Maxay yihiin isticmaalka warshadaha cyanide?

Cyanide, oo ah ka samaysan kiimiko oo ay ku jiraan kooxda cyano oo leh atamka kaarboon saddex-laab-ku xidhan atamka nitrogen-ka, ayaa si fiican loogu yaqaannaa sunta sare. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay sidoo kale ka ciyaartaa doorar muhiim ah oo dhowr ah oo ku saabsan warshadaha kala duwan sababtoo ah sifooyinka kiimikada ee gaarka ah.

1. Warshadaha Macdanta

Mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee isticmaalka cyanide wuxuu ku jiraa Warshadaha Macdanta, gaar ahaan soo saarista biraha qaaliga ah sida dahabka iyo qalinka. Habka waxaa loo yaqaan cyanidation ama cyanide habka.

Gold

iyo ilver ExtractionS

• Qalabaynta macdanta: Xalalka Cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu milo dahabka iyo qalinka macdanta macdanta. Dahabka, qaabka uu u dhashay, waxa uu leeyahay awood oksaydh ah oo aad u sareysa. Laakiin marka ay joogaan ions cyanide (\ (CN ^ - \)), dahabku wuxuu sameeyaa ion isku dhafan oo dareere ah. Isdhexgalka kiimikaad wuxuu awood u siinayaa dahabku inuu ku milmo xalka cyanide, isaga oo ka sooca qaybaha kale ee macdanta.

• Si la mid ah lacagta, waxay la falgashaa cyanide si la mid ah si ay u sameyso iskudhaf milmay, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in laga soo saaro matrixka macdanta.

• Ka dib markii biraha qaaliga ah ay ku milmaan xalalka cyanide, waxaa lagu soo celin karaa hababka korantada ee korantada sida korantada. Marka lagu jiro koronto-ku-winta, qulqulka korantada ayaa la dhex maraa xalka, taasoo keenaysa in ions birta lagu shubo cathode. Habka kale waa roobab, tusaale ahaan, adigoo ku daraya bir firfircoon sida zinc. Zincku wuxuu ka saaraa dahabka ama qalinka ion kakan ee xalka, taas oo awood u siinaysa soo kabashada biraha qaaliga ah.

2. Soosaarka Kiimikada

Xeryahooda Cyanide waa dhex dhexaad muhiim u ah soo saarista kiimikooyin badan oo kala duwan.

bacyaal

• Soosaarayaasha Cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista caag synthetic iyo balaastikada. Tusaale ahaan, acrylonitrile, oo ka kooban koox cyano ah, waa monomer fure u ah soo saarista polyacrylonitrile (PAN). PAN waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo fiilooyinka akril, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo warshadaha dunta si ay u sameeyaan dharka, roogagga, iyo dharka. Iyadoo loo marayo habka polymerization, molecules acrylonitrile waxay isku xiraan si ay u sameeyaan silsilado dhaadheer oo polyacrylonitrile ah.

Indho

• Midabaynta dunta qaarkood ayaa lagu farsameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo kiimikooyin ku salaysan cyanide. Cyanide - ka kooban xeryahooda waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo bandhigo kooxaha functional molecules dheeha, kuwaas oo saameyn kara midabkooda, milmay, iyo sifooyinka xawli. Tusaale ahaan, midabyo falcelis ah oo samayn kara xidhidhyo isku xidhan oo leh fiilooyinka dunta inta lagu jiro dheehidda waxa laga yaabaa inay ku jiraan cyanide – kooxo hawleed laga soo qaatay, taas oo gacan ka gaysanaysa awoodda dheeha u hoggaansanaan iyo midabaynta dharka si wax ku ool ah.

daawooyinka

• Cyanide waxa ay door ka ciyaartaa soo saarista dawooyinka iyo maaddooyinka dawooyinka ee firfircoon (APIs). Inkasta oo isticmaalka cyanide ee dawooyinka si heer sare ah loo habeeyey sababtoo ah suntiisa, waxay ku lug yeelan kartaa fal-celinta kiimikada inta lagu jiro isku-dhafka molecules organic adag. Tusaale ahaan, qaar ka mid ah dariiqyada synthetic-ka-tallaabo badan ee daroogooyinka, cyanide waxaa laga yaabaa in loo isticmaalo in lagu soo bandhigo koox cyano ah molecule-ka. Kooxdan cyano ayaa markaa lagu sii beddeli karaa iyada oo loo marayo hababka sida hydrolysis si ay u sameeyaan asiidhyada karboksilic, ama yaraynta si ay u sameeyaan amines, kuwaas oo ah kooxo muhiim ah oo shaqeynaya daawooyin badan.

