Cyanide uye Nitrile Compounds

Cyanides uye nitriles makirasi maviri emakemikari emakemikari anoita basa rakakosha mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana. Cyanides, inoratidzwa nekuvapo kwe cyanide ion (CN⁻), inoshandiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri yezvicherwa, cyanide inoshandiswa mukuchera simbi dzinokosha segoridhe nesirivha. Iyo nzira inosanganisira kushandiswa kwecyanide mhinduro yekunyungudutsa simbi kubva muore yavo, kutora mukana weiyo yakasimba yakaoma - kuumba kugona kweiyo cyanide ion nesimbi idzi. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa secyanidation, inoshanda zvakanyanya mukuparadzanisa goridhe nesirivha kubva kune zvimwe zvicherwa, zvichiita kuti ive hunyanzvi hunokosha muchikamu chemigodhi.

Nitriles, kune rumwe rutivi, iyo ine - CN inoshanda boka, yakakosha zvakaenzana muindasitiri yemakemikari. Zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Mukugadzira mafibhi ekugadzira, akadai seanozivikanwa acrylic fibers, nitriles zvinhu zvakakosha. Polyacrylonitrile, rudzi rwepolymer yakagadzirwa kubva ku acrylonitrile (nitrile), ndiyo chikamu chikuru che acrylic fibers. Aya mafiber anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemachira nekuda kwezvimiro zvawo zvinodikanwa sesimba rakanaka, kuramba kuchiedza chezuva, uye kugadzirisa nyore. Nitriles inoshandiswawo mukugadzira mapurasitiki, rabha, uye mishonga. Muindasitiri yemishonga, vanoshanda sevakakosha vepakati mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yakawanda, zvichibatsira mukugadzirwa kwemishonga inobata zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana.

Zvisinei, pasinei nekushanda kwavo kwakawanda kwemaindasitiri, cyanides uye nitriles dzinozivikanwawo nekunyanya huturu hwadzo. Cyanides ndeimwe yechepfu dzinokurumidza kuita zvinozivikanwa nevanhu. Kunyange cyanide shoma inogona kuuraya. Kana cyanide ichipinda mumuviri, inosunga ku cytochrome c oxidase, enzyme yakakosha pakufema kweserura. Kusunga uku kunokanganisa kushanda kwakajairika kweiyo enzyme, kudzivirira masero kubva kushandisa oxygen zvinobudirira. Somugumisiro, masero haakwanisi kubudisa simba, zvichiita kuti kukurumidza kufa kwesero uye, mumatambudziko akaoma, kufa kwemuviri. Nitriles, nepo kazhinji isina muchetura kupfuura cyanides, inogona kuramba ichikonzera kukuvadza kwakanyanya kuhutano hwevanhu. Vanogona kubatwa kuburikidza neganda, hurongwa hwekufema, kana nzira yekudya, uye kuratidzwa kune yakakwirira ye nitriles inogona kutungamirira kune zviratidzo zvakadai sekusvotwa, kurutsa, musoro, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, kukanganisa kwehutano hwehutano uye dzimwe nhengo dzinokosha.

Tichifunga nezvekushandisa kwavo kwakapararira-kupararira mumaindasitiri uye kugona kwavo kukuvadza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda, zvakakosha kuve nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwecyanides uye nitriles. Izvi zvinosanganisira ruzivo nezve yavo makemikari zvimiro, maindasitiri ekushandisa, chepfu nzira, uye matanho ekuchengetedza ekubata nekurasa. Muzvikamu zvinotevera, tichaongorora zvakadzama mune chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu izvi kuti tipe tarisiro yakadzama yeaya akakosha asi ane njodzi yemakemikari komisheni.

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) igasi risina ruvara riine kupera simba, hunhu hunovava - hwemamondi. Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti chikamu chakakosha chehuwandu, vangangoita 20 - 40% yevanhu, havagone kuona kunhuhwirira uku nekuda kweiyo genetic maitiro. Inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura, doro, uye ether. Hydrogen cyanide inoshanduka zvakanyanya uye ine poindi yekuvira inosvika 25.7 °C chete. Kusagadzikana uku kunoita kuti zvive nyore kupararira mumhepo. Mumhepo, kana kusungirirwa kwayo kunosvika 5.6% - 12.8%, inoumba musanganiswa unoputika, ichiisa kutyisidzira kwakakomba mumaindasitiri maanogona kunge aripo. Mushonga wayo une aqueous unozivikanwa se hydrocyanic acid, inova asidhi isina simba asi ichiri chepfu zvakanyanya.

