Ubwino Wazinthu ndi Miyezo Yachitetezo cha Sodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi poizoni wambiri komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, monga kuchotsa golide m'migodi, kupanga ma electroplating, ndi kupanga mankhwala. Popeza ndi poizoni kwambiri, miyezo yokhwima ya khalidwe ndi chitetezo iyenera kutsatiridwa m'magawo onse okhudzana ndi Sodium cyanide , kuphatikiza kupanga, kusunga, kunyamula, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mwatsatanetsatane miyezo ya khalidwe ndi chitetezo cha Sodium Cyanide.

I. Miyezo Yamtengo Wapatali

1. Zofunikira Zachiyero

• Sodium Cyanide Yolimba ya Mafakitale : Malinga ndi miyezo yoyenera yadziko lonse komanso yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga muyezo ku China), kuyera kwa sodium cyanide yolimba yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale kuli ndi magiredi osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zomwe zili mu chinthu chapamwamba ziyenera kufika pa 98.0% kapena kupitirira apo, pomwe zomwe zili mu chinthu choyenerera ziyenera kukhala zosachepera 87.0%. Sodium cyanide yoyera kwambiri ndi yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale monga kuchotsa golide. Mu njira yopezera golide, sodium cyanide yoyera kwambiri imatha kuchita bwino kwambiri ndi miyala yokhala ndi golide, kukweza kuchuluka kwa kuchotsa ndikuchepetsa zinyalala zosafunikira pakulekanitsa pambuyo pake.

• Yankho la Sodium Cyanide la Mafakitale : Pa mayankho a sodium cyanide, kuchuluka kwake kumafunikanso kukwaniritsa miyezo inayake. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa sodium cyanide mu yankho kumafotokozedwa momveka bwino malinga ndi momwe zinthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Yankho liyenera kukhala loyera, lopanda utoto kapena lachikasu pang'ono lamadzi popanda zodetsa zooneka.

2. Kuletsa Chidetso

• Zodetsa Zosapangidwa :

• Kuchuluka kwa Carbonate : Kuchuluka kwa sodium mu sodium cyanide kumayendetsedwa bwino. Mu sodium cyanide yolimba, kuchuluka kwa sodium carbonate m'magawo osiyanasiyana kumayendetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri, sichiyenera kupitirira 0.5%, mu chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri, sichiyenera kupitirira 2.0%, ndipo mu chinthu choyenerera, sichiyenera kupitirira 3.0%. Carbonate yochulukirapo ingakhudze momwe zinthu zimagwirira ntchito m'njira zina zamankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mu electroplating, ikhoza kusokoneza kuyika kwa ayoni achitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale wosanjikiza wosagwirizana wa electroplated.

• Kuchuluka kwa Hydroxide : Kuchuluka kwa sodium hydroxide kulinso ndi malire ofanana. Mu sodium cyanide yolimba, kuchuluka kwa sodium hydroxide m'magawo osiyanasiyana kumasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu chinthu chapamwamba, sichiyenera kupitirira 0.5%, mu chinthu chapamwamba, sichiyenera kupitirira 1.0%, ndipo mu chinthu choyenerera, sichiyenera kupitirira 1.5%. Kuchuluka kwa sodium hydroxide kumatha kusintha pH ya dongosolo la reaction, zomwe sizingathandize kuti zochita zina zomwe zimafuna pH yeniyeni zipite patsogolo.

• Zodetsa Zachilengedwe : Zodetsa zachilengedwe monga formate ziyenera kulamulidwa mosamala. Ngakhale kuti kuchuluka kovomerezeka kuli kochepa, formate yochulukirapo imatha kusokoneza machitidwe ena a mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mu machitidwe ena a organic synthesis, formate ingatenge nawo mbali muzochita zina, zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola ndi kuyera kwa chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa.

3. Katundu Wathupi

• Sodium Cyanide Yolimba : Sodium cyanide yolimba iyenera kukhala ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyera kapena tamitundu yosiyanasiyana kapena tinthu ta kristalo. Maonekedwe ake ndi chizindikiro chofunikira cha mtundu wa chinthucho. Kupatuka kwa mtundu kapena mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono kungasonyeze mavuto monga kuipitsidwa kapena njira zosayenerera zopangira.

• Mayankho a Sodium Cyanide : Yankho liyenera kukhala lowonekera bwino, lopanda mafunde kapena mvula. Mafunde kapena mvula ikhoza kukhala chizindikiro cha kusintha kwa mankhwala mu yankho, monga kupanga mchere wosasungunuka chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi zinyalala mumlengalenga kapena mu chidebe, zomwe zingakhudze momwe yankho limagwirira ntchito.

