Kurapwa kweYakanyanya Toxic Cyanide - Ine Waste Liquids

Cyanide - ine zvinwiwa zvinoraswa zvine muchetura zvakanyanya uye zvinoisa njodzi kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda. Naizvozvo, kurapwa kwakafanira kwezvinwiwa zvinoraswa zvakadaro kwakakosha zvikuru. Ichi chinyorwa chichasuma nzira dzinoverengeka dzakajairika dzekurapa kune yakanyanya chepfu cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura.

1. Chemical Oxidation Nzira

1.1 Alkaline Chlorination Method

• Principle: Munzvimbo ine alkaline, zvinhu zvine simba zvinoita kuti makemikari awedzere kuoxidation zvakaita se chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, kana calcium hypochlorite zvinowedzerwa mu cyanide - ine marara emvura. Maion e hypochlorite anoita nemaion e cyanide mumatanho maviri. Kutanga, cyanide inooxidized kuita cyanate, uye yozooxidized kuita zvinhu zvisina chepfu zvakaita se kabhoni dhayokisaidhi negesi yenitrogen.

• Maitiro Kuyerera:

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• pH Kugadziriswa: Tanga nekuwedzera sodium hydroxide kune cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kuisa pH kukosha pakati pe10 - 11.

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• Oxidant Kuwedzera: Zvishoma nezvishoma suma huwandu hwakakodzera hweiyo oxidant yakasarudzwa, senge sodium hypochlorite solution. Huwandu hweoxidant hunodiwa hunoenderana nekuwanda kwecyanide mumvura yemarara. Kurudzira nguva nenguva panguva yekuwedzera kuti uve nechokwadi chekusanganisa.

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• Reaction uye Monitoring: Rega maitiro aenderere mberi kwemaawa akati wandei uye gara uchitarisa iyo cyanide concentration mumarara emvura mukati. Maitiro ekutarisa akajairika anosanganisira kushandisa cyanide - chaiyo electrodes kana colorimetric nzira.

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• Neutralization uye Discharge: Kana mhinduro yacho yapera uye kusanganiswa kwecyanide kunosangana nechiyero chekubuda (kazhinji pasi pe 0.5 mg / L munzvimbo dzakawanda), gadzirisa pH yemvura yakasvibiswa kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo isina kwayakarerekera (pH = 6 - 9) ine asidi yakakodzera se sulfuric acid, uye wozoibudisa.

1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Nzira

• Principle: Hydrogen peroxide ndiyo yakasimba oxidizing agent. Pamberi pechinhu chinokonzeresa senge maion emhangura, inogona kuita oxidize cyanide ions mumvura ine tsvina, ichishandura cyanide kuita isiri-chepfu nitrogen uye carbon dioxide.

• Maitiro Kuyerera:

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• pH Kugadziriswa: Shandura pH kukosha kwecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kusvika kune acidic range, kazhinji yakatenderedza pH = 3 - 5, sezvo oxidation reaction yehydrogen peroxide ine cyanide inoshanda zvakanyanya pasi peasidhi.

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• Catalyst uye Hydrogen Peroxide Kuwedzera: Wedzera zvishoma zvishoma zvinokonzera, semuenzaniso, mhangura sulfate, kune tsvina yemvura, uye zvishoma nezvishoma uwedzere hydrogen peroxide solution. Huwandu hwehydrogen peroxide hwakawedzerwa hunofanira kunge hwakakwana kuita oxidize cyanide. Sezvo maitiro acho ari exothermic, teerera pakudzora tembiricha yekuita kuti usapisa.

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• Kuita uye Kuparadzana: Mushure mekuwedzera kwapera, bvumira maitiro kuti amhanye kwechinguva. Zvadaro, ita zvakasimba - kupatsanurwa kwemvura, sekuburikidza sedimentation kana kusefa, kubvisa chero zvinhu zvakanaya, senge metal hydroxides kana mune heavy metal ions mumarara.

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• Post - kurapwa: Mushonga wepamusoro wakarapwa unogona kuenderera mberi nekurapwa uchishandisa dzimwe nzira, senge adsorption kana membrane kupatsanurwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuti ekupedzisira effluent mhando inosangana nezvinodiwa.

1.3 Ozone Oxidation Nzira

• Principle: Ozone ine simba oxidizing agent ine yakakwirira oxidation inogona. Kana yakaunzwa mucyanide - ine zvinwiwa zvinoraswa, inopindirana neiyo cyanide ions, ichiisa oxidizing kune zvisiri-muchetura zvinhu zvakaita secarbonate nenitrogen. Iyo reaction mechanism yakaoma uye inogona kusanganisira zvigadzirwa zvepakati. Kuvapo kwesimbi ion catalysts, yakadai semhangura uye magnesium ions, inogona kukurumidza kuita chiyero.

• Maitiro Kuyerera:

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• Waste Liquid Pretreatment: Chekutanga, bvisa hombe - particle tsvina uye yakaturikwa yakaoma mucyanide - ine tsvina yemvura nekusefa kana sedimentation. Izvi zvinodzivirira kuvhara kweozone - kugadzira michina uye inova nechokwadi chekuti maitiro anofamba zvakanaka.