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) uye potassium cyanide (KCN) ose ari machena ecrystalline solids. Sodium cyanide ine kunyunguduka kunoita 563.7 °C uye nzvimbo yekuvira inosvika 1496 °C, ukuwo potassium cyanide ichinyungudika inosvika 634.5 °C. Anonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura. Mumhepo ine hunyoro, zvose Sodium cyanide uye potassium cyanide anogona hydrolyze kubudisa hydrogen cyanide, ndosaka vanewo kufenda anovava - almond kunhuwa. Aya makomisheni maviri ari pakati peanonyanya kuzivikanwa uye ane muchetura cyanides. Kunyange shoma shoma, shoma semamirigiramu mashomanana, inogona kuuraya kana ikamwiwa kana kufemerwa.

Acetonitrile (CH₃CN), iyo nitrile yakapfava, imvura isina ruvara ine hunhu, inonhuhwirira. Inosanganiswa nemvura uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveorganic solvents senge methanol, ethanol, uye acetone. Uku kunyungudika kwepamusoro mune zvese zviri zviviri polar uye zvisiri-polar zvinonyungudutsa zvinoita kuti ive inonyungudutsa inobatsira mune akawanda emakemikari maitiro, kunyanya muminda yechromatography uye organic synthesis. Iyo ine nzvimbo yakadzikira yekubikira ye81.6 ° C, iyo inobvumira kunyungudika uye kupatsanurwa mune mamwe maindasitiri maapplication. Zvisinei, inogonawo kupisa, uye mhute yaro inogona kuumba misanganiswa inoputika nemhepo muhuwandu hwe3.0% - 16.0% nehuwandu.

Propionitrile (C₂H₅CN) imwe nitrile compound. Imvura isina ruvara ine ether - sechinhu chinonhuwira. Iine nzvimbo yekunyungudika ye - 92.78 °C uye nzvimbo yekuvira ye97.1 °C. Propionitrile inonyungudika mumvura kusvika pamwero wakati (inenge 10.3% pa25 °C) uye zvakare inosanganiswa neyakajairwa organic zvinonyungudutsa sezvinwiwa zvinodhaka uye ether. Inoshandiswa mune dzakasiyana siyana organic synthesis reactions, semuenzaniso, se solvent kana yepakati mukugadzirwa kwemishonga uye mamwe makemikari akanaka.

Acrylonitrile (CH₂=CHCN) imvura isina ruvara uye inonhuwa, inonhuwa. Inonyungudika mumvura, uyewo muorganic solvents senge ethanol, ether, uye benzene. Acrylonitrile ikemikari yakakosha yeindasitiri. Iine poindi yekubikira ye77.3 °C uye inobata zvakanyanya nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvose zviri zviviri bond neboka renitrile. Inonyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira acrylic fibers, synthetic rubbers, uye mapurasitiki. Semuenzaniso, polyacrylonitrile, iyo inogadzirwa kubva kuacrylonitrile, ndiyo chikamu chikuru che acrylic fibers. Nekudaro, acrylonitrile zvakare ine muchetura zvakanyanya. Hupfu hwayo hunokuvadza kana hukafemerwa, uye hunogonawo kubatwa neganda, zvichikonzera zvinetso zvakakomba zvoutano.

Kubatana kwakakosha pakati pe cyanides uye nitriles kuvepo kwe - CN boka. Nekudaro, makemikari avo uye emuviri maitiro anosiyana mune zvimwe zvinhu. Cyanides, kunyanya ari nyore inorganic cyanides senge hydrogen cyanide, Sodium Cyanide, uye potassium cyanide, kazhinji ane muchetura zvakanyanya kupfuura nitriles. Nitriles yakagadzikana mukuita kwemakemikari akawanda kana ichienzaniswa neiyo yakanyanya reactive cyanide ions mumakemikari ecyanide. Zvakare, iyo yemuviri mamiriro uye solubility mapatani anogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya pakati peakasiyana cyanide uye nitrile mishonga, izvo zvakakosha kufunga nezve maindasitiri ekushandisa uye kuchengetedza kubata maitiro.

