Kuzungulira Kugwiritsa Ntchito Madzi a Cyanide mu Kusungunula Golide

Mu makampani opanga golide , kuyatsa golide ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa golide kuchokera ku miyala. Komabe, njira imeneyi imapanga madzi ambiri otayira - okhala ndi cyanide , omwe amabweretsa zoopsa zazikulu zachilengedwe ndi thanzi ngati sakuyang'aniridwa bwino. Kubwezeretsanso madzi otayira a Cyanide sikuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa chilengedwe komanso ndi njira yothandiza pakukula kwa makampani opanga golide. Nkhaniyi ya pa blog ifufuza kufunika, njira, ndi zovuta zobwezeretsanso madzi otayira a cyanide pakuyenga golide.

Kufunika Kobwezeretsanso Madzi a Cyanide

Cyanide ndi mankhwala oopsa kwambiri. Ngakhale m'malo otsika kwambiri, amatha kupha zamoyo zam'madzi ndipo amawononga kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Kutulutsa kwachindunji kwa cyanide - wokhala ndi madzi oipa ochokera ku zomera zosungunula golidi kumatha kuwononga magwero a madzi, nthaka, ndi mpweya, zomwe zimadzetsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso kuvulaza madera oyandikana nawo. Pobwezeretsanso madzi onyansa a cyanide, makampani agolide amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri chilengedwe. Kubwezeretsanso kumathandizira kuchepetsa kutulutsidwa kwa cyanide yapoizoni m'chilengedwe, kuteteza matupi amadzi, nyama zakuthengo, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, ikugwirizana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi azachilengedwe komanso kufunikira kwa anthu pakuchita zokhazikika zamafakitale.

Kuchokera pazachuma, kukonzanso madzi a cyanide kungabweretse phindu lalikulu. Miyala yagolide nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zitsulo zina zamtengo wapatali monga mkuwa, zinki, ndi chitsulo. Zitsulo izi zimasungunuka mu njira ya cyanide panthawi yochotsa ndipo zimatha kubwezeredwa panthawi yobwezeretsanso madzi oyipa. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pogwiritsa ntchito njira zobwezeretsanso, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zimatha kuchotsedwa m'madzi otayira, kuonjezera phindu lonse la migodi ya golide. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwezeretsanso kumatha kuchepetsa kumwa madzi atsopano ndi mankhwala posungunula golide. M'malo mogwiritsa ntchito madzi ochuluka ndi mankhwala atsopano, madzi otayidwa ogwiritsidwanso ntchito amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zochepetsera nthawi yayitali.

Njira Zomwe Zilipo Zochizira ndi Zobwezeretsanso

Chemical Oxidation Njira

1. Kusakaniza kwa Alkaline Chlorination : Iyi ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mu madzi otayira a alkaline cyanide, ma oxidant a chlorine okhala ndi ma oxidation amphamvu kwambiri amawonjezeredwa. Ma oxidant wamba ndi ClO₂, Cl₂ (gasi ndi madzi), ufa wa bleach, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, ndi chlorite. Mu njira za alkaline, OCl⁻ kapena chloride yokhala ndi ma oxidation amphamvu kwambiri nthawi zambiri imapangidwa. Cyanide poyamba imasungunuka kukhala cyanate kenako imasungunukanso kukhala Carbon dioxide ndi nayitrogeni. Komabe, vuto lalikulu la njira iyi ndilakuti cyanogen chloride yomwe imapangidwa panthawiyi ndi yoopsa, zomwe zimakhala zovulaza kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. Cyanogen chloride imapanganso utsi wowononga ikakhudzana ndi madzi, zomwe zimawononga kwambiri zida.

2. Njira ya Inco : Yopangidwa ndi Inco Ltd. mu 1982. Njirayi imaphatikizapo kuwonjezera chisakanizo cha SO₂ ndi mpweya m'madzi otayira a cyanide pamene mukulamulira pH pakati pa 8 - 10. Cyanide m'madzi otayira imasungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito catalysis ya ma ayoni amkuwa a bivalent. Zotsatira zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala bwino kuposa njira ya chlorine oxidation (popanda kuganizira za poizoni wa thiocyanate). Magwero a ma reagents ndi otakata, ndipo ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhala zochepa kuposa njira ya alkaline chlorination. Komabe, njira ya Inco imakhala ndi vuto losungunuka SCN⁻, ndipo SCN⁻ imatha kusokoneza CN⁻ pambuyo pake, kotero siyoyenera kuchiza madzi otayira a cyanide ndi kuchuluka kwa SCN⁻.

