Sodium Cyanide: Chinhu Chinokosha Kubva kuIndasitiri Synthesis kuenda kuMakemikari Akanaka

ziviso

Sodium cyanide, ine makemikari formula NaCN, ichena crystalline powder. Inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura uye ine kunhuhwirira kunovava kwearumondi. Sechinhu chakakosha chemakemikari raw material, Sodium cyanide inoita basa risingadzokerike munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemaindasitiri, kunyanya mumaindasitiri synthesis uye Makemikoro akanaka.

Panyama uye Chemical Zvivakwa

Sodium cyanide inonzi cubic crystal system. Inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura uye iri nyore kuita hydrolyzes kugadzira hydrogen cyanide, ine mhinduro ine aqueous inoratidza yakasimba alkalinity. Kunyungudika kwayo i563.7 °C, uye nzvimbo yekuvira kwayo i1496 °C. Iyo ine density ye1.595 g/cm³. Sodium cyanide ine muchetura zvakanyanya, uye kunyangwe chidimbu chekubata kuburikidza nemaronda eganda, kufema, kana kupinza kunogona kutungamira kurufu. Uku kutyisa kwakanyanya kunonyanya kukonzerwa neiyo cyanide ion (CN⁻) iri mairi, iyo inogona kusanganiswa neiyo ferric ions mumasero eropa, zvichiita kuti masero eropa arasikirwe nebasa rekutakura okisijeni, uye pakupedzisira zvinotungamira kufa nekukurumidza kwechipenyu nekuda kwe hypoxia.

Industrial Synthesis Methods

1. Andrussow Process: Nzira iyi inoshandisa gasi rechisikigo, ammonia, uye mhepo semidziyo yakabikwa, ine platinamu-rhodium alloy sechinhu chinokonzeresa. Mhedzisiro yacho inoitika pakupisa kwakanyanya. Gasi remusikirwo (kunyanya methane) rinosangana neammonia neokisijeni pamberi pechinhu chinokonzeresa kugadzira hydrogen cyanide, uyezve hydrogen cyanide inopindirana nesodium hydroxide solution kuti iwane. Sodium Cyanide. Mhedzisiro yacho yese inogona kungotaurwa se: CH₄ + NH₃ + 1.5O₂ → HCN + 3H₂O, HCN + NaOH → NaCN + H₂O. Iyi nzira ine hunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye yakakodzera kugadzirwa kwakakura kwemaindasitiri. Nekudaro, inoda yakakwira maitiro mamiriro uye kwakasimba kudzora kweraw material ratios uye reaction paramita.

2. Chiedza Oiri Pyrolysis Method: Liquid ammonia inoputiswa uye yozosanganiswa nemafuta akareruka mune musanganiswa uye preheated. Iyo preheated yakasanganiswa gasi inopinda muchoto chinoputika, apo kuputika kunoitika pakupisa kukuru (kunenge 1450 ° C). Petroleum coke inoshandiswa semutakuri, uye nitrogen inoshandiswa segasi rinodzivirira kudzivirira oxidation. Gasi rinoputika rine hydrogen cyanide. Mushure memaitiro akadai sekubviswa kweammonia, kutorwa kwemvura, kugadzirisa, uye condensation, hydrogen cyanide inowanikwa, uye inobva yaita ne sodium hydroxide solution kuti iwane mvura. sodium cyanide. Liquid sodium cyanide inogona kuwedzeredzwa uye kukwenenzverwa kuti iwane yakasimba sodium cyanide. Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi ine teknolojia yakakura, inewo matambudziko akadai sekuoma desulfurization uye kusvibiswa kubviswa kwehydrogen cyanide, kushandiswa kwesimba kwechigadzirwa, kuoma kukuru mu "marara matatu" kurapwa, uye mari yakawanda yekugadzira.

3. Acrylonitrile By - chigadzirwa Method: Muchigadzirwa chekugadzira acrylonitrile neammoxidation yepropylene, hydrogen cyanide gas inogadzirwa se-chigadzirwa (mari yacho yakaenzana ne4% - 10% yekugadzirwa kweacrylonitrile). Iyo gasi kubva kune reactor ine yakawandisa ammonia. Mushure mokubvisa ammonia ne dilute sulfuric acid, gasi rinoita rinopinda mumvura inotonhorera inotonhorera tower kuti inotora acrylonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, acetonitrile, uye acrolein, nezvimwewo. Mushonga wemvura unowedzera kupatsanurwa uye kucheneswa kwemaitiro sekugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa kuti uwane yakakwirira - hydrogen hydrogen product Iyo by-chigadzirwa hydrogen cyanide inobva yatorwa nealkali solution kugadzira sodium cyanide. Zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa nenzira iyi zvine tsvina shoma uye yakaderera sarufa. Nekudaro, inoganhurwa neiyo acrylonitrile kugadzirwa kwesimba. Parizvino, kugadzirwa kwe acrylonitrile muChina kwasvika pakuzara, uye kubuda kwayo kwakaoma kuwedzera zvakanyanya.