Muindasitiri yezvicherwa, macyanides anoita basa rakakosha mukutorwa kwesimbi dzinokosha, kunyanya goridhe nesirivha. Iyo nzira, inozivikanwa se cyanidation, yakavakirwa pakugona kweiyo cyanide ions kuumba yakagadzikana macomplexes ane goridhe nesirivha. Semuenzaniso, mune yakajairwa goridhe - kushanda kwemigodhi, yakapwanyika goridhe - inotakura ores inosanganiswa nemushonga wemvura. sodium cyanide. Iyo Chemical reaction inogona kumiririrwa se:

Izvi zvinonyungudutsa goridhe iri muchimiro chekunyungudika, sodium dicyanoaurate(I). Iyo goridhe-ine mhinduro inogona kubva yapatsanurwa kubva pane zvakasara, uye goridhe rinozodzoserwa kubva mumhinduro, kazhinji kuburikidza nemaitiro senge zinc kunaya kana kabhoni adsorption. Iyi nzira inoshanda zvakanyanya mukuchera goridhe kubva kune yakaderera-giredhi ores, iyo inoita kuti ive indasitiri - yakajairwa nzira munzvimbo zhinji dzegoridhe - dzemigodhi pasi rose.

Mune metallurgy uye electroplating maindasitiri, cyanides anoshandiswawo kune avo akasiyana zvivakwa musimbi deposition. Semuyenzaniso, mune electroplating maitiro akadai semhangura plating, goridhe plating, uye sirivha plating, cyanide - based electrolytes dzimwe nguva inofarirwa. Mune sirivha electroplating, potasium cyanide inowanzoshandiswa mukugezera. Iyo cyanide ions inogadzira macomplexes ane maion esirivha (), akadai se. Uku kuumbwa kwakaoma kunobatsira kudzora deposition rate yesirivha pane substrate. Kana magetsi achipfuura nemubhati re electroplating, maion esirivheri ari mucomplex anoderedzwa pane cathode (chinhu chiri kuputirwa) uye anoisa sechidimbu chesimbi yesirivha. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nekutsvedzerera, yunifomu, uye inonamira sirivha coating. Kushandiswa kwe cyanide mu electroplating kunogona kuvandudza kunaka kweplating, ichipa kunamira kuri nani, kupenya, uye kuramba kwecorrosion zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzira dzisiri dzecyanide dzekuisa.

Cyanides uye nitriles zvakakosha zvivakwa zvekuvaka mumakemikari synthesis. Mukugadzirwa kweakasiyana-siyana resin monomers, senge acrylic resins uye methacrylic resins, cyanides uye nitriles inobatanidzwa mukuita kwemakemikari akakosha. Semuyenzaniso, acrylonitrile, komboni yenitrile, yakakosha monoma mukubatanidzwa kwe acrylic fibers uye polyacrylonitrile - based plastics. Acrylonitrile inogona kuve polymerized kuita polyacrylonitrile (PAN) kuburikidza nemahara - radical polymerization reaction. Mhedzisiro yacho inotangwa neakakodzera ekutanga, uye iyo kaviri chisungo mu acrylonitrile chakatyoka, zvichibvumira mamonomers kubatana pamwechete kuti aumbe macheni akareba epolymer. Iyo polyacrylonitrile inokonzeresa ine zvivakwa zvakanakisa senge kusimba kwepamusoro, kunaka kwemakemikari kuramba, uye nzvimbo yakakwira yekunyungudika, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kushandiswa mumaindasitiri emachira nemapurasitiki.

Muindasitiri yemishonga, nitriles inoshandiswa sepakati mukubatanidzwa kwemishonga yakawanda. Anogona kushandurwa kuita mamwe mapoka anoshanda senge amides, carboxylic acids, kana maamines kuburikidza neakasiyana makemikari maitiro. Semuenzaniso, boka re nitrile rinogona kugezwa ne hydrolyzed kuumba boka re carboxylic acid. Shanduko iyi inowanzo shandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga apo boka rinoshanda recarboxylic acid rinodiwa pakuita kwemushonga kana kuti mamwe magadzirirwo emakemikari. Uyezve, cyanides inogona kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemamwe majekiseni eheterocyclic, ayo anokosha zvikamu mumishonga yakawanda yemishonga.

Nitriles inoshandiswawo mukugadzirisa kwezvokudya zvinowedzera. Imwe nitrile - ine makomisheni inogona kushandurwa kuita flavour - inosimudzira kana kuchengetedza. Semuenzaniso, mamwe ma nitriles anogona kuve oxidized uye akawedzera kuita kuti agadzire makomisheni ane zvinonaka zvinonaka, izvo zvinozoshandiswa muindasitiri yezvekudya kuvandudza kuravira kwechikafu chakagadzirwa.

