Ruzivo rwako rwe sodium cyanide rwakakwana here?

Sodium cyanide, ine kemikari formula NaCN, ikomboni inoraira kutariswa kwakakosha nekuda kwezvimiro zvayo zvakasiyana, mashandisirwo akasiyana, uye huturu hwakanyanya. Ichi chinyorwa chine chinangwa chekupa ongororo yakadzama ye Sodium cyanide, kuongorora chimiro chayo, chimiro chemuviri uye chemakemikari zvimiro, nzira dzekugadzira, mashandisiro, uye kuchengetedzwa kwakabatana nekufunga kwezvakatipoteredza.

Kemikari Mamiriro uye Zvivakwa

Sodium cyanide imusanganiswa weionic unoumbwa ne sodium cations (Na+) uye cyanide anions (CN-). Iyo cyanide ion ine chimiro chakatsetseka, chine kabhoni atomu ine kubatanidzwa katatu neatomu yenitrogen. Maumbirwo aya anokanganisa mashandiro emusanganiswa uye chepfu.

Proper Properties

• Kuonekwa: Kazhinji, Sodium Cyanide inopa sechena, crystalline yakasimba, asi inogona kuwanikwa zvakare muhupfu kana bundu.

• Solubility: Inonyungudika zvakanyanya mumvura, ine magiramu anenge 400 anokwanisa kunyungudika murita imwe yemvura pa25°C. Uku kunyungudika kwakanyanya kunoita kuti ive yakakosha mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana, asi zvakare inomutsa kushushikana pamusoro pekuteuka netsaona uye kubata zvisina kunaka.

• Kunyungudika uye Kubikira Points: Sodium cyanide ine nzvimbo yakanyanyisa yakanyunguduka ye 563.7 ° C uye nzvimbo yekubikira ye 1496 ° C, iyo inoratidza simba rezvisungo zveionic zvakabata musanganiswa pamwe chete.

• Density: Density yaro inosvika 1.6 gramu pa cubic centimita, yakakura kupfuura iyo yemvura, zvichiita kuti inyore mumigero ine aqueous.

Chemical Zvivakwa

• Kukoshesa: Sodium cyanide inzvimbo ine mwero yakasimba. Kana iri mumvura ine aqueous solution, inopinda hydrolysis. Iyi nzira inoburitsa hydroxide ions (OH-), ichiita mhinduro alkaline.

• Reactivity with Metals: Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zve sodium cyanide ndiko kubatana kwakasimba kwesimbi. Mumaindasitiri akadai Kuchera goridhe, muhupo hweokisijeni nemvura, sodium cyanide inopindirana negoridhe. Kuita uku kunoumba goridhe rinonyungudika cyanide, rinogonesa kutorwa kwegoridhe kubva mumatombo.

• Reaction neAcids: Sodium cyanide inopindirana neasidhi inogadzira hydrogen cyanide, gasi rine muchetura. Kunyangwe maasidhi asina simba anogona kukonzeresa kuita uku, saka zvakakosha kubata sodium cyanide nekutarisira kwakanyanya kwakatenderedza acidic zvinhu.

• Oxidation uye Kuderedza Reactions: Sodium cyanide inogona kutora chikamu mune oxidation uye kuderedza maitiro. Yakasimba oxidizing agents inogona kuiisa muhupfu husina muchetura, nepo pasi pemamwe mamiriro, inogona kuita senge inodzikisa mumiriri mukuita kwemakemikari.

Nzira dzekugadzira

Kugadzirwa kwe sodium cyanide kunosanganisira akati wandei makemikari maitiro, neAndrussow process uye Castner process iriyo yakanyanya kuwanda.

Iyo Andrussow Process

Iyi ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri yekugadzira sodium cyanide. Zvinosanganisira kuita methane, ammonia, uye oxygen pamusoro peplatinamu catalyst pakupisa kwakanyanya, kunosvika 1000°C. Mhepo yehydrogen cyanide inobva yasangana ne sodium hydroxide kuumba sodium cyanide.

Iyo Castner process

MuCasner process, sodium amide inopindirana nekabhoni pakupisa kwakanyanya, kunosvika 800 - 1000°C, kugadzira sodium cyanide uye hydrogen gasi. Zvisinei, iyi nzira haisati yanyanya kushandiswa mazuva ano nokuti inoda simba rakawanda uye inogadzira chigadzirwa chine kuchena kwakaderera kana ichienzaniswa neAndrussow process.

