Iyo Yakazara Maitiro eHydrometallurgy: Kubva kuCyanide Leaching kuenda kuElectrolysis

Mundima yemazuva ano yesimbi, Hydrometallurgy ine chinzvimbo chakakosha mukubvisa nekuchenesa simbi nekuda kwezvakanaka zvayo zvakasiyana. Ndezvipi zvakavanzika zviri shure kwekushandurwa kubva pamatombo esimbi kuenda kusimbi yakachena kwazvo? Nhasi, ngatinyatsoongororai maitiro ese ehydrometallurgy, kubva pakubviswa kwesimbi kusvika pakugadziriswa kwemagetsi, kuburikidza nemibvunzo gumi nemiviri inokosha.

1. Chii chinonzi hydrometallurgy?

Hydrometallurgy, mumashoko akareruka, inzira inoshandisa leaching agents kunyungudutsa zvakakosha zvesimbi kubva ores, concentrate, calcines, uye zvimwe zvinhu kuita mhinduro. Zvadaro, masimbi anotorwa, anoparadzaniswa, uye akafumiswa kubva kune mhinduro kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemakemikari uye emuviri nzira. Kusiyana neyakajairwa pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy inonyanya kushanda munzvimbo ine mhinduro, ine yakaderera simba rekushandisa uye kuderedzwa kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

2. Ndezvipi zvinangwa zveleaching uye nzira dzinowanzo shandiswa?

Chinangwa cheLeaching ndechekuparadzanisa simbi dzakakosha kubva kune gangue mune ores uye kunyungudutsa simbi muchimiro cheiyoni kuita mhinduro. Kazhinji leaching nzira dzinosanganisira acid leaching. Semuenzaniso, ores yemhangura inonyudzwa ne sulfuric acid yekunyungudutsa mhangura muchimiro checopper ions. Alkaline leaching inoshandiswa kurapa bauxite ne sodium hydroxide solution kubvisa aluminum. Kubuda kwemvura kwakakodzera kune imwe munyu - mhando yemaminerari ane yakanaka solubility yemvura, sekutorwa kwemunyu weglauber.

3. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokanganisa chiyero cheleaching panguva yeleaching process?

Izvo zvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisira kusangana kweiyo leaching agent. Kazhinji, iyo yakakwira iyo yekuisa pfungwa, inowedzera iyo leaching rate. Nekudaro, kuwandisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kukwira kwemitengo uye kuomerwa mukugadzirisa kunotevera. Tembiricha: Kuwedzera tembiricha nenzira kwayo kunogona kumhanyisa chiyero chekuita uye kuvandudza chiyero cheleaching, asi tembiricha yakanyanyisa inowedzera mashandisiro esimba uye corrosion yemidziyo. Ore particle size: Iyo idiki iyo particle size, iyo yakakura iyo chaiyo nzvimbo nzvimbo, uye zvakanyanya kunyatsoita leaching reaction. Kukurudzira kusimba: Kukurudzira kwakanaka kunogona kuve nechokwadi chekubatana kwakazara pakati peiyo leaching agent uye ore, inosimudzira kutamisa hukuru.

4. Yakasimba sei - kupatsanurwa kwemvura kunoitwa kune pulp mushure mekudonha?

Yakajairika yakasimba - mvura yekuparadzanisa nzira dzinosanganisira kusefa. Vacuum mafirita nendiro - uye - furemu mafirita ekudhinda anoshandiswa kubata zvimedu zvakasimba kuburikidza nesefa yepakati uye kubvumira mvura kuti ipfuure. Sedimentation: Zvimedu zvakasimba zvinotenderwa kugara pasi pesimba regiravhiti kana kuti centrifugal force. Semuenzaniso, mune thickeners, iyo pulp zvishoma nezvishoma inogara mune yakakura - vhoriyamu mudziyo. Iyo supernatant inofashukira, uye yakaderera - layer gobvu slurry inowedzerwa kugadziriswa. Centrifugal separation: Simba reCentrifugal rinogadzirwa nepamusoro-kutenderera kutenderera rinoshandiswa kuwana yakasimba - kuparadzaniswa kwemvura, iyo yakakodzera kuparadzanisa zvimedu zvakanaka.