Cyanides zvinhu zvine chepfu zvakanyanya. Kana yakawanda cyanide ikanyudzwa kana yakakwira-yakawanda yecyanide gasi inofemerwa, mhedzisiro yacho inowanzova njodzi. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, maitiro emuviri emuviri anokurumidza kukanganiswa. Izvo zvinowanzoitika uye zvinokurumidza zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kurasikirwa kamwe kamwe kwekuziva. Munhu anenge abatwa anogona kudonha pasi mukati memasekondi, sezvo tsinga yepakati inokanganiswa zvakanyanya. Vana vavo vanokurumidza kuwedzera, izvo zvinoratidza kusakwanisa kwemuviri kugadzirisa mashandiro awo emukati. Izvi zvinoteverwa nekugwinha, uko muviri unosangana nekukandira kwetsandanyama kusingaite uye kwechisimba. Kugwinha uku kunokonzerwa nekuvhiringwa kwetsinga yakajairika - tsandanyama kutaurirana, izvo zvakakosha pakufamba kwakarongeka kwemuviri.

Nzira yekufema inokanganiswawo zvakanyanya. Munhu wacho anonzwa kufema nokukurumidza uye kusina kudzika, kana mune dzimwe nguva, kubatwa kwekufema kwakakwana. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti cyanide inosunga ku cytochrome c oxidase mumaseru, ichidzivirira kushandiswa kwakajairwa kweokisijeni mukuita kwekufema kwemasero. Somugumisiro, masero anoziya nenzara yeokisijeni, zvichiita kuti kukundikana kwenhengo dzinokosha dzakadai seuropi nemoyo. Pasina kupindira kwechiremba pakarepo, rufu runogona kuitika mukati memaminitsi.

Nitriles, kunyanya kana yakafemerwa kana kunyudzwa muhuwandu hwakanyanya, inogona kukonzera huturu hwakanyanya. Semuenzaniso, acrylonitrile, iyo yakajairika nitrile komputa, inogona kukonzera kutsamwisa nekukurumidza kune turakiti rekufema. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira kukosora, kutadza kufema, uye kunzwa kupisa pahuro nepachipfuva. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, zvinogona kutungamirira kumapapu edema, apo mapapu anozadza nemvura, zvichiita kuti zvisingakwanisi kuti muviri unyatsochinjanisa oksijeni uye carbon dioxide. Izvi zvinogona kukurumidza kufambira mberi kusvika pakutadza kufema uye kufa kana zvikasarapwa nekukurumidza.

Kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune yakaderera-concentration cyanides kunogona kutungamirira kune chisingaperi chepfu. Nokufamba kwenguva, muviri unounganidza cyanide sezvo isina kubviswa zvachose. Chimwe chezviratidzo zvekutanga kunzwa kwechiveve mururimi nemiromo. Izvi zvinowanzoperekedzwa nemusoro unoramba uchitemwa uye dzungu, izvo zvinogona kunge zvakapfava pakutanga asi zvishoma nezvishoma zvakanyanya. Vakabatwa vanogonawo kunzwa kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, uye kunzwa kusanzwa zvakanaka pamusoro pedumbu.

Hosha dzokurara, dzakadai sokusarara, dzakajairika. Simba remuviri rinopera, zvichiita kuneta uye kupera simba mumakumbo. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviome kumunhu anenge abatwa nechirwere ichi kuita mabasa emuviri akajairika. Iyo yemwoyo system inobatwawo, nekudonha kunoonekwa muropa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kusingaperi cyanide kuratidzwa kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa kune thyroid gland, kukanganisa chiyero chehomoni yemuviri uye metabolism.

Kugara kuratidzwa nitriles kunogonawo kuve nemhedzisiro yehutano hwakakomba. Semuenzaniso, kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kune acrylonitrile kunogona kukonzera kukuvadzwa kune tsinga system. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera peripheral neuropathy, uko tsinga dziri mumigumo dzinobatwa. Zviratidzo zvinosanganisira chiveve, kurira, uye kurasikirwa nekunzwa kwemaoko netsoka. Panogonawo kuva nekushaya simba kwetsandanyama uye kuoma kwekubatanidza mafambiro. Pamusoro pezvo, kuratidzirwa kusingaperi kune mamwe nitriles kwave kwakabatana nenjodzi yakawedzera yekukudziridza mamwe marudzi ekenza, kunyangwe iwo chaiwo maitiro achiri kuongororwa.

