Kufumura Maitiro ekuchera Goridhe Uchishandisa Sodium Cyanide

I. Kutanga

Muindasitiri yemigodhi yegoridhe yemazuva ano , Sodium cyanide inoita basa guru. Kusiyana nenzira dzekare dzekuchera goridhe, nzira dzekuchera goridhe dzemazuva ano dzekutengesa dzinogona kuburitsa goridhe kubva mumatombo ane goridhe shoma, dzimwe nguva diki se0.005%, uko goridhe risingaonekwe nemaziso. Sodium cyanide ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mukugadzira goridhe kubva mumatombo, zvichiita kuti goridhe riparadzaniswe zvakanaka. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvakadzama kuti Sodium Cyanide inoshandiswa sei mukuchera goridhe.

II. Izvo zvakakosha zveSodium Cyanide

A. Chemical Properties

Sodium cyanide, ine fomura yemakemikari NaCN, isimbi chena yekristalline. Inoonekwa segranules kana upfu uye inokurumidza kusviba. Iyi makemikari ine hwema hushoma hwemaarumondi anovava. Kana tichitarisa pakunyungudika, inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura, ukuwo ichinyungudika zvishoma muethanol. Panyaya yemakemikari, sodium cyanide ibase yakasimba uye munyu weasidhi isina simba. Mhinduro yayo yemvura inonyungudika kugadzira hydrocyanic acid, zvichiita kuti mhinduro yacho ive alkaline zvakanyanya. Zvakakosha kuti sodium cyanide ine chepfu yakanyanya. Kunyangwe diki, kungave kuburikidza nekubata ganda, kufema, kana kunwa, inogona kutungamira muchetura wakanyanya uye inogona kuuraya. Inoita mhedzisiro yayo inouraya nekuburitsa maion ecyanide (CN-) ane hukama hwakasimba nemaion esimbi kupfuura oxygen. Izvi zvinokanganisa maitiro e oxidative emasero, zvichizoguma nekusagadzikana kwemasero uye hypoxia yematishu.

B. Kukosha Kwemaindasitiri

Kupfuura basa rayo mukuchera goridhe, sodium cyanide inobata zvakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana zveindasitiri. Muindasitiri ye electroplating, inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha pakuputira mhangura, sirivha, cadmium, uye zinc. Inobatsira kuderedza anodic polarization, kuve nechokwadi chekunyungudika kwakajairika kweanode, kudzikamisa mhinduro yeplating, uye kusimudzira cathodic polarization kuti iwane mayunifomu uye emhando yepamusoro plating layer. MuMetallurgy, inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukuchera simbi dzinokosha segoridhe nesirivha. Zvakare, chinhu chakakosha mbishi muindasitiri yemakemikari yekugadzira akasiyana siyana inorganic cyanides uye kugadzira hydrocyanic acid. Inoitawo chikamu chakakosha mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zveorganic senge organic girazi, akasiyana ekugadzira zvinhu, nitrile rabha, uye synthetic fiber copolymers. Muindasitiri yedhayi, inoshandiswa mukugadzira cyanuric chloride, yakakosha yepakati kune reactive dhayi uye precursor ye whitening agents. Pamusoro pezvo, indasitiri yemishonga inoshandisa sodium cyanide mukuumbwa kwemakomisheni senge cyanoacetic acid methyl ester uye diethyl malonate. Pakazere, kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwesodium cyanide uye kuita zvekare kunoita kuti ive kemikari yakakosha mumaindasitiri emazuva ano.

III. Iyo Goridhe Mining Maitiro neSodium Cyanide

A. Gadziriro Yesimbi

Danho rekutanga rekushandisa sodium cyanide pakubvisa goridhe kugadzirira dombo. Zvidimbu zvikuru zvedombo rine goridhe zvinotanga zvapwanywa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki uchishandisa ma crushers anorema. Kupwanya uku kwekutanga kunoderedza saizi yedombo kusvika padanho rinogoneka, kazhinji kacho anenge mamirimita 150-300. Mushure mezvo, dombo rakapwanywa rinopwanywazve, kazhinji ne cone crushers kana impact crushers, zvichideredza saizi yedombo kusvika kumamirimita angangoita 20-50. Mushure meizvozvo, dombo rinopwanywa kuita upfu hwakatsetseka kuburikidza nema ball mills kana rod mills, zvichiita kuti zvidimbu zvakawanda zvive pasi pe 0.074 millimeters. Kupwanywa uku kwakakosha sezvo kuchiwedzera zvakanyanya nzvimbo yepamusoro yedombo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubata uye kuita ne cyanide solution mukuita kwe leaching kunotevera. Pamusoro pezvo, dombo rinogona kupfuura nekuongorora kuti riparadzanise saizi dzakasiyana dzezvidimbu, zvichibvumira kudzora kwakanyatsojeka kwekurapwa kwemakemikari uye kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwekuburitsa.