3. H₂O₂ Kusungunuka : H₂O₂ imapangitsa kuti cyanide ipange CNO⁻ pansi pa pH 9.5 - 11. kutentha kwabwinobwino, komanso ndi ma ayoni amkuwa (Cu²⁺) ngati chothandizira. CNO⁻ idzawonjezeredwa kuti ipange NH₄⁺ ndi CO₃²⁻, ndipo kuchuluka kwa hydrolysis kumadalira pH. Njirayi ili ndi zotsatira zabwino zochizira madzi otayira a cyanide komanso njira yosavuta. Ndi yoyenera pochiza madzi otayira a cyanide ochepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa cyanide pambuyo pa chithandizo kumakhala kochepera 0.5 mg/L.

4. Kusungunuka kwa Ozone : Ozone ili ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri yosungunuka, yokhala ndi mphamvu ya electrode ya 2.07 mV, yachiwiri kuposa fluorine. Imatha kuwola mosavuta zinthu zomwe ma oxidant ena sangawononge. Mu ndondomeko ya kusungunuka kwa ozone, ozone imagwira ntchito ndi cyanide kuti ipange cyanate, yomwe kenako imasungunuka ndi hydrolyzes kuti ipange nayitrogeni ndi carbonate. Ubwino umodzi wa njira iyi ndikuti imangofunika zida zopangira ozone ndipo sifunikira kugula ndi kunyamula mankhwala.

Njira Zina Zobwezeretsanso

1. Njira Yopangira Asidi : Njirayi imatha kukonza njira zambiri zoyeretsera cyanide (60 * 10⁻⁶ + NaCN) zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'mafakitale. Kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni a cyanide aulere mu yankho lokonzedwa kumatha kuchepetsedwa kufika pa 1 * 10⁻⁶. Imatha kubwezeretsa cyanide kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu zibwezeretsedwe ndikubweretsa phindu lalikulu pazachuma. Komabe, imafuna kutseka zida zapamwamba, ili ndi ndalama zambiri zoyambira, imafuna luso lapamwamba logwira ntchito, ndipo ili ndi zovuta kukonza zida. Palinso zoopsa zina zachitetezo, ndipo madzi otayira amafunikirabe chithandizo china kuti akwaniritse miyezo yotulutsira madzi.

2. Kuchotsa Zosungunulira : Kuchotsa zosungunulira kwakhala njira yothandiza yolekanitsira ndi kukulitsa ma ayoni achitsulo. Ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pochiza ma ayoni achitsulo a cyanide complex mu njira za alkaline cyanide. Mwachitsanzo, njira yochotsera ya synergistic ya trioctylmethyl ammonium chloride (N263) - tributyl phosphate (TBP) - n - octanol - sulfonated kerosene ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukulitsa ndikubwezeretsa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku madzi otayira a cyanide golide. Pansi pa mikhalidwe inayake, kuchuluka kwa ma ayoni achitsulo monga Cu, Zn, ndi Fe kumatha kupezeka.

3. Njira Yachiwiri Yothira Madzi : Iyi ndi njira yozungulira bwino kwambiri yotsekedwa bwino yomwe idapangidwira zomera zazing'ono komanso zapakatikati zothira madzi agolide okhala ndi madzi otayira ambiri a SCN⁻, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi otayira asatuluke konse. Njirayi ikuphatikizapo kuwonjezera chothandizira ndi mpweya wokwanira ku cyanide ya madzi otayira ndikuchotsa cyanide kudzera muzochita pa kaboni wodzaza ndi golide. Imatha kuchotsa ma ayoni achitsulo cholemera mu yankho ndikubwezeretsanso madzi otayira.

Nkhani Zokhudza Kubwezeretsanso Bwino Bwino

1. [Dzina la Kampani 1] : Kampani yosungunula golide iyi idakhazikitsa njira yobwezeretsanso madzi otayidwa a cyanide. Choyamba adagwiritsa ntchito njira zosakaniza mankhwala okosijeni ndi mvula kuti athetse madzi otayidwawo. Mwa kukonza njira yoyeretsera, adatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa cyanide m'madzi otayidwawo kufika pamlingo wokwaniritsa miyezo yobwezeretsanso. Madzi otayidwa obwezerezedwanso adagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu njira yobwezeretsanso golide. Zotsatira zake, kampaniyo sinangochepetsa kwambiri kuwononga chilengedwe komanso idasunga ndalama za [X]% pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi mankhwala.