Cyanides uye nitriles zvinokonzera kutyisidzira kukuru kune zvakatipoteredza. Kana yasunungurwa mumvura, inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa pahupenyu hwemvura. Kunyangwe pakadzika dzika, macyanides ane chepfu zvakanyanya kuhove nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemumvura. Semuenzaniso, kana cyanide - ine tsvina yemumaindasitiri ikaiswa munzizi kana madziva pasina kurapwa kwakakodzera, inogona kukonzera kufa kwehove. Iyo cyanide inosunga kune gill yehove, ichidzivirira kuchinjika kwakajairika kweokisijeni uye kabhoni dhaibhoni, zvichiita kuti asphyxiation.

Nitriles, yakadai seacrylonitrile, inogonawo kusvibisa mvura. Inogona kuramba iri mumvura kwenguva yakareba, inokanganisa kunaka kwemvura uye ichiita kuti isakodzere kushandiswa kwevanhu uye zvimwe zvinoshandiswa. Pamusoro pezvo, izvi zvinosanganiswa zvinogona kutorwa nezvirimwa zvemumvura, izvo zvinozokwanisa kupfuudza chepfu kumusoro kwecheni yechikafu, zvichikanganisa zvipenyu zvepamusoro.

Muvhu, cyanides uye nitriles zvinogona kuunganidza nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwevhu, izvo zvinogona kutadzisa kukura kwezvirimwa. Iyo muchetura inogona kukanganisa maitiro akajairwa emuviri ezvirimwa, senge photosynthesis uye kutora chikafu. Somugumisiro, goho rekurima rinogona kudzikiswa zvakanyanya. Mukuwedzera, kuvapo kwemishonga iyi ine chepfu muvhu inogonawo kukanganisa ma microorganisms evhu, izvo zvakakosha pakuchengetedza kubereka uye chimiro chevhu. Kukanganisika kwemamiriro ekunze kwevhu uku kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro inosvika kure kune hutano hwese hwezvakatipoteredza.

Imwe yeakakosha einjiniya kudzora matanho ndeyekugadzirisa maitiro ekugadzira. Semuenzaniso, muindasitiri ye electroplating, kutorwa kwecyanide - yemahara electroplating tekinoroji inogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwechepfu yecyanide makomisheni. Maitiro echinyakare emagetsi emagetsi anowanzo kuvimba necyanide - based electrolytes, asi nekuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi, itsva cyanide - yemahara electroplating mhinduro dzakagadzirwa. Mhinduro idzi dzinoshandisa mamwe maajenti ekuomesera uye ekuwedzera kuti awane zvakafanana kana zvirinani zveplating mhando pasina njodzi dzine chekuita necyanide.

Pamusoro pekugadzirisa shanduko, kuita yakavharwa - loop inoshanda sisitimu kwakakosha. Munzvimbo dzinoshandiswa cyanides uye nitriles, senge mumakemikari zvidyarwa kana simbi - mafekitori ekugadzira, zvese zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zvinofanirwa kugadzirwa kuti zvisapinda mhepo. Izvi zvinodzivirira kubuda kwemagasi ane chepfu kana zvinwiwa munzvimbo yakapoteredza. Semuyenzaniso, mucyanide - uchishandisa goridhe - kushanda kwemugodhi, iyo cyanide - ine matangi ekuchengetera mhinduro uye midziyo yekubvisa inofanira kunge yakavharwa zvakasimba, uye mapaipi anofanirwa kugara achiongororwa kana paine zviratidzo zvekudonha.

Ventilation uye exhaust masisitimu anoitawo basa rakakosha mukudzora kuungana kwezvinhu zvine chepfu mumhepo. Munzvimbo dzebasa umo hydrogen cyanide gasi ingave iripo, senge mune mamwe mafesheni ekugadzira makemikari, ane simba mekiniki masisitimu ekufema anofanira kuiswa. Aya masisitimu anogona kuramba achibvisa mweya wakasviba uye woutsiva nemweya mutsva. Mutengo wekufema unofanirwa kunyatsoverengerwa zvichienderana nehukuru hwenzvimbo yebasa, huwandu hwezvinhu zvine chepfu inoshandiswa, uye mukana wekusunungurwa kwavo. Semuyenzaniso, mune diki - chiyero che electroplating workshop apo hydrogen cyanide inogona kugadzirwa panguva yeplating process, iyo ventilation system inofanirwa kugadzirwa kuchengetedza iyo hydrogen cyanide concentration mumhepo iri pasi peyakanyanya kubvumidzwa concentration (MAC), iyo inowanzoiswa padanho rakaderera kwazvo, senge 0.3mg/m³, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwevashandi.