5. Chinangwa chekuchenesa kwemhinduro ndechei uye ndedzipi nzira dzakajairika dzekuchenesa?

Kucheneswa kwemhinduro kune chinangwa chekubvisa tsvina mune leachate kudzivirira kukanganiswa nekuzotevera kubviswa kwesimbi. Nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira kunaya kwemakemikari. Precipitants inowedzerwa kuita precipitates yeioni dzisina kuchena. Semuenzaniso, sodium sulfide inowedzerwa kune inorema - simbi ions. Ion - nzira yekutsinhana: Ion - kuchinjanisa resin inoshandiswa kuchinjana neion mumushonga kubvisa ion tsvina. Solvent extraction: Kubva pamusiyano mukunyungudika kwe solutes muzvikamu zviviri zvisingaite, simbi inonangwa inotorwa muchikamu cheorganic kuti iwane kupatsanurwa kubva kune tsvina.

6. Ndeupi musimboti wekubvisa solvent uye kuti ungasarudza sei chidimbu chakakodzera?

Nheyo yekubvisa zvinonyungudutsa ndeye kushandisa mutsauko mukugovanisa coefficients ye solutes pakati peiyo organic chikamu uye ine aqueous chikamu, zvichiita kuti kufambiswa kwema solutes kubva pachikamu cheaqueous kuenda kune organic chikamu. Paunenge uchisarudza chinodonhedza, zvinodikanwa kuti utarise kusarudzwa kwayo kwepamusoro kune simbi inonangwa, zvichireva kuti ine simba rakasimba rekudhonza simbi inonangwa uye isina kusimba yekubvisa kwetsvina. Inofanira kunge iine simba guru rekuchera kuti rinyatsobudisa simbi yakawanda. Inofanirawo kuva nekugadzikana kwakanaka kwemakemikari, kusaora nyore nyore, kusapindirana nechikamu chemvura, uye kuva nemusiyano wakakodzera we density kuitira kupatsanurwa kuri nyore. Pamusoro pezvo, mutengo uye kuwanikwa kunofanirwa kutariswa.

7. Ndeipi basa rekubvisa uye rinobatana papi nekubvisa?

Kukurura inzira yekuendesa simbi yakabviswa muchikamu cheorganic kudzokera kuchikamu chemvura. Inozadzisa kubviswa. Kubvisa kunopfumisa nekuparadzanisa simbi, uku uchibvisa simbi yakapfumiswa kubva muchikamu cheorganic kuti uwane yakakwira-concentration simbi mhinduro kune inotevera electrolysis kana kumwe kugadzirisa. Nekugadzirisa mhando, fungidziro, uye pH kukosha kweanobvisa mumiriri, kubviswa kwakanaka kwesimbi kunogona kuwanikwa.

8. Chii chinonzi electrowinning (electrolytic deposition) uye chii chiri musimboti wayo?

Electrowinning inzira iyo ioni dzesimbi mune mhinduro inoderedzwa uye inoiswa pane cathode pasi pechiito cheyakananga ikozvino. Kutora electrowinning yemhangura semuenzaniso, mune yemhangura sulfate mhinduro, kana yakananga ikozvino inoshandiswa, ion yemhangura inowana maerekitironi pa cathode, inoderedzwa kuita metallic mhangura, uye inoiswa pane cathode ndiro. Paanode, oxidation reaction yemvura inoitika, ichiburitsa oxygen. Iri inhanho yakakosha mukuwana yakakwirira-kuchena simbi muhydrometallurgy.

9. Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokanganisa kushanda kwemazuva ano uye simbi yehutano panguva ye electrolysis process?