3. Daawaynta Korantada iyo Birta

Xalalka Cyanide waxaa si ballaaran loogu shaqeeyaa hababka korantada.

Wax-soo-saarka dahabka

• Soo saarista dahabka tayada sare leh, xalalka korantada ee cyanide-ku salaysan ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu shubo biraha sida dahabka, qalinka, iyo naxaasta dushooda. Cyanide wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii wakiil kakan, kaas oo ka caawiya gaaritaanka dahaarka siman, lebbiska, iyo ku dheggan. Tusaale ahaan, dahabka elektiroonigga ah, dahabka - cyanide complex ee xalku wuxuu u oggolaanayaa in si fiican loo xakameeyo heerka dhigaalka iyo tayada lakabka dahabka ah ee dahabka dahabka ah. Inta lagu jiro electroplating, dahabka - cyanide complex wuxuu kala qaybiyaa cathode, iyo ions dahabiga ah ayaa la dhimay si ay u sameeyaan dhuuban, xitaa lakabka dahabka ah ee dusha sare ee dahabka.

Electronics

• Warshadaha elektiroonigga ah, koronto-ku-saleysan cyanide ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu daboolo qaybaha. Tani waxay hagaajinaysaa conductivity iyo caabbinta daxalka ee qaybaha elektarooniga ah. Tusaale ahaan, copper - cyanide electroplating waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu shubo lakab khafiif ah oo naxaas ah looxyada daabacan (PCBs). Lakabka naxaasta ah wuxuu bixiyaa korantada wanaagsan ee korantada, iyo isticmaalka cyanide ee qubeyska elektiroonigga ah waxay ka caawisaa helitaanka lebis iyo cillad - daahan naxaas ah oo bilaash ah, taas oo lagama maarmaan u ah shaqeynta saxda ah ee PCB-ga.

4. Codsiyada kale ee warshadaha

Daminta biraha

• Xeryahooda Cyanide waxaa loo isticmaali karaa daaweynta kulaylka ee biraha, gaar ahaan habka loo yaqaan cyanide. Cyaniding, qaybaha birta waxaa lagu kululeeyaa qubeyska ay ku jiraan cusbo cyanide ah. Habkani wuxuu soo bandhigayaa kaarboonka iyo nitrogen ee dusha sare ee birta, isagoo adkeynaya. Sida cyanide-ku u burburo heerkulka sare, kaarboonka iyo atamka nitrogen-ku waxay ku faafaan oogada birta, iyaga oo samaynaya xeryo adag sida nitrides iron iyo carbides. Iskudhisyadani waxay kor u qaadaan xirashada iyo iska caabinta daalka ee birta, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid aad u adkeysi leh codsiyada kala duwan.

Isku-dhafka dabiiciga ah

• Cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo bandhigo koox cyano ah (\(-CN \)) molecules organic, samaynta organic cyanides (nitriles). Nitriles-kan ayaa loo beddeli karaa kooxo kale oo shaqeeya. Tusaale ahaan, hydrolysis of nitrile joogitaanka asiidh ama saldhig waxay dhalin kartaa karboksilic acid. Yaraynta nitrile waxay u horseedi kartaa samaynta amin. Tani waxay ka dhigaysa cyanide dhisme qiimo leh oo ku jira isku-dhafka noocyo badan oo isku-dhafan oo dabiici ah, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa loo isticmaalo soo saarista cadarka, dhadhanka, iyo kiimikooyinka kale ee gaarka ah.

Soo saarista Kiimikada Kale

• Cyanide waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista kiimikooyinka sida cyanuric chloride. Cyanuric chloride waa dhex dhexaad muhiim u ah soo saarista herbicides, sunta cayayaanka, iyo midabada. Waxa soo saara trimerization of cyanogen chloride, kaas oo inta badan laga soo saaro ilaha cyanide. Iyada oo loo marayo isbeddelka kiimikaad, cyanide waxay gacan ka geysataa abuurista isku-dhafka lagama maarmaanka u ah warshadaha kala duwan, laga bilaabo beeraha ilaa dheeha dharka.

Gebogebadii, inkasta oo ay tahay dabeecadda sunta ah ee aadka u sunta ah, falcelinta kiimikada cyanide ee gaarka ah ayaa ka dhigaysa xarun lagama maarmaan u ah hababka warshadaha badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sunta xad dhaafka ah awgeed, tillaabooyin badbaado oo adag iyo xeerar deegaan ayaa jira si loo hubiyo in si sax ah loo maareeyo, isticmaalkeeda, iyo ku tuurista goobaha warshadaha.