Njira ndi Njira Zochotsera Cyanide Pamwamba pa Mafuta a Sulfide

1. Introduction

Mu gawo la metallurgy, makamaka pakuchotsa golide ndi kukonza sulfide ore, kupezeka kwa Cyanide pamwamba pa Sulfide Ores kumabweretsa mavuto akulu. Cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu njira yochotsera cyanidation yochotsera golide chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kupanga ma complexes ndi golide, zomwe zimathandiza kuti isungunuke. Komabe, pambuyo pa njira yochotsera, cyanide yotsala pamwamba pa sulfide ores m'mabwinja sikuti imangoyambitsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe komanso kumalepheretsa kupindula kwa sulfide minerals, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kubwezeretsa kwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa chake, kupanga njira zothandiza zochotsera cyanide pamwamba pa sulfide ores ndikofunikira kwambiri pakukonza mchere mokhazikika komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.

2. Mavuto Amene Alipo ndi Cyanide pa Sulfide Ore Surfaces

2.1 Mphamvu Zachilengedwe

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri. Pamene miyala ya sulfide yokhala ndi pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide itayidwa m'chilengedwe, cyanide imatha kutuluka pang'onopang'ono ndikuyipitsa nthaka, magwero a madzi, ndi mpweya. Ngakhale m'malo otsika kwambiri, cyanide ikhoza kukhala yovulaza kwambiri zamoyo zam'madzi, zomera, ndi thanzi la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ena a migodi kumene cyanide - zokhala ndi michira zachitika, mabwalo amadzi oyandikana nawo awonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mpweya wosungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba ndi zamoyo zina za m'madzi zife.

2.2 Kuletsa kwa Sulfide Mineral Beneficiation

The cyanide adsorbed pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide, monga pyrite, chalcopyrite, ndi sphalerite, akhoza kupanga passivation film pa mchere pamwamba. Kanemayu amachepetsa reactivity ya mchere wa sulfide panthawi yoyandama kapena njira zina zopindulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, pakuyandama kwa miyala yamkuwa yokhala ndi sulfide, kupezeka kwa cyanide pamwamba pa chalcopyrite kumatha kufooketsa kulumikizana kwake ndi otolera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulekanitsa bwino mchere wamkuwa ndi mchere wa gangue, potero kumachepetsa kuchuluka ndi kuchira kwa mkuwa.

3. Njira Zochotsera Cyanide Pamwamba pa Miyala ya Sulfidi

3.1 Njira Yoyatsira Acid

3.1.1 Mfundo

Njira yotsegulira asidi makamaka imagwiritsa ntchito zidulo monga sulfuric acid kapena oxalic acid kuti zigwirizane ndi cyanide - yomwe imakhala ndi mankhwala pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide. Acid ikawonjezeredwa, imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa cyanide - zitsulo zachitsulo. Zotsatira zake, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide umapangidwa. Koma m'njira yopangidwa mwaluso, haidrojeni cyanide yosakhazikikayi imatha kubwezeredwa ndikugwiritsiridwanso ntchito kudzera m'mayamwidwe oyenera.

3.1.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera Madontho a Matope : Choyamba, sakanizani matope a sulfide ndi cyanide yothira pamwamba ndi madzi kuti mupange madontho ofanana a matope. Chiŵerengero cha madzi olimba a madontho a matope nthawi zambiri chimasinthidwa kutengera mawonekedwe a madontho ndi zofunikira zinazake za njira, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa 1:2 - 1:5.

2. Kuwonjezera Asidi : Pang'onopang'ono onjezerani sulfuric acid kapena oxalic acid ku pulp ya ore pamene mukusakaniza mosalekeza. Kuchuluka kwa asidi wowonjezera kuyenera kulamulidwa mosamala malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu pulp ya ore. Nthawi zambiri, pH ya pulp ya ore imasinthidwa kukhala 2 - 4. ndipo pH iyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi yeniyeni pogwiritsa ntchito pH meter panthawi yowonjezerera.