2. [Dzina la Kampani 2] : Kampaniyi idagwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano. Adapanga ukadaulo watsopano wolekanitsa madzi otayidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba. Ukadaulowu ungathe kulekanitsa cyanide ndi zinyalala zina kuchokera ku madzi otayidwa. Kenako madzi oyeretsedwawo ankabwezeretsedwanso, ndipo cyanide yobwezedwayo ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito kapena kugulitsidwa. Njirayi sinangowonjezera magwiridwe antchito a kampaniyo komanso inawonjezera ndalama zake kudzera mu kugulitsa zinthu zomwe zabwezedwa.

Mavuto ndi Mayankho mu Cyanide Waste Water Recycling

Zovuta Zaukadaulo

1. Kuphatikizika Kovuta kwa Madzi Otayira : Madzi otayira a Cyanide ochokera ku golide wosungunula alibe cyanide yokha komanso ma ayoni osiyanasiyana achitsulo, mankhwala ovuta, ndi zinyalala. Kuphatikizika kovuta kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupanga njira imodzi yothanirana ndi kubwezeretsanso madzi. Magwero osiyanasiyana a madzi otayira angafunike njira zochizira zomwe zasinthidwa. Kuti athetse vutoli, kafukufuku wopitilira ndi chitukuko ndizofunikira kuti akonze kusinthasintha kwa ukadaulo wochizira. Zipangizo zatsopano ndi zinthu zoyambitsa zitha kupangidwa kuti ziwonjezere kusankha ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira zochizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'madzi otayira.

2. Mtengo Wapamwamba wa Ukadaulo Wokonza Zinthu : Ukadaulo wina wapamwamba wokonza ndi kubwezeretsanso madzi otayira a cyanide, monga njira zina zolekanitsira pogwiritsa ntchito nembanemba komanso njira zolondola kwambiri zokonzera zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, zimafuna ndalama zambiri zogulira, kuyika, ndi kukonza zida. Mtengo wapamwambawu ukhoza kukhala cholepheretsa mabizinesi ambiri ang'onoang'ono komanso apakatikati oyeretsera golide. Kuti muchepetse ndalama, mgwirizano wamakampani onse ukhoza kukulitsidwa. Makampani amatha kugawana ndalama zofufuzira ndi chitukuko cha ukadaulo watsopano, ndipo ndalama zambiri zitha kupezeka kudzera mu kugula zida ndi zinthu zopangira pamodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, maboma angapereke zolimbikitsa zachuma monga ndalama zothandizira ndi kuchepetsa misonkho kuti alimbikitse mabizinesi kuti agwiritse ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba wokonza zinthu.

Kuwongolera ndi Ndondomeko - Zovuta Zogwirizana nazo

1. Malamulo Okhwima Okhudza Zachilengedwe : Pamene chidziwitso cha zachilengedwe chikukula, maboma padziko lonse lapansi akukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri okhudza zachilengedwe kwa makampani osungunula golide. Kutsatira malamulowa kumafuna kuti mafakitale osungunula golide aziyika ndalama zambiri pakukonza ndi kubwezeretsanso madzi otayira. Komabe, malamulo ena sangakhale osinthika mokwanira kuti afotokozere zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamabizinesi osiyanasiyana. Maboma ndi mabungwe olamulira ayenera kukambirana mozama ndi makampani osungunula golide. Akhoza kupanga mfundo zowongolera zomwe zimaganizira momwe zinthu zilili komanso luso laukadaulo la makampani osiyanasiyana pamene akuonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe chili bwino.

2. Kusowa kwa Miyezo Yogwirizana : Pakadali pano, palibe miyezo yogwirizana yapadziko lonse yokhudza kuyeretsa ndi kubwezeretsanso madzi otayira a cyanide mumakampani opanga golide. Mayiko ndi madera osiyanasiyana akhoza kukhala ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana komanso njira zowunikira, zomwe zingayambitse chisokonezo kwa makampani opanga golide padziko lonse lapansi ndikulepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wabwino kwambiri. Anthu apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ndi mabungwe amakampani, ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti apange miyezo yogwirizana yapadziko lonse lapansi. Miyezo iyi ikhoza kulimbikitsa kukhazikika ndi kufananizidwa kwa ukadaulo woyeretsa ndi kubwezeretsanso madzi otayira a cyanide padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimathandiza kugawana chidziwitso ndi kusamutsa ukadaulo.

Pomaliza, kukonzanso madzi onyansa a cyanide mu kusungunula golide ndikofunikira pachitetezo cha chilengedwe komanso chitukuko chokhazikika chamakampani. Ngakhale pali zovuta, luso laukadaulo lopitilira, kuwongolera malamulo, ndi mafakitale - mgwirizano waukulu ukhoza kuthana ndi zopinga izi. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zobwezeretsanso madzi a cyanide, makampani osungunula golide amatha kupita ku tsogolo lokhazikika.