Kushandiswa kweSodium Cyanide

Sodium cyanide ine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana, kunyanya nekuda kwekusiyana kwayo kwemakemikari zvimiro.

Goridhe neSilver Mining

Imwe yeanonyanya kukosha kushandiswa kwesodium cyanide ndeyekubvisa goridhe nesirivha kubva mu ores. Kuita, kunonzi cyanidation, kunosanganisira kunyungudutsa masimbi anokosha musodium cyanide solution kana okisijeni iripo. Izvi zvinogadzira soluble metal cyanide complexes iyo inogona kupatsanurwa kubva kune ore uye zvakare kugadziriswa kuti iwane goridhe rakachena kana sirivheri. Cyanidation inoshanda zvakanyanya pakubvisa simbi dzakakosha kubva kune yakaderera-giredhi ores, zvichiita kuti ive nzira yakakosha muindasitiri yezvicherwa.

Kemikari Synthesis

Sodium cyanide chinhu chakakosha kuvaka musanganiswa weakasiyana makemikari makomisheni. Inoshandiswa mukugadzira nitriles, iyo inoshanda seyakakosha yepakati mukugadzira mishonga yemishonga, mapurasitiki, uye ekugadzira fibers. Semuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kweacrylonitrile, yakakosha monomer yekugadzira polyacrylonitrile fibers inoshandiswa mumachira uye kabhoni fiber kugadzirwa, sodium cyanide inoshanda seyakagadziriswa.

electroplating

Mu electroplating indasitiri, sodium cyanide inoshandiswa mune mamwe ekugezera ekugezera kusimudzira kunaka nekunamira kwesimbi. Inobatsira kuisa simbi semhangura, sirivheri, uye goridhe pane akasiyana substrates, zvichikonzera imwe yunifomu uye yakasimba kupera. Nekudaro, nekuda kwehupfu hwayo, dzimwe nzira dzisiri-cyanide dzeplating dziri kuvandudzwa uye kugamuchirwa.

Kuderedza Pest

Sodium cyanide yakashandiswa se rodenticide uye zvipembenene munguva yakapfuura. Hunhu hwayo hwakanyanya hunoita kuti hubudirire mukudzora twupukanana. Asi nyika zhinji dzakarambidza kushandiswa kwayo munzvimbo iyi nekuda kwenjodzi dzinogona kukonzeresa hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.

Laboratory Applications

Mumagadzirirwo emurabhoritari, sodium cyanide inoshandiswa se reagent mune akasiyana makemikari maitiro. Inowanzo shandiswa muorganic synthesis kuunza boka recyanide (-CN) mumakomisheni eorganic, ayo anogona kuzogadziridzwa zvakare kugadzira akawanda ezvigadzirwa.

Chepfu uye Chengetedzo Kufunga

Sodium cyanide ine muchetura zvakanyanya uye inoisa njodzi huru kuhutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda.

Toxicity Mechanism

Kana sodium cyanide ichipinda mumuviri, inoputsika kuburitsa cyanide ions (CN-). Aya maion anosunga kuatomu resimbi mu cytochrome c oxidase, enzyme inobatanidzwa muketani yekutakura maerekitironi. Kusunga uku kunokanganisa kushanda kwe enzyme, kudzivirira masero kubva kushandisa oxygen nemazvo. Nekuda kweizvozvo, maseru haakwanise kugadzira simba kuburikidza nekufema kweaerobic, zvichitungamira kurufu rwesero uye, muzviitiko zvakanyanya, kufa kwechisikwa.

Nzira dzeKufumura

• Inhalation: Inhaling sodium cyanide guruva kana utsi zvinogona kukurumidza kutungamirira kune chepfu. Kunyange kamari kadiki kakafemeswa kunogona kuisa upenyu panjodzi.

• Kuisa: Kumedza sodium cyanide kune ngozi zvikuru. Mushonga muduku zvikuru, kazhinji uri pasi pe50 - 100 milligrams kumunhu mukuru wepakati, unogona kuuraya.

• Dermal Contact: Kubata kweganda nesodium cyanide kunogona kubvumira musanganiswa kupinda mumuviri, kunyanya kana paine kucheka kana mabrasions. Kubata ganda kwenguva refu kana kudzokororwa kunogona kukonzera kutsamwa kweganda, kupisa, uye systemic toxicity.

