Tsvagiridzo pamusoro peKuita pakati peSilver sulfide neSodium Cyanide

1. ziviso

Kuita pakati peSilver sulfide (\(Ag_2S \)) neSodium cyanide (\(NaCN \)) kune zvakunoreva muminda yakasiyana-siyana, kunyanya mukuburitswa kwesirivha kubva mumatombo ayo. Kunzwisisa kuita uku kwakakosha pakugadzirisa mashandiro emaindasitiri uye pakunzwisisa kwakadzama kwekuenzanisa kwemakemikari uye kinetics mumasisitimu akaomarara.

2. Rection Principles

2.1 Chemical Equation

Zvinogona kuratidzwa kuti sei silver sulfide neSodium Cyanide

b makemikari equation anotevera pamberi pemhepo:\(2Ag_2S + 8NaCN + O_2 + 2H_2O = 4Na[Ag(CN)_2] + 4NaOH + 2S\)

Mukuita uku, silver sulfide inopindirana ne sodium cyanide . Sirivha iri mu silver sulfide inoumba complex ion, silver cyanide complex ion \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \), nepo sarufa iri mu silver sulfide ichisanganiswa kuita elemental salfa. Okisijeni iri mumhepo inobatana nekuita izvi, ichishanda se oxidizing agent.

2.2 Yakaoma Ion Magadzirirwo

Sirivha ine hutsika hwakasimba hwekuumba maion akaoma ane cyanide ions. Kuumbwa kwe \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) kunotungamirirwa nekugadzikana kwepamusoro kweion iyi yakaoma. The equilibrium constant yekugadzirwa kwe \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-} \) yakakura, zvichireva kuti kuita kweioni dzesirivheri dzine cyanide ions kuumba iyi yakaoma kunofadza zvikuru. Iyo yakaoma ion \([Ag(CN)_2]^{-}\) inonyanya kunyungudika mumvura kana ichienzaniswa nesirivha sulfide, isinganyunguke. Uyu mutsauko wekunyungudika ndicho chinhu chakakosha mune yese maitiro ekuita.

2.3 Oxidation yeSulfur

Iyo sulfur musirivheri sulfide iri mu -2 oxidation state. Munguva yekuita ne sodium cyanide muhupo hwemhepo, sarufa yakasvibiswa. Okisijeni inobva mumhepo inopa oxidizing simba. Iyo oxidation yesarufa kubva -2 kusvika 0 (elemental sulfur) chikamu chakakosha chemaitiro ekuita. Maitiro ekuita kweiyo oxidation yesarufa inosanganisira akatevedzana erekitironi - matanho ekutamisa, ayo ane hukama zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwekuita uye kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa.

3. Rection Conditions

3.1 Thermodynamic Kufunga

Thermodynamically, kuita kwakananga kwesirivha sulfide ine sodium cyanide pasina kuvapo kweiyo oxidizing agent semhepo ine yakanaka Gibbs yemahara simba shanduko (\(\Delta G>0\)). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuita hakungoitiki kwega pasi pemamiriro akajairwa. The equilibrium constant (\(K\)) yezvakaita \(Ag_2S + 4NaCN\rightleftharpoons 2Na[Ag(CN)_2]+Na_2S\) idiki. Zvisinei, apo okisijeni inounzwa, kuita kwese kunova kunongoerekana kwaitika. Iko oxidation yesarufa neokisijeni inopa simba rekufambisa kukunda kusiri-kungoerekana kwaitika kwekutanga kuita pakati pesirivha sulfide nesodium cyanide.

3.2 Concentration Zvinodiwa

Kuti maitiro acho aenderere mberi zvinobudirira, kukwana kwakakwana kwe sodium cyanide inodiwa. Sezvo sirivheri sulfide isinganyungudike mumvura, huwandu hwakanyanya hwe cyanide ions hunodiwa kuomarara nemaoni esirivha anoburitswa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva kusirilfi sulfide. Masvomhu anoratidza kuti \(0.1mol\) ye\(Ag_2S\) kuti inyunguduke mu\(1L\) ye\(NaCN\) mhinduro, hushoma hwekuisa \(NaCN\) hunodiwa hunosvika \(12.97mol/L\). Uku kudiwa kwepamusoro-soro kunokonzerwa nekunyungudika kwakadzika kwesirivheri sulfide uye kudiwa kwekuchinja kuenzana kweiyo yakaoma - maitiro ekuita kusvika pakuumbwa kwesirivheri - cyanide complex ion.

3.3 Tembiricha uye Kumanikidza

Kunyangwe kuita pakati pesirilfi sulfide uye sodium cyanide kunogona kuitika pane tembiricha yekamuri, kuwedzera kwekushisa kunogona kukurumidza kukurumidza kuita. Kupisa kwepamusoro kunowedzera simba rekinetic reanoita mamorekuru, zvichikonzera kudhumhana kunowanzoitika uye kune simba. Nekudaro, tembiricha yakakwira zvakanyanya inogonawo kukonzera maitiro epadivi, sekuora kweiyo cyanide makomisheni. Dzvinyiriro haina kukosha kwakananga pakuita uku pasi pemamiriro akajairwa, sezvo kuri kuita mumhinduro yemvura uye kwete gasi-chikamu chekuita uko shanduko inoshanduka inogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakawedzera.

