziyenera kusankhidwa. Mwachitsanzo, zombo zochitira zimatha kupangidwa ndi zinthu monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, ma aloyi a titaniyamu, kapena zokhala ndi dzimbiri - zosagwira zinthu monga mphira kapena graphite. Kuyang'anira ndi kukonza zida nthawi zonse ndikofunikira kuti muwone ndikukonza zovuta zomwe zawonongeka panthawi yake.

Generation of Toxic By - mankhwala

Pa chlorination ndondomeko, makamaka pa matenda a cyanide - munali zinthu, pali chiopsezo kutulutsa poizoni ndi - mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, cyanide ikatulutsidwa, cyanogen chloride, yomwe ndi poizoni, imatha kupangidwa. Kuti athetse vutoli, zinthu zoyenera kuchita ziyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamalitsa. Pankhani ya cyanide oxidation, kusunga malo amchere kumatha kulepheretsa mapangidwe a cyanogen chloride. Kuonjezera apo, njira zoyendetsera mpweya wabwino ndi gasi ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa m'malo opangirako kuti apewe kudzikundikira kwa mpweya wapoizoni.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Kwambiri ndi Reagent

Njira yothira chlorine nthawi zambiri imafuna mphamvu yochulukirapo yotenthetsera, kusonkhezera, ndi zida zogwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma chlorine ndi ma reagents ena kumabweretsanso ndalama. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi reagent, kukhathamiritsa kwa njira kumatha kuchitika. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yabwino yochitira zinthu mwa kukhathamiritsa momwe zinthu zikuyendera, kuchepetsa kutentha kosafunikira ndi nthawi yosonkhezera, komanso kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ma reagents pogwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kake ndi kuwongolera.

Kutsiliza

Njira yopangira chlorine ndi njira yodalirika yochizira matope a golide wa cyanide. Zimaphatikiza kuchira kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi detoxification ya cyanide - yomwe ili ndi zinthu. Ngakhale pali zovuta zina pakugwiritsa ntchito kwake, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwaukadaulo kosalekeza komanso kutengera njira zoyenera, njira yothirira chlorine imatha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamakampani otulutsa golide, zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale phindu pazachuma komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.