Zviratidzo zvePoisoning

Zviratidzo zvesodium cyanide chepfu zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana negwara uye chiyero chekuratidzwa. Zviratidzo zvokutanga zvinogona kusanganisira musoro, dzungu, kupera simba, kuda kurutsa, kurutsa, kukurumidza kufema, uye kunzwa kuoma muchipfuva. Zviratidzo zvepamberi zvinogona kuva pfari, kurasikirwa nezivo, kutadza kufema zvakanaka, uye kusungwa kwemoyo. Muzviitiko zvakakomba, rufu runogona kuitika mukati memaminitsi ekuonekwa.

Safety Tsaona

Nekuda kwehupfu hwayo hwakanyanyisa, matanho akasimba ekuchengetedza anofanirwa kuteverwa kana uchibata sodium cyanide. Vese vashandi vanobatanidzwa mukubata kwayo, kuchengetedza, kana kufambisa vanofanira kuwana kudzidziswa kwakakwana pamusoro pezvivakwa zvayo, njodzi, uye mabatiro akachengeteka. Vashandi vanofanira kupfeka zvinhu zvinovadzivirira zvakakodzera, zvinosanganisira magirovhosi asingaurayiwi nemakemikari, magirovhosi, zvinofema, uye zvipfeko zvinodzivirira. Nzvimbo dzebasa dzinofanira kunge dziine mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka kuderedza njodzi yekufema utsi kana huruva. Sodium cyanide inofanira kuchengetwa yakachengeteka munzvimbo ine mhepo inofefetera kure nemaasidhi, oxidizing agents, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaenderani. Kana pakadeuka, kuchengetedza kwakaringana uye nzira dzekuchenesa dzinofanirwa kuitwa nekukurumidza kudzivirira kuburitswa kwehutsi hune muchetura. Zvivako zvinoshandisa kana kuchengeta sodium cyanide zvinofanirwa kunge zvine hurongwa hwemhinduro dzechimbichimbi, kusanganisira nzira dzekubata nekuparara, kubuda pachena, uye njodzi dzekurapa. First aid kits uye antidotes, zvakadai sehydroxocobalamin kana sodium nitrite/sodium thiosulfate, zvinofanira kuwanikwa zviri nyore pakurapa chepfu yecyanide.

Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza

Kuburitswa kwesodium cyanide munharaunda kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakaoma. Kana ikapinda mumvura, inogona kukuvadza zvakanyanya kuhupenyu hwemvura. Maion e<em>cyanide ane muchetura kuhove, mhuka dzisina vertebrate, nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemumvura, zvinokanganisa magariro emumvura. Uyezve, kana sodium cyanide yanyura mumvura, inogona kubudisa gasi rehydrogen cyanide, rinogona kupinda mumhepo yakatenderedza pasi richikonzera kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Kuteuka kweSodium cyanide panyika kunogona kusvibisa ivhu, zvichiita kuti risakodzere kukura kwechirimwa. Iyo cyanide inogona kusunga kune ivhu uye inogona kuramba iri mumhoteredzo kwenguva yakareba, zvichienderana nemamiriro evhu uye kuvapo kwehutachiona hunogona kuputsa. Sezvambotaurwa, sodium cyanide painopindirana nemaasidhi kana mwando mumhepo, inogona kuburitsa gasi rehydrogen cyanide, chinosvibisa mhepo chine muchetura chinogona kukuvadza vanhu, mhuka, uye zvirimwa zviri pedyo.

mhedziso

Sodium cyanide isanganiswa ine yakasarudzika makemikari zvimiro zvinoita kuti ishande mune akasiyana maindasitiri ekushandisa. Nekudaro, huturu hwayo hwakanyanyisa uye mukana wekukuvadza kwezvakatipoteredza haugone kufuratirwa. Izvo zvakakosha kune ese maindasitiri anoshandisa sodium cyanide kuita akasimba ekuchengetedza matanho ekuchengetedza vashandi, veruzhinji, uye nharaunda. Zvakare, kuedza kunoenderera kunofanirwa kuitwa kugadzira dzimwe nzira uye makomisheni anogona kuzadzisa zvibodzwa zvakafanana zveindasitiri pasina njodzi dzakabatana dze sodium cyanide. Nekunzwisisa zvimiro zvayo, mashandisiro, uye njodzi, tinogona kushandira kudzikisa kuipa kwayo tichiri kushandisa zvivakwa zvayo zvakakosha kana zvichidikanwa.