II. Miyezo Yachitetezo

1. Kutsata Kovomerezeka

• Malamulo a Dziko ndi Padziko Lonse :

• Ku United States : Bungwe la Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) lakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima yokhudza malire a kukhudzana ndi mpweya ndi njira zotetezera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a cyanide . Mwachitsanzo, malire ovomerezeka a kukhudzana ndi mpweya wa cyanide mumlengalenga kuntchito akhazikitsidwa kuti ateteze antchito ku kukhudzana ndi mpweya wochuluka.

• Mu European Union : Lamulo la REACH (Kulembetsa, Kuwunika, Kuvomereza ndi Kuletsa Mankhwala) limayang'anira kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala zinthu zoopsa monga sodium cyanide. Limafuna makampani kulembetsa ndikupereka zambiri mwatsatanetsatane za katundu, ntchito, ndi njira zotetezera zokhudzana ndi sodium cyanide.

• Ku China : "Malamulo Okhudza Kusamalira Chitetezo cha Mankhwala Oopsa" amaika malamulo okhwima pa nkhani zonse zokhudza kusamalira sodium cyanide, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kusunga, kunyamula, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Makampani ayenera kutsatira malamulowa kuti atsimikizire chitetezo cha ogwira ntchito ndi chilengedwe.

• Zilolezo ndi Zilolezo : Mabungwe onse omwe akugwira ntchito yopanga, kusunga, kunyamula, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide akuyenera kupeza zilolezo ndi zilolezo zofunikira motsatira malamulo am'deralo. Zilolezozi zimaperekedwa potengera kuwunika kokhwima kwa malo ndi ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikukwaniritsa miyezo yofunikira yachitetezo ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe.

2. Kusamala zachitetezo mu magawo osiyanasiyana

• Malo Osungira :

• Kusankha Malo : Sodium cyanide iyenera kusungidwa pamalo osungiramo zinthu zapadera, zopatsa mpweya wabwino, komanso ozizira. Malo osungiramo zinthu ayenera kukhala kutali ndi magwero a kutentha, kuyatsa, ndi zinthu zina zosagwirizana. Iyeneranso kukhala pamalo omwe anthu osaloledwa sangafikire mosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, kusunga sodium cyanide pafupi ndi ma acid ndi koopsa kwambiri chifukwa kumatha kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide woopsa kwambiri komanso woyaka.

• Zofunikira pa Chidebe : Zidebe zoyenera zotetezedwa ndi dzimbiri komanso zotsekedwa bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa sodium cyanide yolimba, ng'oma zachitsulo zokhuthala kapena zotengera zapulasitiki zokhala ndi zivindikiro zotetezeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Pa mayankho a sodium cyanide, matanki osungiramo zinthu ayenera kupangidwa ndi zinthu zosagwirizana ndi dzimbiri la alkaline, monga mitundu ina ya chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kapena matanki apadera okhala ndi pulasitiki. Zidebe zonse ziyenera kulembedwa momveka bwino kuti "poison" ndi "sodium cyanide," pamodzi ndi zizindikiro zoyenera zoopsa.

• Mikhalidwe Yosungira : Malo osungiramo zinthu ayenera kukhala ouma, chifukwa chinyezi chingachedwetse kuwonongeka kwa sodium cyanide ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha kupanga mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide. Chinyezi m'malo osungiramo zinthu nthawi zambiri chiyenera kusungidwa pansi pa 80%. Mpweya wabwino ndi wofunikanso kuti mpweya uliwonse womwe ungatuluke usamapezeke.

• Mayendedwe :

• Kupaka : Mapaketi onyamulira sodium cyanide ayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yokhwima. Mapaketi akunja ayenera kukhala olimba mokwanira kuti athe kupirira kugwiridwa bwino panthawi yonyamula ndikuteteza chidebe chamkati kuti chisawonongeke. Mapaketi amkati ayenera kukhala osatayikira - osatuluka madzi komanso otsekedwa bwino. Mapaketi ayeneranso kukhala ndi zilembo zomveka bwino za dzina la mankhwala, machenjezo a zoopsa, ndi zambiri zolumikizirana zadzidzidzi.

• Magalimoto Oyendera : Magalimoto apadera oyendera omwe amapangidwira kunyamula mankhwala oopsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Magalimoto awa ayenera kukhala ndi makina osungira madzi otayikira, zida zoyankhira mwadzidzidzi, komanso mpweya wabwino. Ayeneranso kuwonetsa zizindikiro zoyenera zochenjeza zoopsa monga momwe malamulo oyendetsera magalimoto amafunira.