3. Kuchiza ndi Kuchiza Mpweya : Mukawonjezera asidi, lolani kuti izi zichitike kwa maola 1 - 3. Panthawiyi, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide umapangidwa. Pofuna kupewa kuti mpweyawu usaipitse chilengedwe, njira yosonkhanitsira ndi kuchiza mpweya imayikidwa. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide wopangidwa umalowetsedwa mu nsanja yoyamwa yodzazidwa ndi yankho la alkaline, monga yankho la sodium hydroxide. Apa, hydrogen cyanide imayanjana ndi sodium hydroxide, ndipo yankho la Sodium Cyanide lomwe labwezedwa likhoza kubwezeretsedwanso ku njira yopangira cyanidation ngati khalidwe lake likukwaniritsa zofunikira.

3.1.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Njira iyi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Imatha kuswa bwino mankhwala okhala ndi cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide ndipo imatha kubwezeretsanso cyanide, kuchepetsa mtengo wonse wogwiritsa ntchito cyanide pakukumba.

• Zoyipa : Pali zoopsa zazikulu zachitetezo. Mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide ndi woopsa kwambiri, ndipo kutayikira kulikonse panthawi yochitapo kanthu kungawononge kwambiri ogwira ntchito komanso chilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, ma asidi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira imeneyi ndi owononga, zomwe zimatha kuwononga zida ndi mapaipi, kuonjezera ndalama zokonzera ndikufupikitsa nthawi ya zida.

3.2 Njira Yoyatsira Oxidant

3.2.1 Mfundo

Ma oxide monga hydrogen peroxide, potaziyamu permanganate, ndi ozone amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera cyanide pamwamba pa sulfide ores. Ma oxide amenewa amaswa ma chemical bonds a cyanide compounds, kusintha cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni monga mpweya wa nayitrogeni ndi Carbon ates.

3.2.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera Madontho a Matope : Mofanana ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito asidi, konzani mipata ya sulfide kukhala pulp ya matope yokhala ndi chiŵerengero choyenera cha madzi olimba.

2. Kuwonjezera Oxidant : Onjezani oxidant wosankhidwa ku pulp ya ore. Kuchuluka kwa oxidant wowonjezeredwa kumadalira kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu pulp ya ore ndi kuthekera kwa oxidation kwa oxidant. Mwachitsanzo, mukagwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide, mlingo nthawi zambiri umakhala 1 - 5 kg pa toni ya pulp ya ore, pomwe potaziyamu permanganate nthawi zambiri imawonjezeredwa pa 0.5 - 2 kg pa toni ya pulp ya ore. Kuwonjezerako kuyenera kuchitika pang'onopang'ono ndikusakaniza kosalekeza kuti muwonetsetse kuti kusakaniza kuli kofanana.

3. Kuchitapo Kanthu ndi Kuyang'anira : Lolani kuti okosijeni achitepo kanthu ndi cyanide mu ore pulp kwa maola awiri mpaka anayi. Pa nthawi ya kuchitapo kanthu, yang'anirani mphamvu ya okosijeni - kuchepetsa ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu ore pulp. Mphamvu ya okosijeni - kuchepetsa ikhoza kuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa okosijeni. Pamene phindu likhazikika ndipo kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu ore pulp kukukwaniritsa muyezo wofunikira (nthawi zambiri zosakwana 0.5 mg/L), kuchitapo kanthu kumaonedwa kuti ndi kwathunthu.

3.2.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Njirayi siipanga mpweya woopsa komanso wosasunthika monga njira yogwiritsira ntchito asidi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yotetezeka pamalo ogwirira ntchito. Imatha kusungunuka ndi kuwononga cyanide bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti cholinga chake chikhale kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba pa sulfide ores. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthuzi ndizotetezeka ku chilengedwe.

• Zoyipa : Mtengo wa ma oxidants ndi wokwera, makamaka kwa ma oxidants amphamvu monga ozone, zomwe zimawonjezera mtengo wokonza ma sulfide ores. Kuphatikiza apo, ma oxidation reaction amakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi zinthu monga pH ya pulp ya ore, kutentha, ndi kukhalapo kwa zonyansa zina, zomwe zimafuna kuwongolera mwamphamvu momwe zinthu zimachitikira.