4. Reaction Kinetics

4.1 Sarudzo yeReaction Rate

Maitiro ekuita kwesirivha sulfide ine sodium cyanide inogona kutariswa kuburikidza nekuedza nzira. Nekuyera shanduko mukusangana kwezvinoita (senge sirilfi sulfide kana sodium cyanide) kana zvigadzirwa (senge sirivheri - cyanide complex ion kana sulfur) nekufamba kwenguva, chiyero chekuita chinogona kuverengerwa. Semuyenzaniso, mukuyedzwa kwebatch reactor, masampuli anogona kutorwa nguva nenguva, uye kuwanda kwesirivheri - cyanide complex ion mumhinduro inogona kuyerwa uchishandisa nzira dzekuongorora dzakadai sespectrophotometry kana ion - selective electrodes. Muyero wekuumbwa kwesirivheri - cyanide complex ion inobva yashandiswa kuverenga chiyero chekuita.

4.2 Rate - Kuona Matanho

Maitiro ekuita silver sulfide cyanidation yakaoma uye inosanganisira akawanda matanho. Muyero - wekuona nhanho ingangoita inononoka nhanho mukutevedzana kwekuita. Imwe yematanho akakosha ndeyekuparara kwesirivheri sulfide, iyo inosanganisira kuburitswa kweioni dzesirivheri uye sulfur ions. Iko kuomeswa kweiyo sirivheri ine cyanide ion inokurumidza kuenzaniswa nekunyungudika kwesirivheri sulfide. Iyo oxidation yesarufa neokisijeni inoitawo basa rakakosha muhuwandu hwekuita. Kana kupihwa kweokisijeni kwakaganhurirwa, inogona kuve chiyero - chinotarisisa chinhu. Pamusoro pezvo, kupararira kwemamorekuru anochinja (akadai secyanide ion uye okisijeni) kumusoro kwesirivheri sulfide zvimedu zvinogona kukanganisa chiyero chekuita, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu apo saizi yesirivheri sulfide yakakura.

4.3 Mathematics Modelling

Masvomhu modhi akagadzirwa kuti atsanangure kuita kinetics yesirivha sulfide cyanidation. Imwe inowanzoshandiswa modhi ndiyo inoderera - yepakati modhi. Iyi modhi inofungidzira kuti maitiro anoitika pamusoro peiyo yakasimba sirivha sulfide particle, uye sezvo mhinduro inoenderera, musimboti weiyo isina kubatwa sirivheri sulfide inoderera. Iyo modhi inotarisisa zvinhu zvakaita sekupararira kwezvinobatika kuburikidza nechikamu chechigadzirwa (sarufa uye zvimwe zvinongedzo zvigadzirwa zvinogona kuumba pamusoro pesirivha sulfide particle), kemikari reaction rate pamusoro, uye kuomarara kuenzana muchikamu chemhinduro. Nekushandisa iyi modhi, fungidziro inogona kuitwa nezve chiyero chekuita pasi pemamiriro akasiyana, sekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana yesodium cyanide uye okisijeni, saizi yesirivheri sulfide, uye tembiricha. Mibairo yekuedza kazhinji yakaonekwa ichienderana nekufanotaura kwemhando dzemasvomhu dzakadaro.

5. Applications

5.1 Kubvisa Sirivha kubva kuOres

Kubatana pakati pesilver sulfide nesodium cyanide kunoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemigodhi pakuburitsa sirivha kubva musulfide ores. Mukuita kwakajairika kwecyanidation, sirivha yakapwanywa inobatwa ne diluted solution yesodium cyanide. Sirivha sulfide iri muore inosangana nesodium cyanide kugadzira soluble silver-cyanide complex. Mushure mekuita, mhinduro ine silver-cyanide complex inoparadzaniswa kubva kune solid residue. Sirivha inogona kutorwa kubva mumhinduro nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai sekuderedza ne reduction agent yakakodzera (semuenzaniso, zinc dust). Maitiro aya anoshanda zvakanyanya uye ndeimwe yenzira dzinonyanya kushandiswa pakubvisa Silver yakakura.

5.2 Mafungiro Ezvakatipoteredza

Nekudaro, kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide mukuita sirivha kuburitsa kunomutsa kunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza. Cyanide chinhu chine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye chero kuvuza kana kuraswa zvisina kufanira kwecyanide - ine mhinduro inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya nharaunda. Naizvozvo, mitemo yakasimba yezvakatipoteredza iripo kuti ive nechokwadi chekubata kwakachengeteka uye kuraswa kwecyanide muindasitiri yemigodhi. Makambani mazhinji emigodhi ari kugadzirawo dzimwe nzira dzekuderedza kushandiswa kwecyanide kana kurapa cyanide - ine tsvina zvine mutsindo. Kunyangwe zvipingamupinyi izvi, kuita pakati pesirilfi sulfide nesodium cyanide inoramba iri nzira yakakosha muindasitiri yemigodhi yesirivheri nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kukuru mukubvisa sirivheri.

6. Mhedziso

Kuita pakati pesirivha sulfide uye sodium cyanide ikemikari yakaoma kunzwisisa ine yakakosha mashandisirwo mukutorwa kwesirivheri. Kunzwisisa maitiro ekuita, mamiriro, kinetics, uye mashandisirwo akakosha pakugadzirisa maindasitiri maitiro uye kugadzirisa zvinonetsa kwezvakatipoteredza zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kwecyanide. Kumwe kutsvagurudza munzvimbo ino kunogona kutarisisa pakuvandudza mamiriro ekuita anoshanda, kuvandudza sarudzo yemaitiro, uye kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekutsiva kana kuderedza kushandiswa kwecyanide mukutorwa kwesirivheri.