B. Nzira yeLeaching

Kana ore ichinge yagadzirwa zvakanaka, inopinda munhanho yekudonha, inova moyo wekubvisa goridhe ne sodium cyanide. Ore yehupfu inosanganiswa nemushonga wakanyatsogadzirwa cyanide, kazhinji ne sodium cyanide concentration kubva pa 0.05% kusvika 0.1%. Muchikamu chino, kemikari inoitika apo goridhe riri muore rinosangana neiyo cyanide ions (CN-) pamberi peokisijeni. Mhedzisiro yese inogona kumiririrwa neiyo equation: 4Au + 8NaCN + O₂ + 2H₂O → 4Na[Au(CN)₂] + 4NaOH. Pano, maatomu egoridhe anoumba inonyungudika ine cyanide ions, ichigadzira sodium yegoridhe cyanide (Na[Au(CN) ₂]), iyo inonyungudika mumushonga. Iyo leaching process inoda kutonga kwakasimba kweakasiyana ma parameter. Iyo pH yemushonga inochengetedzwa kutenderedza 10-11 kuve nechokwadi kugadzikana kwecyanide uye kudzivirira kuumbwa kwehupfu hwehydrogen cyanide gasi. Tembiricha inoitawo basa rinokosha; Kazhinji, inochengetwa mukati memhando ye20-30 ° C. Kunyanya kudzika tembiricha kunoderedza kuita, ukuwo kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kukurumidza kubuda kwemhinduro uye zvinogona kuita ngura. Kwakaringana kubvongodza uye aeration zvinoramba zvichipihwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekusanganiswa kweiyo ore uye cyanide mhinduro, kukurudzira kunyungudika kwegoridhe.

C. Danho reKunaya

Mushure mekuita leaching, iyo goridhe ikozvino iri muchimiro cheinonyungudika goridhe cyanide complexes mune mhinduro. Kuti iwanezve goridhe, danho rekunaya rinoitwa. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza kuwedzera zinc poda kana activated carbon kune mhinduro. Kana zinc poda yakashandiswa, kuchinjika kunoitika. Iyo zingi, ichinyanya kuita simba kupfuura goridhe, inobvisa goridhe kubva kune yegoridhe cyanide yakaoma. Kuita kwemakemikari kunogona kuratidzwa se: 2Na[Au(CN)₂] + Zn → Na₂[Zn(CN)₄] + 2Au. Maatomu egoridhe anobva aderedzwa kuita simbi yawo uye anonaya kunze kwemushonga. Kana activated kabhoni ikashandiswa, nzvimbo yayo yakakwirira yepamusoro uye adsorption zvimiro zvinopinda. Iyo yegoridhe cyanide macomplexes adsorb pamusoro peiyo activated kabhoni, inonyatso patsanura goridhe kubva mumhinduro. Iyo yakarongedzerwa activated kabhoni inozogadziriswazve kuti idzore iyo adsorbed goridhe. Kana kunaya kwapera, slurry inoguma inosefa kana kuti centrifuged kuti iparadzanise iyo yakasimba yegoridhe precipitate kubva kune yasara mvura, inogona kunge iine yasara cyanide uye kumwe kusvibiswa.

D. Nzira yekunatsa

Iyo goridhe yakawanikwa kubva padanho rekunaya ichine kumwe kusvibiswa uye inoda kunatswa kuti iwane kuchena kwepamusoro kunodiwa pamusika. Maitiro ekunatsa anowanzotanga nekunyungudutswa, uko kunaya kwegoridhe kunopisa kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya muchoto. Izvi zvinonyungudusa goridhe, zvichiita kuti tsvina yakasvibira inyure pasi ukuwo goridhe rakanyungudutswa richikwanisa kubviswa kana kudirwa muforoma. Zvadaro, electrolysis inogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kucheneswa. Musero re electrolytic, goridhe risina kuchena rinogadzirwa anode, uye pepa rakatetepa regoridhe rakachena rinoshanda se cathode. Kana magetsi achipfuura nemusero, maion egoridhe kubva kune anode anotama akananga kune cathode uye anoisa segoridhe rakazara, achisiya kuseri kwetsvina yasara pane anode. Kuburikidza nematanho ekunatsa aya, goridhe rinogona kusvika padanho rekuchena rinosvika 99.99%, richisangana nemazinga emaindasitiri akasiyana, kugadzira zvishongo, uye kushandiswa kwekudyara.

