Kugadzira Maitiro uye Tekinoroji Kufambira mberi kweSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide (NaCN) chinhu chakakosha chemakemikari, chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yakaita sekuchera goridhe, kugadzira electroplating, uye kugadzira mishonga yemishonga. Maitiro ayo ekugadzira adarika makore zana ekudzokorora tekinoroji, uye pari zvino, sisitimu yemaindasitiri inodzorwa nenzira yekugadzira yakagadzirwa. Chinyorwa chino chichagadzirisa maitiro makuru ekugadzira Sodium Cyanide nekufambira mberi kwayo kwetekinoroji, uye chichakurukura nzira dzekuvandudza mune ramangwana.

I. Evolution yeSodium Cyanide Production Processes

1. Maitiro ekutanga (Kunopera 19th Century - Mid-20th Century)

Pakutanga, kugadzirwa kwe sodium cyanide kwainyanya kutsamira pakubviswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa. Semuenzaniso, "nzira yekubvisa goridhe" yakagadzirwa muna 1887 yaiburitsa ma cyanide nekugadzira zvirimwa zvine cyanide (senge maarumondi anovava). Zvisinei, nzira iyi yakanga isingashande zvakanaka, inodhura, uye yakaoma kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemaindasitiri. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, nyanzvi yemakemikari yekuGermany Friedrich Kahlbaum yakagadzira nzira ye cyanide melt, iyo yakagadzira Sodium cyanide nekuita calcium cyanide ne sodium carbonate. Nekuda kwemutengo wakaderera wezvinhu zvakagadziriswa uye nyore kwemaitiro acho, maitiro aya akava tekinoroji huru mumazuva ekutanga.

2. Kusimuka kweSynthesis Method (Mid-20th Century kusvika Ikozvino)

Nekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yepetrochemical, nzira yekubatanidza yakatsiva zvishoma nezvishoma maitiro echinyakare. Parizvino, inopfuura 90% ye sodium cyanide pasi rose inogadzirwa uchishandisa matatu anotevera maitiro ekugadzira:

• Andrussow Process

Uchishandisa methane, ammonia, uye okisijeni semidziyo yakabikwa, oxidation reaction inoitika pasi pechiito cheplatinamu-rhodium alloy catalyst:

Iyo yakagadzirwa hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gasi inotorwa nesodium hydroxide kuti iwane sodium cyanide mhinduro. Iyi nzira ine zvakanakira zvepasi-mutengo mbishi zvinhu uye nekukurumidza kuita mazinga, asi tembiricha yepamusoro (1000 - 1200 ° C) uye kushandiswa kwesimbi yakakosha inokonzeresa inokonzeresa kudhura.

• Chiedza Oiri Pyrolysis Method

Kushandisa mafuta akareruka (akadai senaphtha) seyakasvibirira, HCN inogadzirwa kuburikidza nepyrolysis pahupamhi hwepamusoro (1400 - 1500 ° C), uye kurapa kunotevera kwakafanana neyeAndrussow process. Maitiro aya akakodzera kugadzirwa kwakakura asi ane simba rakanyanya kushandiswa uye anoburitsa huwandu hukuru hwekabhoni nhema sechigadzirwa.

• Methanol Ammonia Oxidation Nzira

Uchishandisa methanol, ammonia, uye mhepo semidziyo, HCN inogadzirwa pasi pechiito checatalyst (seV₂O₅-MoO₃):

Iyi nzira ine mutengo wakaderera wemidziyo uye zvinyoro maitiro ekuita (400 - 500 ° C), uye zvishoma nezvishoma yave sarudzo yakasarudzika yezvichangobva kuvakwa zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira.

II. Tekinoroji Kufambira mberi uye Innovation Mirayiridzo

1. Kuvandudzwa kweGreen Processes

Maitiro echinyakare ane matambudziko ekushandiswa kwesimba kwakanyanya uye kusvibiswa kwakanyanya. Mumakore achangopfuura, vaongorori vakaongorora zvinotevera green tekinoroji:

• Biosynthesis nzira

Kushandisa tupukanana (senge Pseudomonas) kuti tiwedzere hydrolysis ye nitrile compounds kuti tigadzire Cyanides , asi ichiri muchikamu cherabhoritari.

• Electrochemical Synthesis

Kudzokorodza sodium cyanide ne electrolyzing cyanide-ine tsvina yemvura kuti uwanezve zviwanikwa, asi kushanda kwazvino uye mutengo unofanirwa kuwedzeredzwa.

2. Intelligent Control uye Safety Technologies

Kugadzirwa kwesodium cyanide kunosanganisira zvinhu zvine muchetura, uye kudzora kuchengetedza kwakakosha. Mafekitori emazuva ano anowanzo shandisa Distributed Control System (DCS) kuwana zvizere otomatiki yekutarisa maitiro ese, uye kuunza online spectral yekuongorora tekinoroji yekutarisa iyo HCN kusungwa munguva chaiyo, kuderedza njodzi yekudonha.

3. Circular Economy Model

Kuvandudza mashandisirwo ezviwanikwa kuburikidza nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira pamwe chete. Semuenzaniso, kabhoni dhayokisaidhi inogadzirwa muAndrussow inogona kushandiswa kugadzira urea, uye kabhoni nhema inogadzirwa muLight Oil Pyrolysis Method inogona kushandiswa senzira yekusimbisa rabha, ichiumba cheni yeindasitiri yakavharika ye "zviwanikwa - zvigadzirwa - marara - zviwanikwa zvakadzokororwa".

III. Matambudziko uye Nenguva Yemberi

1. Kuchinja-chinja Kwemari Yezvinhu

Iyo Andrussow maitiro uye methanol nzira inovimba negasi rechisikigo (methane) uye marasha (seyakagadzirwa methanol). Kuchinja-chinja kwemitengo yesimba repasi rose kunokanganisa mutengo wekugadzira. Kugadzira nzira dzisiri dzefossil mbishi (senge biomass kune methanol) inyaya inopisa yekutsvagisa mune ramangwana.

2. Kuwedzera Kudzivirirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza Kudzvinyirira

Nekuomeswa kwemitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kugadzirwa kwesodium cyanide kunoda kuwedzera kuburitsa kuburitswa kwenitrogen oxides (NOx) uye cyanide-ine tsvina ine cyanide. Tekinoroji yekuparadzanisa Membrane, catalytic oxidation denitrification, uye mamwe maitiro akaedzwa mune mamwe mafekitori.

3. Kuwedzerwa kweMapurogiramu Epamusoro-soro

Iko kudiwa kweyakakwirira-kuchena sodium cyanide (kuchena ≥ 99.9%) mukubatanidzwa kwecathode zvinhu precursors yelithium-ion mabhatiri ari kukura nekukurumidza, kusimudzira kukwidziridzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira kune kunatswa uye kuchena kwakanyanya.

mhedziso

Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzira sodium cyanide kwagara kuchishanduka kutenderedza zvinangwa zvikuru zvitatu zve "kuchengetedza, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kusvibira". Mune ramangwana, nekubudirira kwesimba idzva uye tekinoroji yekudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwakadzama kwekugadzirwa kwedhijitari, indasitiri yesodium cyanide icharamba ichikwirisa munzira yekudzikisa simba rekushandisa, kushomeka kusvibiswa, uye kukosha kwakawedzerwa.