3.3 Njira ya Mchere wa Copper

3.3.1 Mfundo

Mchere wamkuwa, monga sulphate yamkuwa, amawonjezeredwa ku sulfide ore zamkati ndi pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide. Ma ions amkuwa amakhudzidwa ndi cyanide kupanga mkuwa wosasungunuka - cyanide complexes. Ma complexes amatha kupatulidwa ndi zamkati mwa ore kudzera njira zolimba - zolekanitsa zamadzimadzi, motero kukwaniritsa kuchotsedwa kwa cyanide.

3.3.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera Madontho a Matope : Konzani mipata ya sulfide kukhala matope a matope okhala ndi chiŵerengero choyenera cha madzi olimba.

2. Kuwonjezera Mchere wa Mkuwa : Onjezani kuchuluka koyenera kwa sulfate ya mkuwa ku pulp ya ore. Kuchuluka kwa sulfate ya mkuwa yomwe yawonjezeredwa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu pulp ya ore, nthawi zambiri ndi chiŵerengero cha molar cha ma ions a mkuwa ndi ma ions a cyanide a 1 - 2:1. Copper sulfate nthawi zambiri imawonjezeredwa ngati yankho lamadzi, ndipo njira yowonjezera iyenera kutsagana ndi kusakaniza kosalekeza kuti zitsimikizire kuti ma ions a mkuwa akugawidwa mofanana mu pulp ya ore.

3. Kusiyanitsa ndi Kugawanika kwa Madzi Olimba : Mukawonjezera mchere wa mkuwa, lolani kuti izi zichitike kwa maola 1 - 2. Kenako, lekani kugawanika kwa madzi olimba pa pulp ya miyala pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kusefa kapena kusungunula. Madzi okhazikika omwe ali ndi mchere wa mkuwa ndi cyanide ndi sulfide, pomwe madzi olekanitsidwawo amatha kukonzedwanso kuti akwaniritse muyezo wotulutsira kapena kubwezeretsanso ntchito zina.

3.3.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Njira iyi imatha kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide mwa kupanga zinthu zosasungunuka. Njira yogwirira ntchito ndi yosavuta, ndipo copper sulfate ndi mankhwala ofala komanso otsika mtengo, omwe amapereka phindu linalake pazachuma.

• Zoyipa : Kuonjezera mchere wa mkuwa kungayambitse zinyalala za mkuwa mu pulp ya ore, zomwe zingakhudze kupindulitsa kwa mchere wa sulfide. Mwachitsanzo, pakuyandama kwa lead - zinc sulfide ores, ma ayoni ambiri a mkuwa angayambitse sphalerite, zomwe zingasokoneze kulekanitsidwa kwa mchere wa lead ndi zinc. Kuphatikiza apo, ma precipitates a mkuwa ndi cyanide olekanitsidwa ayenera kutayidwa bwino kuti apewe kuipitsidwa kwina.

3.4 Njira Yatsopano Yophatikiza Reagent

3.4.1 Mfundo

Ma reagents omwe angopangidwa kumene, monga kuphatikiza ma polysulfides ndi sodium metabisulfite, amagwiritsidwa ntchito. The polysulfides anachita ndi sulfure - munali zigawo zikuluzikulu mu sianidi - munali mankhwala padziko sulfide ores, pamene sodium metabisulfite kusintha mphamvu redox dongosolo ndi kulimbikitsa kuwonongeka kwa cyanide, motero facilitates kuchotsa.

3.4.2 Njira Zopangira

1. Kukonzekera Madontho a Matope : Konzani mipata ya sulfide kukhala madontho a matope.

2. Kuwonjezera pa Composite Reagent : Onjezani reagent yophatikizana yokhala ndi polysulfides ndi sodium metabisulfite ku ore pulp. Chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa polysulfides ndi sodium metabisulfite nthawi zambiri chimakhala 1:1. ndipo kuchuluka kwa reagent yophatikizana kumatsimikiziridwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa cyanide mu ore pulp ndi mtundu wa sulfide ore, nthawi zambiri kuyambira 0.5 - 2 kg pa tani ya ore pulp.

