Sodium Cyanide: Chida Chofunika Kwambiri Kuchokera ku Industrial Synthesis kupita ku Fine Chemicals

Introduction

Sodium cyanide , yokhala ndi formula ya mankhwala NaCN, ndi ufa woyera wa kristalo. Umasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi ndipo uli ndi fungo lowawa pang'ono la amondi. Monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha mankhwala opangira, Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana amafakitale, makamaka pakupanga mafakitale ndi mankhwala abwino.

Zomangamanga ndi Zachilengedwe

Sodium cyanide ndi cubic crystal system. Imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi ndipo imasungunuka mosavuta kuti ipange haidrojeni cyanide, ndi njira yake yamadzimadzi yowonetsa zamchere zamphamvu. Malo ake osungunuka ndi 563.7 ° C, ndipo kuwira kwake ndi 1496 ° C. Ili ndi kachulukidwe ka 1.595 g/cm³. Sodium cyanide ndi poizoni kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale kukhudzana pang'ono ndi zilonda zapakhungu, pokoka mpweya, kapena kumeza kungayambitse imfa. Kuopsa kwakukulu kumeneku kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha cyanide ion (CN⁻) yomwe ili mmenemo, yomwe imatha kugwirizanitsa ndi ma ferric ions m'maselo a magazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo a magazi asamagwire ntchito yonyamula mpweya, ndipo pamapeto pake amatsogolera ku imfa yofulumira ya zamoyo chifukwa cha hypoxia.

Njira Zopangira Industrial

1. Njira ya Andrussow : Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wachilengedwe, ammonia, ndi mpweya ngati zopangira, ndi platinum-rhodium alloy ngati chothandizira. Zomwe zimachitika kutentha kwambiri. Mpweya wachilengedwe (makamaka methane) umakhudzana ndi ammonia ndi mpweya pamaso pa chothandizira kupanga hydrogen cyanide, kenako hydrogen cyanide imayanjana ndi sodium hydroxide solution kuti ipeze Sodium Cyanide . Zomwe zimachitika zitha kufotokozedwa motere: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Njirayi ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangira ndipo ndi yoyenera kupanga mafakitale akuluakulu. Komabe, imafuna mikhalidwe yapamwamba yochitira komanso kuwongolera kwambiri ma ratios azinthu zopangira ndi magawo a reaction.

2. Njira Yopangira Mafuta Opepuka : Ammonia yamadzimadzi imaphikidwa mu nthunzi kenako n’kusakaniza ndi mafuta opepuka mu chosakanizira ndikutenthedwa. Mpweya wosakanikirana wotentha umalowa mu uvuni wophwanyika, komwe kumachitika kusweka kwa mpweya pa kutentha kwakukulu (pafupifupi 1450 °C). Petroleum coke imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chonyamulira, ndipo nayitrogeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mpweya woteteza kuti isawonongeke. Mpweya wophwanyika umakhala ndi hydrogen cyanide. Pambuyo pa njira monga kuchotsa ammonia, kuyamwa madzi, kukonzanso, ndi kuuma, hydrogen cyanide imapezedwa, kenako imayanjana ndi sodium hydroxide solution kuti ipeze sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi . Sodium cyanide yamadzimadzi imatha kuwonjezeredwa ndikupangidwanso kuti ipeze sodium cyanide yolimba. Ngakhale kuti njirayi ili ndi ukadaulo wokhwima, imakhalanso ndi mavuto monga kusweka kwa hydrogen cyanide movutikira komanso kuchotsa zodetsa, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri pazinthu, kuvutika kwambiri pochiza "zinyalala zitatu", komanso ndalama zambiri zopangira.

3. Njira Yopangira Acrylonitrile By- product : Pakupanga acrylonitrile pogwiritsa ntchito ammoxidation ya propylene, mpweya wa hydrogen cyanide umapangidwa ngati chinthu chopangidwa ndi acrylonitrile (kuchuluka kwake ndikofanana ndi 4% - 10% ya acrylonitrile production). Mpweya wochokera mu reactor uli ndi ammonia wochuluka. Pambuyo pochotsa ammonia ndi diluted sulfuric acid, mpweya wochitapo kanthu umalowa mu nsanja yozizira yoyamwa madzi kuti uyamwe acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, ndi acrolein, ndi zina zotero. Madzi oyamwa amadutsa njira zina zolekanitsa ndi kuyeretsa monga resolution ndi resolution kuti apeze acrylonitrile yoyera kwambiri komanso hydrogen cyanide yopangidwa ndi acrylonide. Hydrogen cyanide yopangidwa ndi acrylonide imayamwa ndi alkali solution kuti ipange sodium cyanide. Zinthu zomwe zimapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi zili ndi zodetsa zochepa komanso sulfure yochepa. Komabe, zimachepa ndi mphamvu yopanga acrylonitrile. Pakadali pano, kupanga acrylonitrile ku China kwayandikira kukhuta, ndipo kutulutsa kwake n'kovuta kuwonjezeka kwambiri.