• Maphunziro a Oyendetsa : Oyendetsa magalimoto omwe amanyamula sodium cyanide ayenera kuphunzitsidwa mwapadera momwe angagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zoopsa. Ayenera kudziwa bwino momwe sodium cyanide imagwirira ntchito, njira zothanirana ndi ngozi ngati ngozi yagwa, komanso malamulo oyenera oyendetsera galimoto.

• Kukonzekera Njira : Njira yoyendera iyenera kukonzedwa pasadakhale kuti ipewe madera odzaza anthu, madera okhala anthu, komanso madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha ngozi. Akuluakulu a boma ayenera kudziwitsidwa za kayendedwe ka sodium cyanide, makamaka akamadutsa m'malo ovuta.

• Kusamalira ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito :

• Zipangizo Zodzitetezera Payekha (PPE) :

• Chitetezo cha Kupuma : Ogwira ntchito ayenera kuvala chitetezo choyenera cha kupuma. Nthawi zonse, chopumira nkhope yonse chokhala ndi fyuluta ya mpweya yogwira ntchito bwino komanso chidebe chovomerezeka choteteza cyanide chimafunika. M'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kapena ngati pali kuwonekera kwakukulu, chipangizo chopumira chokha chingafunike.

• Chitetezo cha Maso : Magalasi oteteza maso kapena chishango cha nkhope chiyenera kuvalidwa kuti chiteteze maso ku madontho kapena fumbi la sodium cyanide.

• Chitetezo cha Khungu : Magolovesi osalowa madzi opangidwa ndi zinthu monga mphira wa butyl kapena nitrile, pamodzi ndi ma apron osagwira mankhwala, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti PPE ili bwino ndipo ikukwana bwino.

• Kukhazikitsa Malo Ogwirira Ntchito :

• Mpweya wopumira : Malo ogwirira ntchito omwe sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri. Makina opumira otulutsa mpweya m'deralo ayenera kuyikidwa kuti agwire utsi kapena fumbi lililonse lomwe limapangidwa panthawi yogwira ntchito. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zovulaza mumlengalenga ndikuteteza thanzi la ogwira ntchito.

• Zipangizo Zothandizira Pangozi : Malo ogwirira ntchito ayenera kukhala ndi zida zothanirana ndi ngozi monga malo otsukira maso ndi shawa zodzitetezera. Ngati mwangozi mwakhudzana ndi sodium cyanide, ogwira ntchito amatha kutsuka mwachangu malo okhudzidwawo kuti achepetse kuwonongeka.

3. Kuyankha Mwadzidzidzi ndi Kutaya

• Mapulani a Zadzidzidzi : Makampani omwe amagwira ntchito ndi sodium cyanide ayenera kupanga mapulani athunthu a zadzidzidzi. Mapulani awa ayenera kuphatikizapo njira zothetsera kutayikira, kutayikira, moto, ndi ngozi. Mayeso adzidzidzi ayenera kuchitika nthawi zonse kuti atsimikizire kuti antchito amadziwa bwino njira zothanirana ndi ngozi.

• Kutaya ndi Kutaya : Ngati sodium cyanide yatayikira kapena yatuluka, pakufunika kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. Malowa ayenera kutsekedwa, ndipo antchito osaloledwa ayenera kuchotsedwa. Ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa bwino atavala PPE yoyenera ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyamwitsa kuti asunge kutayikirako. Sodium cyanide yotayikirayo iyenera kutengedwa ndi kutayidwa bwino malinga ndi malamulo oyenera.

• Kuyankha Moto : Popeza sodium cyanide imatha kupanga mpweya woopsa kwambiri wa hydrogen cyanide ikawotchedwa, ozimitsa moto ayenera kukhala ndi zida zoyenera zotetezera kupuma komanso zida zozimitsira moto. Madzi, mchenga, kapena zozimitsira moto za ufa wouma zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzimitsa moto, koma muyenera kusamala kuti mupewe kufalikira kwa zinthu zoopsa.

• Kutaya Zinyalala : Zinyalala zokhala ndi sodium cyanide ziyenera kutayidwa bwino. Siziyenera kutulutsidwa m'chilengedwe popanda kukonzedwa. Njira zochizira zitha kuphatikizapo mankhwala okosijeni kapena njira zina zovomerezeka zosinthira cyanide ya poizoni kukhala zinthu zosavulaza kwambiri musanayitaye.

Pomaliza, miyezo yamtundu wazinthu komanso chitetezo cha sodium cyanide ndiyofunikira kwambiri kuwonetsetsa kuti mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ndi oopsa kwambiri. Potsatira mosamalitsa miyezo imeneyi, titha kuteteza thanzi la anthu, chilengedwe, komanso kupita patsogolo kwabwino kwa mafakitale.