3. Kuchitapo Kanthu ndi Kuyang'anira : Mukawonjezera chogwirira ntchito chophatikizana, lolani kuti chichitike kwa maola 1 - 3. Pakuchitapo kanthu, yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa cyanide ndi magawo oyenera a mankhwala, monga redox potential ndi pH value, mu ore pulp. Sinthani momwe zinthu zilili mwachangu malinga ndi zotsatira za kuyang'anira kuti muwonetsetse kuti cyanide yachotsedwa kwathunthu.

3.4.3 Ubwino ndi Kuipa kwake

• Ubwino : Njira iyi ikuwonetsa kusinthasintha kwabwino ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala ya sulfide. Chogwirizira chophatikizana chimagwira ntchito mogwirizana kuti chichotse cyanide bwino pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide. Poyerekeza ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito imodzi yokha, ingapereke mphamvu yabwino yochotsera ndipo sichitha kuwononga mchere wa sulfide pambuyo pake.

• Zoyipa : Kupanga ndi kupanga ma reagents ophatikizika ndi kovuta, ndipo mtengo wake ukhoza kukhala wokwera kuposa njira zina zachikhalidwe zogwiritsira ntchito ma reagents amodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yeniyeni yogwirira ntchito ya ma reagents ophatikizika sinamvetsetsedwe bwino, zomwe zingayambitse kusatsimikizika mu ntchito zenizeni zamafakitale.

4. Kukhathamiritsa kwa Njira ndi Kuganizira

4.1 Kusamalira Ores

Musanagwiritse ntchito njira iliyonse yomwe ili pamwambayi pochotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide, nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kuwongolera miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mwachitsanzo, ngati michira ya sulfide ore ili ndi mchere wambiri wopangidwa ndi gangue, kuyang'anira zisanachitike kapena ntchito zamagulu zitha kuchitidwa kuti muchotse tizigawo tating'onoting'ono. Izi zitha kupangitsa kukhudzana kwachangu pakati pa reagent ndi mchere wa sulfide ndi pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide ndikuchepetsa kusokoneza kwa mchere wa gangue pazomwe zimachitika.

4.2 Kuchita Zochita Kuwongolera

• Mtengo wa pH : Mtengo wa pH wa pulp ya ore umakhudza kwambiri njira yochitira zinthu. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito asidi imafuna pH yotsika kuti ilimbikitse kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala okhala ndi cyanide, pomwe njira yogwiritsira ntchito oxidant ndi njira ya mchere wa mkuwa ziyenera kusunga pH yoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, mukamagwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide ngati oxidant, pH yabwino kwambiri ya pulp ya ore nthawi zambiri imakhala 8 - 10. Ndipo mukagwiritsa ntchito copper sulfate, pH ya pulp ya ore nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa pa 6 - 8.

• Kutentha : Kutentha kwa reaction kumakhudzanso liwiro la reaction ndi magwiridwe antchito. Nthawi zambiri, kuwonjezera kutentha kumatha kufulumizitsa liwiro la reaction. Komabe, pazochitika zina, monga kuoxidation ya cyanide ndi hydrogen peroxide, kutentha kwambiri kungayambitse kuti oxidant iwole, zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya okosijeni. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwa reaction kuyenera kukonzedwa bwino malinga ndi dongosolo la reaction, nthawi zambiri mkati mwa 20 - 40 °C.

• Mphamvu Yosakaniza : Kusakaniza kokwanira ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthu zosakaniza mu pulp ya miyala zigawike mofanana ndikuwonjezera mwayi wolumikizana pakati pa zinthu zomwe zili ndi cyanide ndi zinthu zomwe zili pamwamba pa sulfide ores. Komabe, kusakaniza kwambiri kungayambitse kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosafunikira komanso kuwonongeka kwa makina. Mphamvu yoyenera yosakaniza iyenera kudziwika kudzera mu kafukufuku woyesera komanso luso lopanga zinthu.