Zvidziviriro zvemunhu (PPE) zvakakosha kune vashandi vanogona kuoneswa cyanides uye nitriles. Mafemero chikamu chakakosha chePPE. Kune vashandi vari munzvimbo dzine njodzi huru yekufema magasi ane muchetura, senge mukugadzirwa kwe acrylonitrile uko mhute inokuvadza zvakanyanya, midziyo yekufema yega yega (SCBA) inogona kudiwa mumamiriro ekunyanya kuratidzwa kana panguva yenjodzi. Kune nzvimbo shoma - dzakaomarara asi dzichiri nengozi, mhepo - yekuchenesa kufema ine mafirita akakodzera anogona kushandiswa. Masefa aya akagadzirwa kuti abvise zvinosvibisa, zvakaita secyanide kana nitrile vapors, kubva mumhepo inofema mushandi.

Kemikari-inodzivirira magirovhosi akakosha zvakare. Vashandi vanobata cyanide - ine mishonga kana nitrile - based chemicals vanofanira kupfeka magirovhosi akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvinokwanisa kurwisa zvinosvibisa uye zvinopinda mukati mezvinhu izvi. Semuenzaniso, magirovhosi akagadzirwa nebutyl rubber kana nitrile rubber anowanzoshandiswa sezvo ane kurwisana kwakanaka kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvemakemikari, kusanganisira akawanda cyanides uye nitriles. Aya magirovhosi anogona kudzivirira kubatwa kwezvinhu zvine chepfu kuburikidza neganda, inova nzira yakakosha yekufumurwa, kunyanya kune nitriles inogona kutorwa kunyangwe kuburikidza nediki diki kusangana kweganda.

Zvipfeko zvinodzivirira zvinofanirawo kupiwa. Zvipfeko zvinofanirwa kuvhara muviri wakawanda sezvinobvira kuderedza kubuda kweganda. Mune mamwe maindasitiri ane njodzi, senge mukugadzira mamwe makemikari akasarudzika uko macyanides uye nitriles anoshandiswa muhuwandu, vashandi vanogona kupfeka yakazara-yemuviri makemikari - ekudzivirira masutu. Aya masutu akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisingapindike kune makemikari ari kushandiswa uye anowanzo kugadzirwa nemamwe maficha akadai seakavharwa seams uye akavakirwa - mumahodhi kuti ape kuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya.

Kudzidziswa kwakazara kwekuchengetedza kwakakosha kune vese vashandi vanobatanidzwa mukubata, kuchengetedza, kana kutakura cyanides uye nitriles. Kudzidziswa uku kunofanirwa kubata nyaya dzakasiyana siyana dzine chekuita nekushandiswa kwakachengeteka kwemakemikari aya. Chekutanga, inofanira kusanganisira mune - zvakadzama ruzivo nezve cyanides uye nitriles. Vashandi vanofanirwa kunzwisisa chimiro chemuviri uye chemakemikari zvezvinhu izvi, sekusagadzikana kwavo, kunyungudika, uye kuitazve. Semuyenzaniso, vanofanira kuziva kuti hydrogen cyanide inoshanduka-shanduka uye inogona kukurumidza kupararira mumhepo, uye kuti acrylonitrile inoshanda zvakanyanya uye inogona kuita polymerize mune mamwe mamiriro.

Chechipiri, kudzidziswa kunofanirwa kutarisisa nzira dzekupindura emergency. Vashandi vanofanira kudzidziswa zvekuita kana pakateuka, pakadonhera, kana kuratidzwa netsaona. Izvi zvinosanganisira nzira yekukurumidza kufambisa nzvimbo kana zvichidikanwa, mashandisiro ezviteshi zvekukurumidzira ewash eyewash uye mvura yekugezera kana paine ganda kana ziso, uye maitiro ekutanga kupa rubatsiro mumatanho ekutanga echepfu. Semuenzaniso, kana pakaitika kurasika kwecyanide, vashandi vanofanirwa kuziva kuti nekukasira kuparadzanisa nzvimbo, kuisa PPE yakakodzera, uye kushandisa zvinhu zvinonwisa mvura kuchenesa kurashikirwa maererano nemaitiro ekuchengetedza akamiswa.