Zvinhu zvinokanganisa kushanda kwezvino zvinosanganisira tembiricha ye electrolyte. Kunyanya kupisa tembiricha kuchawedzera kuita kwedivi uye kuderedza kushanda kwazvino. Yazvino density: Zvese zvakanyanyisa uye zvakaderera zvazvino densities hazvina kunaka pakuita kwazvino, uye kune yakakwana siyana. Zvisina kuchena zvemukati: Ioni dzisina kuchena dzinogona kusangana nemakwikwi pama electrode, zvichideredza kushanda kwazvino. Zvinhu zvinokanganisa kunaka kwesimbi zvinosanganisira kuumbwa kwe electrolyte. Mhando uye zvirimo zvezvinowedzera zvinogona kukanganisa crystal morphology yesimbi. Iyo electrode zvinhu uye mamiriro epasi: Smooth uye flat maelectrode anobatsira kune yunifomu deposition yemhando yepamusoro-simbi masimbi. Nguva yeElectrolysis uye kugadzikana kwekushanda: Yakagadzikana mamiriro ekushanda anogona kuve nechokwadi kugadzikana kwesimbi yemhando.

10. Anode slime inogadzirwa sei uye ndezvipi zvinoshandiswa?

Munguva ye electrolysis maitiro, pamusoro pekunyunguduka kwesimbi pane anode, kumwe kusvibiswa kusinga nyungudika senge simbi dzinokosha segoridhe, sirivheri, uye platinamu, uye humwe hutsvina hunoumba anode slime nekunaya. Anode slime yakakosha yechipiri sosi. Masimbi akawanda anokosha anogona kuwanikwa kubva mairi. Semuenzaniso, goridhe, sirivheri, nezvimwewo, inogona kutorwa kubva kumhangura electrolysis anode slime kuburikidza neakatevedzana ekugadzirisa matekinoroji, ayo ane hupfumi hwakanyanya kukosha.

11. Nzira yekuwana sei kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye resource recycling mune yese hydrometallurgy process?

Panyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, mvura yakaraswa, gasi remarara, uye masara emarara anobatwa kuti asangane nemiyero yekuburitsa. Pakurapa tsvina yemvura, nzira dzakadai se neutralization, precipitation, uye ion exchange inoshandiswa kubvisa zvinorema - simbi ions uye zvinhu zvinokuvadza. Gasi remarara rinocheneswa kubvisa zvinosvibisa zvakaita sesulfur dioxide kuburikidza nemidziyo yekuchenesa. Panyaya yekudzokorodza zviwanikwa, kurapwa kwechipiri kunoitwa pane leaching masara uye anode slime kudzoreredza simbi dzakakosha. Yakashandiswa electrolyte inocheneswa uye inogadzirwazve kuti idzokororwe.

12. Ndeapi ari emangwana ekusimudzira maitiro ehydrometallurgy?

Mune ramangwana, hydrometallurgy ichakura kusvika pakuve girini, inoshanda, uye nehungwaru. Pachave nekutsvagisa nekuvandudzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvine hushamwari uye zvinoshanda leaching agents uye extractants kuderedza mashandisirwo emagetsi uye kusvibiswa. Yepamberi otomatiki uye akangwara matekinoroji achashandiswa kuwana chaiyo kutonga uye optimization yemaitiro ekugadzira, kuvandudza kugadzirwa kwakanaka uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Iyo minda yekushandisa ichawedzerwa, sekubvisa simbi kubva kune zvitsva zviwanikwa semarara emagetsi uye zvakadzika - zvicherwa zvegungwa.

Kuburikidza nemibvunzo gumi nembiri iyi, takawana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemaitiro akazara ehydrometallurgy kubva pakudonha kusvika kumagetsi. Nekuenderera mberi kwekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, hydrometallurgy ichaita basa rakatokura mumunda wekubvisa simbi, ichibatsira mukusimudzira hupfumi uye kushandiswa zvine musoro kwezviwanikwa.