4.3 Zolimba - Zolekanitsa Zamadzimadzi ndi Kuyeretsa Madzi Otayidwa

Pambuyo zochita kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba sulfide ores, kothandiza olimba - madzi kulekana chofunika kulekanitsa ankachitira mchere sulfide yankho. Nthawi zambiri zolimba - njira zolekanitsa zamadzimadzi zimaphatikizapo kusefera, sedimentation, ndi centrifugation. Madzi otayidwa olekanitsidwa nthawi zambiri amakhalabe ndi cyanide yotsalira ndi zonyansa zina, zomwe zimafunika kukonzedwanso kuti zikwaniritse mulingo wotayira. Njira zochizira madzi otayirira zingaphatikizepo njira monga kuonjezera makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ma adsorption, ndi chithandizo chachilengedwe.

5. Maphunziro a Nkhani

5.1 Njira Yoyatsira Acid mu Mgodi wa Golide

Mu mgodi wina wa golidi, pambuyo pa cyanidation leaching process, sulfide ore tailings anali ndi kuchuluka kwa pamwamba - adsorbed cyanide. Mgodiyo udagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyatsira asidi pochiza. Choyamba, tailings anapangidwa kukhala zamkati ore ndi olimba - madzi chiŵerengero cha 1: 3. Kenaka, sulfuric acid anawonjezeredwa kuti asinthe pH mtengo wa ore zamkati kukhala 3. Pambuyo pochitapo kwa maola a 2, mpweya wopangidwa ndi hydrogen cyanide unasonkhanitsidwa ndikumwedwa ndi sodium hydroxide solution. Pambuyo pa chithandizo, ma cyanide omwe ali muzamkati mwa ore adatsika kuchokera ku 5 mg/L mpaka kuchepera 0.5 mg/L, ndipo kuchira kotsatira kwa mchere wa sulfide kunakwera pafupifupi 10%. Komabe, mkati mwa opareshoni, kutayikira kwa gasi wa hydrogen cyanide kunabweretsa ngozi pamalo opangira opaleshoni, ndipo mapaipi a zida adachita dzimbiri kwambiri.

5.2 Njira Yoyatsira Oxidant mu Mgodi wa Ore wa Polymetallic Sulfidi

Mgodi wina wa polymetallic sulfide ore unagwiritsa ntchito hydrogen peroxide monga oxidant kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide. Mtengo wa pH wa zamkati wa ore udasinthidwa kukhala 9. Kenako hydrogen peroxide adawonjezeredwa pamlingo wa 3 kg pa tani ya zamkati. Pambuyo pochitapo kanthu kwa maola atatu, cyanide yomwe ili mu zamkati mwa ore idachepetsedwa kukhala yotsika kwambiri. Kupindula kotsatira kwa mchere wamkuwa, kutsogolera, ndi zinc sulfide sikunakhudzidwe ndi cyanide yotsalayo, ndipo chiwongoladzanja chonse chobwezeretsa zitsulo chinakula bwino. Komabe, kukwera mtengo kwa hydrogen peroxide kunapangitsa kuti mtengo wokonza miyala uwonjezeke ndi pafupifupi $3 pa tani.

6. Kutsiliza

Kuchotsa cyanide pamwamba pa miyala ya sulfide ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukonza mchere. Njira yoyatsira asidi, njira yoyatsira oxidant, njira yamchere yamkuwa, ndi njira yatsopano yophatikizira reagent iliyonse ili ndi zabwino ndi zovuta zake. M'mafakitale enieni, ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama zinthu monga mtundu wa sulfide ores, zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe, komanso ndalama zachuma kuti musankhe njira yoyenera kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mwa kukhathamiritsa zinthu, kukonza ma ores, ndikugwira bwino ntchito zolimba - kulekanitsa kwamadzi ndi kuyeretsa madzi oyipa, mphamvu yochotsa cyanide pamwamba pa ores ya sulfide imatha kukulitsidwa, kukwaniritsa zolinga zobwezeretsanso zinthu komanso kuteteza chilengedwe.