Nguva dzose kuchengetedza kuchengetedza kunofanira kuitwawo. Aya madhiri anogona kutevedzera akasiyana mamiriro ekukurumidzira, akadai sekudonha kwegasi kana kupera kwemakemikari, kuve nechokwadi chekuti vashandi vanogona kupindura nekukurumidza uye nemazvo mumamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu. Nekudzidzira zvibooreso izvi nguva dzose, vashandi vanogona kujairana nemaitirwo emhinduro yechimbichimbi uye kuderedza mukana wekuvhunduka kana kuvhiringika panguva yechiitiko chaicho. Izvi zvinogona pakupedzisira kuponesa hupenyu uye kuderedza kukuvadzwa kunokonzerwa netsaona dzinosanganisira cyanides uye nitriles.

Kana munhu achifungidzirwa nezve cyanide kana nitrile muchetura, nekukurumidza uye nesarudzo matanho ekutanga ekubatsira akakosha. Danho rekutanga ndere kukurumidza kubvisa munhu anenge abatwa nechirwere ichi kubva panzvimbo inopindwa nemhepo. Izvi zvinobatsira kuderedza kuwedzera kufemerwa kwezvinhu zvine chepfu. Semuenzaniso, kana chepfu ikaitika mufekitori umo hydrogen cyanide iri kushandiswa, munhu anenge abatwa anofanira kutakurwa kunze kwenzvimbo inogadzirwa kuenda kunzvimbo yakavhurika ine mweya mutsva nekukurumidza.

Kana wava panzvimbo yakachengetedzeka, kana kufema kwemunhu wacho kwakamira kana kuti kusisina simba, kufema kunofanira kutangwa nekukasika. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva kuti kufema kwemuromo-ku-muromo kunofanira kudziviswa mumamiriro ezvinhu e-cyanide chepfu, sezvo pane ngozi yemuponesi anofema utsi hune chepfu. Pane kudaro, kushandiswa kwebhegi - valve - mask device kana imwe yakakodzera kufema midziyo yekutsigira inokurudzirwa.

Okisijeni inopa zvakare chikamu chakakosha chekutanga-rubatsiro maitiro. Okisijeni inoyerera yakakwira inogona kupihwa kune anenge abatwa achishandisa mask yeokisijeni kana nasal cannula. Izvi zvinobatsira kuwedzera huwandu hweokisijeni muropa uye kurwisa mhedzisiro yecyanide kana nitrile, iyo inokanganisa kugona kwemuviri kushandisa oxygen.

Kana ganda remunhu wacho rasangana nezvinhu zvine chepfu, zvipfeko zvakasvibiswa zvinofanira kubviswa nokukurumidza. Ganda rakakanganiswa rinofanira kubva ranyatsogezwa nemvura yakawanda inoyerera kweinenge 15 - 20 maminetsi. Izvi zvinobatsira kubvisa chero makemikari akasara paganda uye kuderedza kuwedzera kunwa. Semuyenzaniso, kana mushandi akateurira acrylonitrile paganda rake, anofanira kubva abvisa mbatya dzake dzine utachiona uye ogeza nzvimbo inenge yabatwa nayo pasi pemvura inoyerera.

Kana pakatarisana nemaziso, maziso anofanira kugezwa nemvura yakawanda yakachena kana mushonga wesaline isina utachiona. Maziso anofanira kubatwa akavhurika kuti ziso rose rinyatsosukurudzwa. Izvi zvinofanira kuitwa nguva dzose kwemaminitsi gumi nemashanu kuderedza kukuvadzwa kwemaziso.

Kana munhu wacho angotakurwa kuchipatara, kurapwa kwakawanda kunogona kupiwa. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha pakurapa kushandiswa kwemishonga chaiyo. Kune cyanide chepfu, sodium thiosulfate inowanzoshandiswa antidote. Inoshanda nekubatana neiyo cyanide ions mumuviri kugadzira isiri-chepfu thiocyanate, iyo inogona kubva yaburitswa kubva mumuviri kuburikidza weti. Iyo yakajairwa kurapwa protocol inowanzo sanganisira inononoka intravenous jekiseni reimwe dosi yesodium thiosulfate, huwandu hwayo hunotarwa zvichienderana nemamiriro emurwere uye uremu hwemuviri.