Ntchito mu Fine Chemicals

1. Makampani Opanga Mankhwala : Sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala ophatikizana. Mwachitsanzo, popanga mankhwala ena odziwika bwino monga penicillin, ibuprofen, vitamini B6. folic acid, guanine, acyclovir, barbiturates, norfloxacin, caffeine, ndi berberine, sodium cyanide ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga mankhwala, kuthandiza kupanga kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndikuchita gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mankhwala onse.

2. Makampani Ophera Tizilombo : Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga glyphosate, paraquat, cyanazine, phenthoate, ndi isoprothiolane onse amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide popanga zinthu zawo. Sodium cyanide imagwira ntchito popanga zinthu zophera tizilombo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo akhale ndi kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala komanso mphamvu zophera tizilombo, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwonetsetsa kuti ulimi ukuchitika komanso kupewa ndi kuwongolera tizilombo taulimi.

3. Makampani Opaka Utoto ndi Utoto : Mu makampani opanga utoto, sodium cyanide imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zofunika monga cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga utoto wosinthika komanso ndi chinthu chopangira zinthu zowunikira kuwala. Chimagwira ntchito popanga utoto, kupatsa utoto utoto wabwino kwambiri komanso kusalaza mtundu, komanso kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha makampani opanga utoto.

4. Kupanga Ma organic compounds Apadera : Sodium cyanide ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ma organic compounds osiyanasiyana apadera, monga cyanobenzyl ndi ma derivative series products ake, iminodiacetonitrile, iminodiacetic acid (ester), chelating agent series products (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) ndi ma metal salt products awo, glycine, hydroxyacetonitrile (acid), ndi zina zotero. Ma organic compounds amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga kusanthula mankhwala, kuchiza madzi, ndi kupanga organic. Mwachitsanzo, chelating agents angagwiritsidwe ntchito kumangirira ma ion achitsulo, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakufewetsa madzi ndi njira zolekanitsira ma ion achitsulo.

Kuganizira za Chitetezo ndi Zachilengedwe

Chifukwa cha kawopsedwe kake, njira zotetezera ziyenera kuchitidwa popanga, kuyendetsa, kusunga, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide. Popanga, ogwira ntchito amafunika kuvala zida zoyenera zodzitetezera, kuphatikiza masuti olimba a gasi, zopumira, ndi magolovesi oteteza, kuti apewe kukhudzana ndi sodium cyanide. Malo opangira zinthu ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino kwambiri komanso makina otulutsa mpweya kuti atsimikizire kuti mpweya wapantchito ukukwaniritsa miyezo yachitetezo. Poyenda, sodium cyanide iyenera kupakidwa motsatira malamulo oyenera, nthawi zambiri m'ng'oma zachitsulo zomata, ndikunyamulidwa ndi magalimoto apadera owopsa amankhwala. Njira zoyendera ziyenera kukonzedwa bwino kuti zipewe madera okhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso magwero amadzi. Posungira, ziyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo katundu yomwe ili ndi mpweya wabwino, kutali ndi magwero a kutentha, magwero oyatsira, ndi zinthu zosagwirizana monga ma asidi ndi okosijeni. Malo osungiramo katundu ayenera kukhala ndi zida zotayikira - zotsimikizira ndi zotsutsana ndi kuba, ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo loyang'anira "zotseka kawiri".

Pankhani ya chitetezo cha chilengedwe, "zinyalala zitatu" zomwe zimapangidwa popanga sodium cyanide ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino. Madzi otayira okhala ndi cyanide ayenera kuthiridwa ndi makutidwe ndi mankhwala kapena njira zina zoyenera kuwola ayoni a cyanide kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni asanatulutsidwe. Mpweya wotayirira wokhala ndi hydrogen cyanide uyenera kuyeretsedwa kudzera mu kuyamwa kapena kuyatsa kuti uchepetse kukhudzidwa kwake pamlengalenga. Zinyalala zolimba zomwe zili ndi cyanide ziyenera kutayidwa bwino kapena kuzithiridwa ndi zinyalala zapadera kuti zipewe kuipitsidwa kwa nthaka ndi madzi apansi.

Kutsiliza

Sodium cyanide, ngakhale ili ndi poizoni wambiri, ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamakampani amakono. Kuchokera pakupanga mafakitale kupita ku mankhwala abwino, yathandiza kwambiri m'mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa teknoloji, kumbali imodzi, njira zopangira bwino komanso zowononga zachilengedwe za sodium cyanide zikufufuzidwa; Komano, pogwiritsira ntchito, kuyesayesa kukuchitika kuti apititse patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito sodium cyanide ndi kuchepetsa zotsatira zake zoipa pa thanzi laumunthu ndi chilengedwe. M'tsogolomu, sodium cyanide idzapitiriza kugwira ntchito yofunikira pa chitukuko cha chuma cha mafakitale ndikugwirizanitsa bwino chitetezo, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, ndi zofunikira zopanga.