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• Ozone Generation uye Nhanganyaya: Shandisa jenareta yeozone kugadzira gasi reozone, iro rinobva raiswa mumarara emvura kuburikidza negasi-kugovera mudziyo. Huwandu hwe ozone hwakaunzwa hunoda kugadziridzwa zvinoenderana neiyo cyanide concentration uye tsvina yemvura vhoriyamu.

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• Reaction uye Monitoring: Ita maitiro mune yakavharwa reaction tank kwenguva yakati. Tarisa iyo cyanide concentration mumarara emvura mune chaiyo - nguva panguva yekuita. Iyo nguva yekuita kazhinji ipfupi pane dzimwe nzira dzeoxidation, asi zvichiri zvinoenderana neiyo chaiyo tsvina yemvura mamiriro.

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• Effluent Treatment: Mushure mekuita, iyo yakagadziriswa tsvina yemvura inogona kudiwa kumwe kurapwa, sekugadzirisa pH kukosha uye kubvisa chero yasara ozone - ine hukama ne-zvigadzirwa, kuzadzisa zviyero zvekuburitsa.

2. Muviri - Chemical Methods

2.1 Ion Exchange Method

• Principle: Yakakosha ion - kuchinjanisa resin kunoshandiswa. Aya maresheni ane mapoka anoshanda anogona kusarudza adsorb cyanide ions kana simbi - cyanide complexes mumvura ine tsvina. Semuenzaniso, mamwe anion - exchange resins anogona kuchinjanisa anions awo ne cyanide ions mune mhinduro.

• Maitiro Kuyerera:

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• Resin Kusarudzwa uye Kugadzirira: Sarudza ion yakakodzera - kuchinjanisa resin zvichienderana nemaitiro ecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura, yakadai semhando yesimbi - cyanide complexes iripo. Pretreat the resin nekuigeza ne acid uye alkali mhinduro kuti iite basa rekuchinjana.

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• Column Packing: Rongedza iyo pretreated resin mune ion - exchange column.

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• Waste Liquid Passing: Zvishoma nezvishoma pfuudza cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura kuburikidza neion - exchange column. Dzora chiyero chekuyerera kuti uve nechokwadi chekubata nguva yakakwana pakati pemarara emvura uye resin.

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• Resin Kuberekwazve: Kana iyo resin yakashambadza imwe huwandu hwecyanide, inoda kuvandudzwa. Iyo nzira yekuvandudza kazhinji inosanganisira kushandisa mhinduro yekuvandudza, senge acid yakasimba kana yakasimba base solution, kubvisa iyo adsorbed cyanide ion kubva muresin. Iyo resin yakagadziridzwa inogona kushandiswa zvakare.

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• Kurapa kweRegeneration Liquid: The regeneration liquid, iyo ine yakakwira yakawanda ye cyanide, inoda kumwe kurapwa, kazhinji kuburikidza ne makemikari oxidation nzira inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa, kushandura cyanide kuva isiri-chepfu zvinhu.

2.2 Adsorption Nzira

• Principle: Zvinodzikisa mweya zvakaita se Yakagadziriswa Carbon uye zeolite dzine nzvimbo yakakura chaiyo uye kugona kwakasimba kwekunyungudutsa. Dzinogona kunyungudutsa maion ecyanide nezvimwe zvinosvibisa mumvura yakasviba kuburikidza nekunyungudutsa, senge van der Waals forces, uye kunyungudutsa kwemakemikari, zvakaita sekuumba zvisungo zvemakemikari nemapoka anoshanda pamusoro. Kabhoni yakakangwa, kunyanya, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kwakanyanya kwekunyungudutsa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.

• Maitiro Kuyerera:

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• Adsorbent Sarudzo uye Pretreatment: Sarudza yakakodzera adsorbent zvinoenderana nemhando yemarara emvura. Semuyenzaniso, granular activated carbon inowanzo shandiswa pakurapwa kukuru, nepo powdered activated kabhoni inogona kunyatsokodzera kune imwe diki - chiyero kana yakakwirira - chaiyo kurapwa. Pretreat the adsorbent nekugeza nekuomesa kuti ubvise tsvina.

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• Adsorption process: Wedzera adsorbent kune cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura uye simbisa nguva dzose kuti uwedzere nzvimbo yekubatana pakati pe adsorbent uye tsvina yemvura. Iyo adsorption nguva inosiyana zvichienderana neiyo cyanide concentration uye rudzi rwe adsorbent, kazhinji kubva pamaminitsi akati wandei kusvika maawa akati wandei.

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• Kuparadzaniswa: Mushure mekunge adsorption yapera, paradzanisa adsorbent kubva mumarara emvura uchishandisa nzira dzakaita sefiltration kana sedimentation.