Imwe mishonga yakakosha ye cyanide poisoning ndeye nitrite - based compounds. Mishonga iyi inoshanda nekushandura hemoglobin iri muropa kuita methemoglobin. Methemoglobin ine hukama hwepamusoro hweiyo cyanide ions uye inogona kusunga kwairi, ichigadzira yakaoma yakagadzikana. Izvi zvinoderedza huwandu hwemahara cyanide ions mumuviri uye kuderedza zviratidzo zvehupfu. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwe nitrite - based antidotes inoda kunyatsotariswa, sezvo inogonawo kuva nemigumisiro yakaipa, yakadai sekukonzera kuderera kweropa.

Kune nitrile - induced chepfu, kurapwa kunonyanya kutarisana nekubvisa zviratidzo uye kutsigira mabasa emuviri. Semuenzaniso, kana murwere akaratidza zviratidzo zvekufema kunetseka nekuda kweacrylonitrile chepfu, mechanical ventilation inogona kudiwa kubatsira nekufema. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo pane kukuvadzwa kwenheyo system, mishonga inogona kurongerwa kugadzirisa zviratidzo zvakadai sekushaya simba kwemhasuru, kupera simba, kana kurwadziwa.

Kana murwere akamedza cyanide kana nitriles, gastric lavage inogona kuitwa kubvisa chero chasara chepfu mudumbu. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa uchishandisa mhinduro yakakodzera, senge dilute potassium permanganate solution kana saline solution. Nekudaro, sarudzo yekuita gastric lavage uye sarudzo yemushonga wekugezesa inoda kunyatsotariswa zvichienderana nemamiriro emurwere uye rudzi rwechepfu inomwiwa.

Kuwedzera kumishonga iyi chaiyo, zviratidzo zvinokosha zvomurwere zvakadai sokurova kwemwoyo, BP, uye kufema zvakanaka, zvinonyatsoongororwa. Mamwe marapirwo anotsigira, akadai sekutsiviwa kwemvura kuti achengetedze chiyero che electrolyte, anogonawo kupihwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo murwere akaita zvinetso, zvakadai semabayo nekuda kwekushuva panguva yechiitiko chepfu, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inogona kurongerwa kurapa utachiona.

Cyanides uye nitriles zvakakosha mumaindasitiri emazuva ano. Mashandisirwo azvo anotangira pakutorwa kwesimbi dzinokosha mumigodhi kusvika pakugadzirwa kwezvakasiyana siyana zvezvigadzirwa mumaindasitiri emakemikari, emishonga, uye emachira. Nekudaro, huturu hwepamusoro hwemakomponi aya hunoisa njodzi huru kune hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.

Iyo yakanyanya uye isingaperi chepfu yecyanides uye nitriles inogona kukonzeresa kumatambudziko ehutano, kubva pahupenyu hwepakarepo - mamiriro ekutyisidzira kusvika kukuvadzwa kwenguva refu kune tsinga system, yemoyo system, uye dzimwe nhengo dzakakosha. Uyezve, kusunungurwa kwavo mumhoteredzo kunogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwemitumbi yemvura nevhu, kuisa upenyu hwemvura mungozi uye kuderedza goho rekurima.

Naizvozvo, zvakakosha zvakanyanya kukoshesa kushandiswa kwakachengeteka uye kubata kwecyanides uye nitriles. Maindasitiri anofanirwa kuisa mari mumainjiniya ekudzora matanho kuti aderedze kuburitswa kwezvinhu izvi zvine chepfu. Vashandi vanofanirwa kupihwa zvekushandisa zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo uye vagowana kudzidziswa kwakazara kwekuchengetedza. Muchiitiko chetsaona, mhinduro inoshanda yekukurumidzira uye mapuroteni ekurapa anofanira kunge aripo.

Nekutora matanho aya, tinogona kuramba tichibatsirwa kubva mumaindasitiri ekushandiswa kwecyanides uye nitriles tichiona kuchengetedzwa kwevashandi, veruzhinji, uye nharaunda. Ibasa rakabatana remaindasitiri, masangano anodzora, uye vese vane chekuita nekushanda pamwe chete kudzivirira zvinokuvadza zveizvi zvinogona kuve nengozi kemikari makomisheni.