Zvishandiso muFine Chemicals

1. Chemishonga Indasitiri: Sodium cyanide inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa kwemishonga yepakati. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kweimwe mishonga yakajairika senge penicillin, ibuprofen, vhitamini B6. folic acid, guanine, acyclovir, barbiturates, norfloxacin, caffeine, uye berberine, sodium cyanide chinhu chakakosha mbishi. Inotora chikamu mukuita kwakakosha munzira yekubatanidza, kubatsira kuvaka chimiro chemolecular yemushonga uye kuita basa rakakosha mukuita kwese kwezvinodhaka.

2. Pesticide Indasitiri: Chinhu chakakosha zvakare mukugadzira mishonga yezvipembenene. Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakadai seglyphosate, paraquat, cyanazine, phenthoate, uye isoprothiolane zvese zvinoda kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide mukugadzira kwavo maitiro. Sodium cyanide inobatanidzwa mukubatanidzwa kwemishonga inouraya zvipembenene, ichipa mishonga yezvipembenene ine chaiwo makemikari zvimiro uye zvipembenene zvezvipembenene, izvo zvakakosha pakuona kugadzirwa kwekurima nekudzivirira nekudzora zvipembenene zvekurima.

3. Dhayi uye Pigment Indasitiri: Muindasitiri yedhayi, sodium cyanide inoshandiswa kugadzira zvakakosha zvepakati senge cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride yakakosha yepakati kune reactive dhayi uye zvakare iri mbishi zvinhu zvekugadzira zvinopenya zvinopenya. Inotora chikamu mukugadzirwa kwedhayi, ichipa madhayi ane yakanakisa mavara emhando uye kukurumidza kwemavara, uye nekusimudzira kusimudzira kweindasitiri yedhayi.

4. Synthesis yeSpecial Organic Compounds: Sodium cyanide inogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana siyana akakosha organic komisheni, senge cyanobenzyl uye inotorwa kubva kwayo yakatevedzana zvigadzirwa, iminodiacetonitrile, iminodiacetic acid (ester), chelating agent series products (EDTA, DTPA, NTA) uye zvigadzirwa zvavo zvesimbi munyu, glycine, hydroxyacetoni organic compounds, organic fieldstrile. kuongororwa, kurapwa kwemvura, uye organic synthesis. Semuenzaniso, chelating agents anogona kushandiswa kusunga simbi ions, ichiita basa rinokosha mukunyorovesa mvura uye simbi ion yekuparadzanisa maitiro.

Chengetedzo uye Mafungiro Ezvakatipoteredza

Nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hwakanyanya, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza anofanirwa kutorwa mukugadzira, kutakura, kuchengetedza, uye kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide. Mukuita kwekugadzira, vashandisi vanofanirwa kupfeka zvakakodzera zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo, zvinosanganisira gasi - masutu akasimba, mafemero, uye magurovhosi ekudzivirira, kudzivirira kusangana nesodium cyanide. Zvivakwa zvekugadzira zvinofanirwa kunge zvakashongedzerwa nemhepo yekufefetera uye yekupedza simba masisitimu kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti mhepo yebasa inosangana nekuchengetedza zviyero. Panguva yekufambisa, sodium cyanide inofanirwa kuvharirwa zvinoenderana nemirairo yakakodzera, kazhinji mumadhiramu esimbi akavharwa, uye kutakurwa nemotokari dzine njodzi dzekutakura makemikari. Nzira dzekufambisa dzinofanira kunyatsorongwa kudzivirira nzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda uye matsime emvura. Mukuchengetedza, inofanirwa kuchengetwa mudura rakatsaurirwa rine mhepo yakanaka, kure nezvinopisa, zvitubu zvemoto, uye zvinhu zvisingaenderane zvakaita seasidhi uye oxidants. Imba yekuchengetera zvinhu inofanirwa kunge ine inovuza - humbowo uye anti - kuba zvivakwa, uye kushandisa "double - lock" management system.

Panyaya yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, "marara matatu" anogadzirwa mukugadzirwa kwesodium cyanide inofanirwa kubatwa nemazvo. Mvura yetsvina ine cyanide inofanirwa kurapwa nekemikari oxidation kana dzimwe nzira dzakakodzera kuti iparadze maion cyanide muzvinhu zvisiri muchetura isati yaburitswa. Gasi remarara rine hydrogen cyanide rinofanira kucheneswa kuburikidza nekusvetwa kana kupiswa nemoto kuti kuderedze kukanganisa kwaro pamhepo. Tsvina yakasimba ine cyanide inofanirwa kuvharirwa pasi zvakachengetedzeka kana kubatwa nehunyanzvi hwekurasira tsvina ine njodzi kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwevhu nemvura yepasi.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide, kunyangwe ine huturu hwakanyanya, chinhu chakakosha muindasitiri yemazuva ano. Kubva pakugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri kusvika kumakemikari akanaka, yakaita mipiro inokosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Nekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudza tekinoroji, kune rumwe rutivi, nzira dzekugadzira dzakanyanya uye dzakatipoteredza dze sodium cyanide dziri kuongororwa; kune rumwe rutivi, mukushanda kwekushanda, kuedza kuri kuitwa kuvandudza kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide uye kuderedza kuipa kwayo kune hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda. Mune ramangwana, sodium cyanide icharamba ichiita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira hupfumi hwemaindasitiri uku ichienzanisa zvirinani kuchengetedzeka, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, uye zvinodiwa zvekugadzira.