IV. Chengetedzo uye Yezvakatipoteredza Kurangarira maapplication

A. Kuchengetedzwa Kwevashandi

Tichifunga nezve huturu hwesodium cyanide, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza kwevashandi kwakakosha zvakanyanya. Vashandi vane chekuita nekucherwa kwegoridhe vachishandisa sodium cyanide vanofanirwa kupihwa yakakwana kudzidziswa kuchengetedza. Ivo vanofanirwa kuve nehunyanzvi mukubata kemikari, kunzwisisa njodzi dzayo dzinogona kuitika, uye nekuziva nzira dzekukurumidzira dzakafanira. Zvidziviriro zvemunhu (PPE) hazvigone kutaurirana. Vashandi vanofanirwa kupfeka magirovhosi asingapindire kudzivirira kubatwa kweganda, magirazi ekudzivirira maziso avo, uye zvekufemerera kuti vadzivise kufema chero ingangoburitswa gasi recyanide. Mukuwedzera, mitemo yakasimba yekuchengetedza inofanira kunge iripo. Semuyenzaniso, nzvimbo dzebasa dzinofanirwa kunge dzichifefeterwa zvakanaka kuti dzideredze kuwanda kwechero cyanide inofambiswa nemhepo. Vashandi vanofanirawo kurambidzwa kudya, kunwa, kana kusvuta munzvimbo dzine sodium cyanide iripo kudzivirira kupinza netsaona. Kugara uchiongororwa nachiremba kunofanirwa kuve kunosungirwa kutarisa hutano hwevashandi, kunyanya avo vanobata kemikari zvakananga, kuti vaone chero zviratidzo zvekutanga zve cyanide.

B. Environmental Impact

Kushandiswa kwe sodium cyanide mukuchera goridhe kunokonzerawo kunetseka kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza. Mushure mekutorwa kwegoridhe, marara asara, anozivikanwa seCyanide tailings , ane cyanide yakasara. Kana akasatarisirwa zvakanaka, matope aya anogona kutyisidzira zvakatipoteredza zvakanyanya. Cyanide inogona kupinda muvhu nemumvura yepasi, ichisvibisa manyuko emvura uye ichikuvadza zvipenyu zvemumvura. Mumvura dzepamusoro, kunyange huwandu hudiki hwecyanide hunogona kukanganisa kuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza, zvichikonzera kufa kwehove uye zvimwe zvinokanganisa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Kuti vaderedze njodzi idzi dzezvakatipoteredza, makambani emigodhi anofanira kushandisa nzira dzakasimba dzekutarisira zvakatipoteredza. Imwe nzira ndeyekurapa matope ecyanide kuderedza huwandu hwecyanide kusvika padanho rakachengeteka. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira maitiro ekurapa nemakemikari, akadai se oxidation kana mvura, kushandura cyanide ine chepfu kuita makemikari asina kukuvadza. Imwe nzira yakakosha ndeyekuraswa kwakakodzera uye kuchengetedza matope akabatwa. Madziva emarara akachengeteka ane ma liner akakodzera anogona kudzivirira kubuda kwechero tsvina yasara munzvimbo. Pamusoro pezvo, kugara uchitarisa nharaunda yakapoteredza, kusanganisira kunaka kwemvura nemamiriro evhu, kwakakosha kuti uone chero kukuvara kwenharaunda nekukurumidza uye kutora matanho ekugadzirisa nekukurumidza.

V. Mhedziso

Sodium cyanide ikemikari inokosha zvikuru mukuchera goridhe kwemazuva ano, ichigonesa kuburitsa goridhe kubva mumatombo ane goridhe shoma. Yave iri musimboti weindasitiri yekuchera goridhe kwemakumi emakore, ichibatsira kugadzirwa kwegoridhe rinopa simba kumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana, kubva pakugadzira zvishongo kusvika pakushandiswa kwetekinoroji yepamusoro. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo kunoda kutarisirwa kwakanyanya pakuchengetedzeka nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza. Makambani emigodhi anofanira kuisa mari mumidziyo yekuchengetedza yemazuva ano, kupa kudzidziswa kwakakwana kuvashandi, uye kuisa mitemo yakasimba yekuchengetedza kuchengetedza hupenyu. Panguva imwe chete, vane chisungo chetsika nemutemo chekutarisira kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kubata tsvina yecyanide zvine mutoro uye kutarisa ecosystem kudzivirira kukuvara kwenguva refu. Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi, kutsvagurudza kune dzimwe nzira dzakachengeteka uye dzine hushamwari kune zvakatipoteredza panzvimbo pesodium cyanide kunofanira kuenderera mberi. Kungove nekuenzanisa pakati pekubvisa goridhe zvinobudirira, kuchengetedzeka kwevashandi, uye kutarisira nharaunda uko indasitiri yekuchera goridhe inogona kubudirira mune ramangwana.