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• Adsorbent Regeneration: Zvakafanana neion - exchange resin, iyo inoshandiswa adsorbent inogona kuvandudzwa. Kune activated kabhoni, nzira dzekuzvarwa patsva dzinosanganisira thermal regeneration (kupisa iyo activated kabhoni kune yakanyanya tembiricha kuti isvibise iyo adsorbed zvinhu) uye kemikari regeneration (uchishandisa kemikari reagents kuita neadsorbed zvinhu).

3. Biological Treatment Nzira

• Principle: Mamwe ma microorganisms anokwanisa kusvibisa cyanide. Aya ma microorganisms anoshandisa cyanide sechitubu chekabhoni, nitrogen, kana simba pasi pemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona kushandura cyanide kuita zvinhu zvishoma zvine chepfu senge ammonia uye kabhoni dhaikisaidhi kuburikidza nekutevedzana kwemaitiro enzymatic. Iyo yese muitiro inosanganisira metabolism yema microorganisms, uye ma microorganisms akasiyana anogona kunge aine nzira dzakasiyana dzemetabolism yekushatisa cyanide.

• Maitiro Kuyerera:

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• Microorganism Kusarudzwa uye Kurimwa: Sarudza yakakodzera cyanide - inoshatisa tupukanana, iyo inogona kuparadzaniswa kubva kune yakasarudzika nharaunda senge ivhu kana tsvina yekuchenesa zvidyarwa. Ridzira utachiona uhu murabhoritari kuti uwane huwandu hwakakwana hweiyo microbial inoculum. Nzvimbo yekurima inofanirwa kunge iine chikafu chakakodzera kutsigira kukura kwehutachiona.

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• Reactor Setup: Gadzirisa biological treatment reactor, seyakaitwa activated sludge reactor kana biofilm reactor. Mune ino activated sludge reactor, tupukanana turi munzvimbo yakamiswa mumvura ine tsvina, nepo mu biofilm reactor, tupukanana tunonamatira kune yakasimba tsigiro pamusoro kuti igadzire biofilm.

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• Waste Liquid Treatment: Zivisai cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura mubiological treatment reactor. Dzora mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza mu reactor, kusanganisira tembiricha (kazhinji inotenderedza 25 - 35 °C), pH (kazhinji inotenderera 7 - 8), uye yakanyungudika yeokisijeni yemukati, kugadzira nharaunda yekugara yakakodzera kune tupukanana.

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• Monitoring uye Kudzora: Ramba uchitarisa kusanganiswa kwecyanide uye mamwe maparamita akakodzera mumarara emvura panguva yekurapa. Gadzirisa mamiriro ekushanda ereactor nekukasira zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yekutarisisa kuti uve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakagadzikana kweiyo biological treatment system.

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• Effluent Treatment: Mushure mekurapwa nebiological, tsvina inogona kunge ichiri netwumwe tupukanana uye tushoma eorganic matter. Kumwe kurapa, kwakadai sekuuraya utachiona (uchishandisa nzira dzakaita seultraviolet irradiation kana kuwedzera mishonga yekuuraya utachiona) uye kusefa, kungave kuri madikanwa kuzadzisa zviyero zvekuburitsa.

4. Kufunga Mukurapa

• Safety First: Cyanide - ine tsvina yemvura ine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye mabasa ese ekurapa anofanirwa kuitirwa munzvimbo ine mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka, zviri nani mufume hood. Vashandi vanofanirwa kupfeka midziyo yekuzvidzivirira nayo yakafanira, kusanganisira gasi - magirovhosi anosunga, magirazi uye midziyo yekudzivirira yekufema.

• Kutsunga Kwakarurama Kwekusimbisa: Usati warapwa, nyatsoyera huwandu hwe cyanide mumarara emvura. Izvi zvakakosha pakusarudza nzira yakakodzera yekurapa uye kuona dosage yevamiririri vekurapa.

• Combined Treatment: Muzviitiko zvakawanda, nzira imwe chete yekurapa inogona kunge isina kukwana kuzadzisa zvizere mitemo yekubuda. Nokudaro, funga kushandisa nzira dzakabatanidzwa dzokurapa. Semuenzaniso, musanganiswa wemakemikari oxidation uye biological kurapwa inogona kazhinji kuwana zvirinani kurapwa mhedzisiro.

• Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza: Paunenge uchisarudza nzira dzekurapa uye mishonga yekurapa, funga zvinogona kukanganisa nharaunda. Sarudza nzira uye maajenti ane hushamwari kwezvakatipoteredza uye anoburitsa kushoma kwechipiri kusvibiswa.

• Kuteerana neMitemo: Ita shuwa kuti nzira yekurapa uye yemhando yekupedzisira yemvura inoteerana nemitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Gara uchitarisa uye taura mhedzisiro yekurapa kune akakodzera madhipatimendi ekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza.

Mukupedzisa, kurapwa kweyakanyanya muchetura cyanide - ine tsvina yezvinwiwa inoda kutariswa kwakadzama kwezvinhu zvakasiyana. Nekusarudza nzira yakakodzera yekurapa uye kunyatsotevera maitiro ekushanda, tinokwanisa kunyatso kudzikisa chepfu yecyanide - ine tsvina yemvura uye kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu.