Sodium Cyanide Control muKenya Indasitiri yeGoridhe: Mhosva uye Huori

Kwemakore akawanda, Mercury ndiyo yaive kemikari yaisarudzwa nevacheri vaichera goridhe muKenya. Nhasi, sodium cyanide iri kuwedzera kushandiswa kugadzira goridhe-ine goridhe - maitiro anoonekwa pasi rese mune izvo zvakatsanangurwa se 'cyanide chimurenga'.

Nekudaro, kuparwa kwemhosva nehuwori muchikamu chegoridhe cheKenya zvakasiya zviremera zvichinetsekana kudzora kemikari inogona kuuraya iyi uye kuve nekukanganisa kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza. Tsvagiridzo yechikamu ichi yakavakirwa muMigori, Narok, Siaya neKakamega matunhu, uye Nairobi, munaGunyana 2021.

Mumwe mukuru wehurumende yeKenya akaunganidza mvura mumusha weKowuor, mudunhu reMigori, Gunyana 2021. Vagari vakatenda kuti kufa kamwe kamwe kwezvipfuyo zvakati wandei kwaigona kuve kwakabatana nenzvimbo iri pedyo inochenura goridhe uye kushandiswa kwe Sodium Cyanide.

Kuchinja ku Sodium cyanide

Sodium cyanide inoshanda zvakanyanya mukugadzira yakaderera-giredhi goridhe ore kupfuura mercury. Kushandisa mercury kunogona kuwana pakati pe25% ne50%, yakakwira 60% yegoridhe, asi necyanide, munhu anogona kuwana 95% kana 100% yegoridhe kubva mumatombo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti 'muswe' wakaturikidzana kubva mukucherwa kwegoridhe - kuenderera mberi muKenya kubva panguva yeutongi hwevapambepfumi - mugodhi wegoridhe uye magineti kumafemu arikuda kuita 'leaching' yegoridhe, nzira yekubvisa goridhe kubva mumarara aya.

Nekudaro, mazhinji emasaiti ekuleaching anoshanda zvisiri pamutemo. Uko kune muswe wakakwana kuti utsigire nzvimbo inorovera, vanhu vanowanzovaka imwe nekukurumidza, vanoshanda pakukwevera kubva panzvimbo kwemwedzi mitanhatu kusvika pagore. Kana nzvimbo yacho yapera, vanoenda kune imwe nzvimbo. Izvi zvinodzivirira kuongororwa kwehurumende… [nzvimbo] zhinji hadzisi pamutemo. Ndosaka paine nzvimbo dzekuvharisa mumadhorobha kuti dzipedze kuita kubva kunzvimbo dzisiri pamutemo.

Dzimwe nguva zviremera zvinongoziviswa kuti nzvimbo iripo kana vafambisi vaenda mberi mushure mekupedza kumisa muswe munzvimbo. Zvinova zvakaoma kutanga kutarisa kuti cyanide inogona kubviswa sei kana pasina vanhu vari pamutemo [vanogona kurondwa uye kuva nemhosva].

Zvakadaro hutano hwenharaunda uye zvipfuyo zvadzo zvinoiswa panjodzi kana maprotocol akasimba anodiwa kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti sodium cyanide inoshandiswa zvakachengeteka isingatariswe, sezvo kemikari inogona kusvibisa zvitubu zvemvura. Mazhinji enzvimbo dzenguva pfupi dzeLeaching anotsanangurwa anga ari chikonzero chekukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza, sezvo akasiiwa asina kurapwa. Nekudaro, panguva ino, mapoka ekudzidzisa akatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo, achisiya pasina nzira dzekuti vagari vazvidavirire.

Kare, pane kuedza kudzora mercury mugoridhe-.chikamu chemigodhi, kunyanya nekuda kwehunyanzvi uye hudiki [hwemigodhi] pane zvakatipoteredza. Ipapo sodium cyanide yakapinda uye simba rayo [pautano] rinokurumidza.

Opaque muridzi uye matambudziko erezinesi

Vazhinji vemarivhari vanomhanyisa nzvimbo dzekutengesa zvisiri pamutemo vanopomera zviremera kuita kuti zvisaite kuti vashande zviri pamutemo, nekuda kwekunonoka kubvumidzwa kwemarezinesi enzvimbo dzekutengesa, pamwe nehuwori nekupindira kwezvematongerwo enyika. Kuwana rezinesi kunogona kutora anosvika makore maviri - kunyangwe iwo mawebhusaiti pachawo anogona kutora mwedzi mishoma kuti abvise. Semuyenzaniso, dunhu reMigori rinonzi rakange riine nzvimbo gumi dzine marezenisi asi magwaro makumi mana akamirira kutenderwa kubva munaGunyana 10. Nzvimbo zhinji dzinoshanda mudunhu iri hadzisi pamutemo.

Pane kushomeka kwezvekushandisa mumapazi akakodzera. Semuyenzaniso, vakuru vashoma veDhipatimendi reGeology ndivo vanotungamira matunhu eMigori, Homa Bay, Kisii, Nyamira neNarok, ayo anosanganisira dunhu guru rinocherwa goridhe. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviome kuziva uye kudzora leaching nzvimbo. Muongororo, nzvimbo dzisiri pamutemo dzinowanzowanikwa. Vakuru vanowanzopa vashandi nguva yekuti vanyore [rezenisi] kana kuvavhara uye vanovimba nemapurisa kuti vaite zvavanoda.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anoita kuti huridzi uye manejimendi enzvimbo dzemasaiti dzive pachena kunharaunda dzakatenderedza: kazhinji mazita emakambani, vatungamiriri kana varidzi vekupedzisira vesaiti hazvizivikanwe. Kune vashoma vashandi vemuno - vazhinji vevashandi vane hunyanzvi vanopihwa nevashandi vanobva mhiri kwemakungwa - uye vanowanzobhadharwa nemari, zvichisiya kapepa kashoma. Vazhinji veko vanotumidza saiti mushure meboka ruzhinji revanhu vekune dzimwe nyika vanoshanda ikoko, vanogona kunge vari vekuTanzania, vekuIndia kana vekuChina.

Huori nemhirizhonga muchikamu chegoridhe

Vanhu vari mumaindasitiri vanoti vezvematongerwo enyika ndivo vanowanzobatsirikana mubhizinesi. Muna Gunyana 2019. kushanda kwakaitwa nevakuru muruwa rweMigori kwakakonzera kuvharwa kwemafemu anochera goridhe anodarika makumi mana anoshanda zvisiri pamutemo, kusanganisira maviri anonzi aidzorwa nemumwe mukuru wedunhu. Izvi zvinonzi zviri kuratidza maindasitiri nhasi.

Mumwe mabharani wekambani yemagweta akati nzvimbo zhinji dzemagweta dzinofambiswa nevanhu vane hukama nezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvinobvumira kuti nzira dzisatsikwe pakuita zvibvumirano nekutenga nzvimbo. Gore rapfuura, chibvumirano chekutengeswa kweminda chakaitwa nevamwe vatengesi vekuIndia kuburikidza nekambani yaitenga minda munharaunda. Kana mabharani akapikisa kuti zvinogona kunge zvisiri pamutemo kusanganisa goridhe richidonha setarisiro yezvavaizoita munyika iyi, vakasimbirira kuti chibvumirano chienderere mberi nekuti vaitsigirwa nevakuru vakuru vehurumende. Chokwadi, mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare chirimwa cheleaching chakasimuka uye chichimhanya.

Kushanda kunze kwehurongwa hwemutemo kwakasiyawo nzvimbo dzekutengesa dziri panjodzi huru yekukonana, sezvo kukakavara pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvegoridhe uye kukwikwidzana pakati pevemabhizinesi kunoratidzwa kuburikidza nechisimba kwete matare.

Chimwe chiitiko chakadaro chakaitika musi wa18 Kurume 2021. apo varume vane zvombo vakapfeka General Service Unit (Kenyan paramilitary police) yunifomu vakarwisa nzvimbo yegoridhe-leaching muIsebania, pedyo nemuganhu weTanzania. Chikamu chekupamba ichi chakatorwa pamifananidzo yefoni yeCCTV panzvimbo yemumwe muzvinabhizimisi, uyo akati mapurisa aya akaba makirogiramu 2.5 egoridhe rinokosha mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe emari yeKenya (Ksh) pamwe neKsh11 miriyoni mumari (inenge US$2 95 neUS$000 17. zvichiteerana).

Mapurisa asvika nemota dzerudzi rweToyota Land Cruiser dzisina kunyorwa mazita, dzakabva dzaenda kwaicherwa ndokumanikidzira kupinda nepamusoro pegedhi, ndokurova vashandi vatatu pamwe nekutora vamwe vaviri kwenguva pfupi. Vakatambudza varume ndokumanikidzira kupinda muimba yakachengeteka. Vakabva vapinda mune rimwe bhawa raiva pedyo remutengesi uyu, vakatanga kurova vanhu vachiwedzera, vachibva vaenda.

Gweta riri kumirira muzvinabhizimisi uyu vati mapurisa epaMigori kana pamuzinda wepaIsebania uri pedyo haasi kuziva nezvemhirizhonga iyi uye vati vachaenderera mberi nenyaya iyi kuhurumende. Muzvinabhizimisi uyu akazopomerwa mhosva yekusabhadhara mutero neKenya Revenue Authority mudare repamusoro reKisii. Aida kuziva kuti mutero wakadini waakanga akwereta kuhurumende kana kuti mutemo upi waakanga atyora kuti abvumire kurwisa kworudzi urwu kubva kumauto [emauto] uye kwete mapurisa enguva dzose, aiuya asina magwaro okusecha kana kuti kunetseka kumuudza zvakaitika. Akapomerwa mhosva mudare, asi hapana chakanga chiri pachena. Kubva pakurwiswa, muzvinabhizimisi akarasikirwa nevatengi, vashandi vebhizimisi uye kuvimba; akamanikidzwa kuvhara saiti uye akadzikisa zvakanyanya pakudyara kwegoridhe.

Zvakare, pane fungidziro yekuti izvi zvine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika. Vanoziva nezvenzvimbo yekudzidzira (vachitaura vasina kudomwa zita) vakati yakashandiswa senzira yevakuru vehurumende yedunhu reMigori pamwe nevezvematongerwo enyika veko. Kurwiswa uku kunogona kunge kwakakonzerwa nekusawirirana pakati pemapato aya, sezvo hurumende yange isingazive kuti ichaitwa, zvichiratidza kuti hurongwa hwekuvhota hwabva kumusoro.

Ngozi yemhirizhonga - mumakakatanwa pakati pevakwikwidzi vebhizinesi kana zviremera zvine huori - yakagadzira mashandiro anoita nzvimbo dzekutengesa. Kuchengetedza, vanhu vanowanzo shandisa nzvimbo dzemumadhorobha pakuchenura kana kupedzisa nzira yekuchenesa goridhe kubva munzvimbo dzekuchenura, nekuti kumaruwa, kurwiswa nematsotsi kuri nyore. Nzvimbo zhinji dzemumadhorobha dzine madziro akareba ezvidhinha-nedhaka, reza kana waya mhenyu pamusoro uye magedhi akati wandei uye zvikamu zvakavharirwa kuitira kuchengetedzwa.

Cyanide supply chain

Vese vari muindasitiri yeleaching vakashuma kuti sodium cyanide haiwanzo kutengwa muKenya, nekuda kwemitemo yakasimba yakatenderedza mabatiro ayo uye kutakura. Semuyenzaniso, pasi pemutemo wekuKenya, cyanide inofanirwa kutakurwa nemotokari yakanyorwa pachena inoratidza zviri mukati, izvo zvinokwezva kutariswa kusingadikanwi kunzvimbo dzekutengesa dziri kushanda zvisiri pamutemo.

Pane kudaro, kemikari iyi inowanzopinzwa kubva kuTanzania zvisiri pamutemo. VaTanzania vane chokehold control panzira dzecyanide, mercury uye sulfuric acid mukuchera goridhe muKenya; vakwanisa kunzvenga mitero yose inofanira kubhadharwa [nekushandisa] nzira dzokuverevedza… toni yecyanide iri pakati peKsh400 000 neKsh500 000 [US$3 400–US$4 300], uye yakaramba yakasimba kwenguva yakareba. Vamwe vakaedza kuunza makemikari acho kubva kuUganda… kwavanoda goridhe, [asi] mitero nekutengesa nenzvimbo dzehurumende toni yecyanide iri Ksh600 000–Ksh700 000 [US$5 100–US$6 000], nemari yakawanda inoitwa kana ichitakurwa pachena kuKenya.

Kana kemikari ichinge yatengwa kuTanzania, inoendeswa kumatangi madiki akavharwa anosvika 120-200 malita kuyambuka muganhu. Vanhu vanoshandisa zvakasimba maminivan ane mahwindo ane tinted kutakura mishonga iyi nenzira dzinopinzwa munyika zvisiri pamutemo. Maminivans - kusiyana nemarori anoshandiswa kupinza zvimwe zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo - anosarudzwa nekuti chinhu chine muchetura uye chinofanira kubatwa nemazvo.

Mukuru we geology wedunhu reMigori akasimbisawo kuti sodium cyanide yakawanda uye hunyanzvi hwekuishandisa zvinobva kuTanzania iri pedyo, uko yanga ichishandiswa kwenguva yakareba. Uku kuvimba nemaketani ekuTanzania kunoreva kuti nzvimbo zhinji muKenya dzinodzorwa neTanzania.

Ngozi yemukana wakarasika?

Iyo 'cyanide revolution' inogona kuve mukana wegoridhe kune bazi rezvemigodhi reKenya, richibvumira mabhizinesi kushandisa zvine pundutso izvo zvinongove marara. Zvakadaro, kuparwa kwemhosva mubazi, zvido zvezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nekushandiswa kwemhirizhonga zviri kushandura mukana uyu kuita njodzi.

Mukuru wemapurisa, mukuru wesangano rezvakatipoteredza uye mukuru we geology mudunhu reMigori vese vanobvuma kuti kuyedza mumapazi ehurumende yeKenya kudzora kushandiswa kweleaching uye kushandiswa kwecyanide ndiyo nzira yakanakisa yekuunza kugadzikana muchikamu ichi. Mapurisa anogona kusunga, asi vanoda nyanzvi dzemamwe mapazi kuti vaone kuti paitwa basa rose rinobatsira munyaya dzematare.

Zvichakadaro, chero zvinhu zvine chepfu izvi zvichishandiswa nemapoka anoshanda kunze kwemutemo, hutano hwenharaunda dzeKenya nezvipfuyo zviri kuiswa panjodzi.

Disclaimer

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